Mapping as a vital element of administration in the Dutch colonial government of maritime Sri Lanka, 1658–1796

References

• Reimers , E. , ed. 1927 . Selections from the Dutch Records of the Ceylon Government, No. 1: Memoir of Joan Maetsuyker, President and Commander‐in Chief, delivered to his successor Jacob van Kittenstyn, February 1650 , Colombo : The Government Printer . ‘Treaty between Adam Westerwold, on behalf of the Dutch East India Company and Raja Sinha, King of Kandy, 1638’, included as Appendix A, pp. 43–46 in the
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• Afbeelding van ‘t Eijlandt Ceilon en het daerop gelegen Coning Rijck Jaffnapatnam met de aengehoorende inbocht ende de aengrensende Landen op de Vaste Kuste van India sodanig deselvige in dejaren A: 1658 ende 1659 naer‐der ont deckt zijn, Carte di Castellonn. 29, Biblioteca Medica Lau‐renziana, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, Florance. For a reproduction of the map see Sebastiano Crinò, ‘Carte e piante inedite del secolo XVII riguardanti l'isola di Ceylon rinvenute nel Palazzo Pitti, nel Museo degli Strumenti Antichi di Firenze e nel British Museum di Londra’, La bibliofilia, Anno XXXVI, Gen‐naio‐Febbraio 1934, Dispensa la‐2a, p. 3.
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• Leiden, University Library, Bodel Nijen‐huis Collection, 002–14–001. For a splendid reproduction of this map see
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• Reimers , E. R. 1929 . Constantine de Sa's Maps and Plans of Ceylon , Colombo : Government Printer .
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• was issued as No. 2 of the series Selections from the Dutch Records of Ceylon Government and reproduces another manuscript copy (catalogued VEL 928) of the same work preserved in the Department of Maps and Plans, ARA, The hague. Map No. 18 shows Ceylon.
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• Vermeulen , A. C. J. 1988 . “ ‘ “Op het tapijt gebragt”: Ceylon en de kartenmakers van de V.O.C. ” . In Het Machtige Eyland: Ceylon en de V.O.C. , 90 – 96 . The Hague : SDU .
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• Dag‐Register van de Land—en andere reyzen, die den doelen Heer Extra‐ordinari van Indie and Ceylon Gouverneur Mr Isaac Augustin Rumpf, 1717, Aanw. Iste afd, 1892, 32A, folios 122–123, Algemeen Rijksarchief (hereafter ARA), The Hague.
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• Cartes ou sont tracez les différentes roultes que Mr. Cr. Famborne a par‐courut tans dedans le Guyroye Corlle que dedans la Payes du Roy Levez ou dessinepar Guyard l'année Mil sept cent soixante et trois, folios 415–425, Private, No. 78, Mackenzie Collection, India Office Library, London. For an English translation of this French manuscript see
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• Raven‐Hart , Major R. 1963 . Travels in Ceylon 1700–1800 , 47 – 53 . Colombo : Lake House .
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• Its full title is Journal of a Journey made in the Guyroye Corlle and in the Country of the King under the Order of Monsieur Famboume by J. L. Guyard, in the year 1763.
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• Ibid., p. 51.
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• Ibid., p. 53.
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• ‘Colombo’, India Orientalis, Tom 11, Atlas Vol. XXXIX, Catalogue No. 389. 030—F.K (39), Department of Maps and Plans, Austrian National Library, Vienna. For a black and white reproduction of this splendid map see
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• Wieder , Frederic Caspar . 1925–33 . Mon‐rnenta cartographical Reproductions of unique and rare maps, plans and views in the actual size of the originals accompanied by cartographical monographs, 5 volumes Vol. V , 108 – 109 . The Hague
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• He was appointed Governor of Ceylon in 1762 and held this office until his death in 1765.
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• Beschryving van t Eylandt Ceylon de Kust van Madura, Manuscript containing a large number of ground plans of fortresses in Sri Lanka, BiBI. Publ. Codex Misc N° 2030, University Library, Leiden. For a comprehensive survey of military architecture in Sri Lanka see
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• It stands for Vereenigde Oost‐Indische Compagnie which is the East India Company of the United Provinces commonly called Dutch East India Company.
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• For their reproductions see Het Kunstbedrijf van de Familie Vingboons: sckilders, architecten en kaartmakers in de gouden eeuw, Catalogue of the Exhibition held at Koninklijk Paleis te Amsterdam, Gary Schwartz/SDU, 1989, pp. 80–81.
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• For a study of this treaty from a Dutch vantage point see
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• The entire Treaty is in the appendix, pp. 89–90. A Printed copy entitled Een exemplaar van het traktaat gestoten tussen de Compagnie en de Koning van Kandia, is catalogued VOC 3171, f ° 206, in the ARA, The Hague.
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• Instructie voor de Koopmen A Moens en de Capitein Luitenant Wolfarth tot het reguleren der grensschijdingen tussen Compagnies Gebied en dat van de Koning van Candia en Vatgen de Compagnie voor het gemis van deqfgeslane Landen uijkeren sat, voc 3171, f° 207–202, ARA, The Hague.
