An extraordinary eighteenth‐century map of the Danish sugar‐plantation Island St. Croix

References

• Cronenberg and Jaegersberg . “ ‘Charte over Eilandet St. Croix’ ” . Copenhagen : Nautical Charts Department Archive . manuscript map No. A/18–49
   Google Scholar
• Nautical Charts Department Archive, ‘Fortegnelse paa de Kaarte og Tegninger som ved Opprettelse af Det Kongelige Söe‐Kaarte Archive dertil ere modtagne i Slutningen af Aaret 1784 og Begyn‐delsen af Aaret 1785’.
   Google Scholar
• The map was examined by H. T. Heering and Poul Lanken, Royal Chartered Land Surveyors and consultants to one of the parties in a lawsuit over ownership of a parcel of land on St. Croix in the 1960s. None of Heering's and Lanken's finding in the case has been published; Heering's personal papers are in the hands of his son, Harald Heering, of Lyngby, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• Beck , J. M. 1754 . Tilforladelige Kort over Eylandet St. Croix udi America Copenhagen
   Google Scholar
• Frederik den Femtes Atlas , Vol. 52 , Copenhagen : Department of Maps, Royal Library .
   Google Scholar
• Westergaard , Waldemar . 1917 . The Danish West Indies under Company rule (1671–1754) , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bro‐J⊘rgensen , J. O. 1966 . Dansk Vestindien indtil 1755; kolonisation og kompagnistyre , 2nd ed , Copenhagen : Fremad .
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins , Daniel P. 1987 . “ ‘The Danish cadastral survey of St. Croix, 1733–1754’ ” . Lousiana State University . Unpublished doctoral thesis
   Google Scholar
• Rigsarkiv [Danish State Archive], Vestindisk‐guineisk Kompagni [V‐gK.] 56, ‘Ordre og Anstalt’, Copenhagen, November 16, 1733. All archival material cited is in the Rigsarkiv unless it is otherwise noted. All passages quoted from archival material and map inscriptions have been translated by the author.
   Google Scholar
• 8. Ibid. section 15.
   Google Scholar
• Du Tertre , J. B. 1667–71 . “ L'Isle de Ste. Croix. ” . In Histoire generale des Antilles habitée par Us françois , Vol. 2 , 114 Paris : Thomas Iolley . facing
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, op. cit. pp. 32–34, 182–183.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 101, general letter, St. Thomas, 18 August 1738. (St. Croix was divided into nine administrative quarters.)
   Google Scholar
• Van Hagen Judson , Lewis . “ ‘Measures and Weights’ ” . In Encyclopaedia Britannica , (14th ed.) 15 Rentekammeret 2249.33, manuscript map of Queen's, King's, and Prince's quarters. The Danish foot is 1.0297 per cent longer than the English foot, or 0.3138 metre.
   Google Scholar
• Mcguire , James . 1925 . Geographic dictionary of the Virgin Islands of the United Slates , 164 Washington : United States Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey .
   Google Scholar
• Lokalarkiver , Vestindiske . 16 March 1747 . “ ‘Instruction og Erindring for Nuvaerende Ober‐Landmaaler Hr. Lieutenant Jacob Cronberg og Efter‐Maend ad Interims’ ” . 16 March , (699)
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Den Vestindiske Rtgering 1755–1848/GonvemenmentetSt. Croix, 1849–1917 , : 7 See an archival report, ‘Vestindiske Arkivfortegnelser, Arkivalier fra St. Croix, Aflevering 1919’ for the old registration number, 699, and the title: ‘Instruktioner 1723–84’. The volume is also apparently registered in the Rigsarkiv's duplicated ‘folioregister’, No. 244 under ‘Indkomne skrivelser’.
   Google Scholar
• Heering H. T. and Lanken, Poul, for an unpublished draft report in connection with a land dispute, Copenhagen, 9 November 1967 (papers held by Harald Heering, Lyngby).
