Short-sea shipping potentials in Central America to bridge infrastructural gaps

References and notes

• World Economic Competitiveness Reports 1999–2004, http://www.weforum.org/
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• PPP http://www.iadb.org/ppp
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• Based on data from: World Trade Organization 2004 World Trade Report (Geneva, Switzerland) and Economic Comission of Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 2004, Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe (Santiago, Chile) and ECLAC, 2004, Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2003 (Santiago, Chile)
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• Guatemala (1.4 million), El Salvador (1.0 million) and Costa Rica (0.8 million) had the greatest shares in intra-regional trade
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• In 1998 72% of all transported containers from CA to the US were empties. Arcusín, S. 2003 Evaluación de los Servicios de Transporte en la Region Meso-Americana SIECA-BID (Guatemala) September. See, http://www.sieca.org.gt/Publico/Transporte/SituacionPPP/04_archivos/frame.htm
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• Guatemala (three ports), El Salvador (one), Honduras (three), Nicaragua (one) and Costa Rica (two)
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• Panamanian ports are excluded, because of the high rates of transhipment operations outnumbering foreign trade operation by three to one. Containerization would rise to 40%, if these ports were included and the total number of ships would jump to 1,4055 in 2003
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• SIECA 2001 Estudio Centroamericano de Transporte (ECAT), http://www.sieca.org.gt/publico/Transporte/MarcoLegal/ResumenEjecutivo.htm
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• The countries in this context are: El Salvador, Panama, Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Costa Rica
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• Road network density = road km/area
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• Average road network density in CA ranges around 0.15 km of road per km2, while the average road network density in the US is about 0.66 km/km2 and 1.04 km/km2 in Europe respectively International Road Federation IRF World Road Statistics 2000 Geneva
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• See SIECA 2001 op. cit
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• Source: authors, based on information of: (i) World Road Statistics 2000, International Road Federation; (ii) ECLAC/TU; (iii) CIA Worldfact Book 2003; (iv) Directorate-General of Energy and Transport, Statistical Pocket Book 2003, UE
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• This does not consider the affinities of certain products for road or air transport
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• For instance, Managua 1976, Mexico 1985 and El Salvador 2001
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• In 1972, earthquakes took a toll of 10,000 and in 1976 some 25,000 people were killed and 25% of the country’ population were left homeless
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• These 10% do not include investments in non-structural measurements
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• ECLAC/ GTZ 2003 Project Prevention and reduction of the danger posed by natural disasters, http//:www.eclac.cl
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• Involving nine states from south-east Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz and Yucatán) and the seven countries of the Central American Isthmus (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama)
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• The eight initiatives are: sustainable development; human development; natural disaster prevention and mitigation; tourism promotion; trade facilitation; highway integration; electric power interconnection; telecommunications interconnection. The plan includes a monetary funding of about US$4,600 million
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• The other seven initiatives focus on the energy sector, telecommunications sector, facilitation of the commercial interchange and competitiveness; promotion of tourism; sustainable development; human development; prevention and mitigation of disasters
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• For details on PPP see, http//:www.iadb.org/ppp
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• Among other advantages, SSS has growth potentials because using maritime corridors adds security to the trade flows
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• Edmonson RG 2003 Short-Sea Shipping: A Work in Progress. Journal of Commerce 8 September 2003
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• Standing Committee on Developing Services Sectors: Fostering Competitive Services Sectors in Developing Countries: [Shipping], 3rd session (6–12 June 1995) Item 3: Fostering competitive multimodal transport services
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• Musso and Marchese provide a comprehensive view of the phenomenon, Musso, E., Marchese, U. 2002 Economics of short sea shipping The Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business edited by C. T. Grammenos London Lloyds of London Press
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• Rowlinson M Wixey S 2002 The Politics and Economics of Developing Coastal Shipping (Panama: IAME), and Paixao, A. C. and Marlow, P. B., 2002, Strengths and Weaknesses of Short Sea Shipping. Marine Policy 26 167 178
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• See also Bulmer-Thomas V 2000 The Central American Common Market: From Closed to Open Regionalism World Development, Bd. 26.1 313 322
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• Parker JG 2003 The Short-Sea Alternative Journal of Commerce 24 February 2003
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• OECD 1999 Discussion Document on Regulatory Reform International Maritime Transport DSTI/DOT/MTC (99)8 Paris
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• Lombardo GA 2004 Short Sea Shipping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges TransportGistics, Inc. White Paper Series, 24 May
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• Lombardo GA 2004 Short Sea Shipping: Planning for its Future in the Western Hemisphere World Wide Shipping February/March 30 31
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• Road safety today is a great problem in the world, but especially in low-income countries, in terms of public health and related expenses. During the year 2000, 1.26 million people died from road safety problems (but 1 million in low-income countries). The World Health Organization's projection for 2020 indicates that road accidents will be the third cause of death. For more details see ECLAC (2004): FAL Bulletin No. 218, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago de Chile, October, http://www.eclac.cl/transporte/
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• Lombardo GA op. cit
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• The original name is Comisión Técnica de Transporte (Anteriormente hasta febrero 2004 Integración vial) de la Iniciativa Mesoamericana de Transporte del PPP, http://www.iadb.org/ppp/
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• Breuillet AG et al. op. cit
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• Breuillet AG et al. op. cit
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• European Commission 2001 Transport White Papier—Time to Decide Brussels Belgium EC
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• Baird A Hoffmann J Wilmsmeier G 2002 The Chilean Maritime Highway IAME Panama 2002 Proceedings IAME Panama
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• For more information see:, http://www.unece.org/env/pp/
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