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• Annexure to a letter dated 26 June 1796, by Major‐General James Stuart to Lord Hobart (Governor of Madras 1794–98), entitled ‘Instructions for the Senior Merchant and Pay Bookkeeper of Columbo, Adrian Moens, and the Capt Lieutenant Christian Constantyn Wolfarth appointed Commissaries on the part of the Dutch East India Company for settling the boundaries, etc., bet‐witxt the Territories of the Company and the Emperor of Candia, and the equivalent which the Company shall have to pay for the ceded countries. 9 June 1766’, in the Madras Secret Consultations for 1796, P/SEC/MAD/1, India Office Records, India Office Library, London. This quotation is from
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• Brohier , R. L. 1949 . ‘Land, Maps and Surveys, in Maritime Ceylon during the Dutch Administration’ . The Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon) , XXXVIII ( 107 ) : 133
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• Perron , Jeandu . Kaart van het Eylandt Ceylon , The Hague : Department of Maps and Plans, ARA . [...] 1789,VEL 927, 23 1×147 cm.
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• K. , de Silva R. and Beumer , W. G. M. 1988 . Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602–1796 , 186 London : Serendib Publications . The German mile was equivalent roughly to four English miles. For a much reduced reproduction of this map see
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• Raven‐Hart, op. cit., p. 18.
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• Kaart van de Kanneel Tkuynen, Vel 938, 148×50 cm., Department of Maps and Plans, ARA, The Hague.
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• Raven‐Hart, op, cit., p. 97.
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• COLLBN 448, 451 and 453, University Library, Leiden.
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• ‘Canneellanden Ceylon’ . India Orientalis , XXXIX Tom II, Atlas Vol
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• Wintergeist pointed out: ‘No one who knows Ceylon will deny that it has been granted two prerogatives by God: it produces almost the best cinnamon in the world, and the best elephants’, op. cit., p. 18.
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• With a woodcut vignette of a pasturing elephant, Sebastian Miin‐ster supplemented his Ptolemaic Taprobana in Geographia vniversalis vetus et nova completens Claudii Ptolemoei Alexandrini enarrationis Libros VII, Basle, Henri Peter, 1541, Map No. 28 entitled Asiae Tabula XII.
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• 1892 . Olifanten Kraal tekening uit het inspectie rapport van I. Rumpf gouverneur van Ceylon. De Nederlanders vingen op Ceylon Olifanten die zij naar India exporteerden , The Hague : Aanw. . 32a, ARA
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• Paranavitana, K. D., op, cit., p. 10. De Silva and Beumer in op. cit., reproduce the cartouche, p. 129.
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• Raven‐Hart , R. 1958 . The Pybus Embassy to Kandy 1672 , Vol. I , 17 Colombo : The Government Press . The National Museum of Ceylon Historical Series
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• P 175 N177, University Library, Leiden.
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• Bodel Nijenhuis Collection 002–09–031, University library, Leiden.
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• ‘Diary of Tour on the East and West Coasts in 1767’, Raven Hart, op. cit., p. 69.
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• The term is Portuguese and is derived in turn from Latin Tomus.
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• Brohier , R. L. 1978 . Links Between Sri Lanka and The Netherlands: A Book of Dutch Ceylon , 129 – 141 . Colombo : Netherlands Alumni Association of Sri Lanka .
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• Dagregister Rumpf: Visite des Commandemens van Jaffnapatnam Aanw. lste afd. 1892, 32b, ARA, The Hague.
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• Kotelawele , D. A. 1967 . ‘Agrarian Policies of the Dutch in South‐West Ceylon, 1743–1766’ . Afdeling Agrarische Geschiedenis Bijdtragen , 14 : 3 – 33 .
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• Carel David Mentzel's Plan en Caart van dc situatie Büyten het Casteel de Voorstadt en Gravetten van Colombo met alle de Waarteren Wegen Hoog‐tens Thüÿnen en Saayvelsen [...], VEL 953, Department of Maps and Plans, ARA, The Hague.
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• The term in Singhalese means direction and taken as a native title it signifies a Governor of a province who holds military and civil rank. This title was borrowed by the Portuguese and the Dutch in turn applied it to their own officials who administered provinces which were called Disavaniya.
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• Raven‐Hart, op. cit., p. 109.
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• Karte van de Provintie Moetoe Radje Well‐Elie Benevens Daar Aangren‐zende Dorschappen Langswelke Door waterlyndingehet water op de vel den van voormelde Provintie [...], Collection Bodel Nijenhuis 002–09–033, University Library, Leiden.
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• Goonewardene , K. W. 1952 . ‘A New Netherlands in Ceylon: Dutch Attmepts to Found a Colony during the First quarter Century of their Power in Ceylon’ . The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies , 2 ( 2 ) July : 203 – 244 .
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• Plan van de Vesting Gale met deszelves omleggende situatie zoda‐nig als dezelve by gedane hermeting in den Jare 1790 door den Maior Ingenieur Reimer en den onder getekende bevonden is G. E. Schenck, Department of Maps and Plans, ARA, VEL 1071, 76X62 cm.
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• 1932 . Selection from the Dutch Records of the Ceylon Government No. 3: Memoir of Ryclkloff van Goens Governor of Ceylon Delivered to his Successeurs Jacob Hustart on December 26, 1663 and Ryclkloff van Goens the Younger on April 12, 1675 , 46 Colombo : Government Press .
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• For an interesting account of the construction of a hospital and the organisation of its medical service see
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• Uragoda , C. G. and Paranavitana , K. D. 1985 . ‘The Seventeenth Century Dutch Hospital in Colombo’ . Medical History , : 29 181 – 192 .
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• ‘This hospital is a place where the Company shows its sympathy with its suffering servants and wishes them to have every comfort’, p. 184.
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