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 526, 14 January 1749; V‐gK. 62, general missive to St. Croix, 16 December 1749.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 61, general missive to St. Croix, 24 July 1748.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 526, 14 January 1749.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 62, general missive to St. Croix, 16 September 1749.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 62, general missive to St. Croix, 16 December 1749.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 112, General letter, St. Croix, 25 March 1750.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 112, Jaegersberg, St. Croix, 23 April 1750.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 112, General letter, St. Croix, 30 July 1750.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 63, General missive to St. Croix, 17 October 1750.
   Google Scholar
• A number of early sketch maps of the King's own properties on St. Croix were forwarded directly to the Court, rather than through the Company headquarters. Rentekammeret 2249.33, 2249.35.
   Google Scholar
• 1:32,000, according to the entry in the card catalogue at the Nautical Charts Department Archive. The map, by the Nautical Charts Department Archive's measure, is 144.5 by 101.5 centimetres.
   Google Scholar
• Discrepancies in the spelling of names, and the appearance of the names of individuals who were apparently renters or squatters, seems to indicate that Cronenberg and Jaegerberg relied heavily on information gathered in the field, not exclusively on the offical censuses and land registers.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 862, 863–65.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 529.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 862.
   Google Scholar
• USGS, 7.5 minute series, topographic sheets, Christiansted quadrangle, Frederiksted quadrangle, East Point quadrangle (1958).
   Google Scholar
• Oxholm , P. L. 1799 . Charte over den danske 0e St. Croix udi America. , Copenhagen : G. N. Angelo .
   Google Scholar
• United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, topographic field sheet, Register No. 3799, ‘St. Croix, Middle Eastern Part’, 1919. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Hydrographic Surveys Branch, Data Control Section.
   Google Scholar
• For example, Jens Friis's manuscript map of the Company's plantation Princess, 1738, in V‐gK. 284, record of a boundary dispute involving former Governor Moth and the Company, 1746.
   Google Scholar
• Vestindiske lokalarkiver (699), ‘Instruktioner 1734–84’, December 12, 1777.
   Google Scholar
• V‐gK. 115, April, 1752, a series ofletters; V‐gK. 116,June 1753, a series of letters: V‐gK. 284, case against Jens Hansen and Jens Beck, 1752.
   Google Scholar
• Personarkiv No. 5097, Jens Michelsen Beck, an unsigned, undated biographical note.
   Google Scholar
• Beck J. M., op. tit.
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . Map and charts of North America and the West Indies 1750–1789. A guide to the collections in the Library of Congress , 420 – 421 . Washington : Library of Congress . item number 1978
   Google Scholar
• Vestindiske lokalarkiver, St. Croix Stadskondukt⊘r og Langmåler, Udmaalingsattester AEldre end Matriklen af 24/12 1777, Jae‐gersberg, 20 February 175[0]; V‐gk. 115, Clausen, St. Croix, 30 April 1752.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal Library Map Collection in Copenhagen also has a number of manuscript versions or copies of Beck's map; one of these may be his original, but no hand‐drawn version of the map bears his signature.
   Google Scholar
• Generaltoldkammeret, ‘Vestindiske og guineiske sager, diverse dokumenter 1754–1848 (65), Christian Martfeldts Samlinger om Dansk Vestindien’, property commission of 1759, ordered 22 April 1755.
   Google Scholar
• Royal Library Map Collection, Copenhagen, cadastral map of St. Croix, 1766, drawn on an engraved copy of Beck.
   Google Scholar
• Nautical Charts Department Archive, No. N/4–749.
   Google Scholar
• Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G5012. S2G46. 1767. B4 Vault.
   Google Scholar
• Personal communication from Mr. William Cissel, National Parks Service Historian, Christiansted, St. Croix, 26 May 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Aside from the fancy cartouches and a tiny swallowtail Danish flag over the fort at Christiansted, Cronenberg's and Jaegersberg's map is unencumbered by peripheral artwork.
   Google Scholar
• Vestindiske lokalarkiver, St. Croix Stadskondukt⊘r og Landmåler.
   Google Scholar