References and notes
- CHOW, J., 2009, Sea piracy hits five-year high in waters near Singapore: Worst affected vessels are tankers and large container ships, The Straits Times, September 21
- The IMB is part of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and was initially established by marine insurance companies to counter maritime fraud. The Regional Piracy Centre (RPC) was established by the IMB in Kuala Lumpur in 1992 to receive reports of piracy on a global basis, to warn ships against piratical attacks, to analyse reported incidents of piracy world-wide, and to issue regular reports. The IMB and the IMO are not related. The IMB is a commercially funded operation of the ICC while the IMO is an instrument of the UN tasked with regulating international shipping to provide ship safety, security and the prevention of ship-sourced marine pollution
- ICC INTERNATIONAL MARITIME BUREAU, 2009, Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships. Annual Report for the Period 1 January–31 December 2008, January 2009, p. 4
- COWAN, G., 2009, Deter and disrupt, Jane's Defence Weekly, November 11, p. 24; DRAKE, J. and FARRELL, S., 2010, Legal uncertainty emboldens pirates, May 14, Lloyd's List, March 15. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/regulation/article90477.ece
- Boot , M . 2009 . Pirates, then and now: How piracy was defeated in the past and can be again . Foreign Affairs , 88 ( 4 ) : 104
- MEADE, R., 2010, Prosecuting pirates, Lloyd's List, March 9. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/blogs/prosecuting-pirates/20001019442.htm
- FONG, D., 2009, Politics influences the jurisdiction for Somali pirate trials, DW-world.de, April 22. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,4198300,00.html
- Data in this section is based on ICC International Maritime Bureau, 2010, Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Report for the Period 1 January–31 December 2009
- ICC INTERNATIONAL MARITIME BUREAU, 2010, Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships. Report for the Period 1 January–30 June 2010, July, Table 1, p. 5
- RECAAP INFORMATION SHARING CENTRE, 2009, Annual Research Report 2008. Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre, p. 5
- For example, of the total of 96 incidents reportedly ReCAAP in 2008, 58 were Category 3; 21 Category 2; and 4 Category 1. ReCAAP Annual Research Report 2008, Table 2, p. 8
- One example shows that according to the IMB, the feeder container ship Sinar Merak was attacked on 22 January 2007 in the Malacca Strait after leaving Belawan in Sumatra for Singapore. However, subsequent investigations by Singapore security agencies revealed that the two persons found onboard the Sinar Merak were actually innocent Indonesian fishermen who were survivors of a small craft that was run down by the container ship manoeuvring aggressively to avoid a suspected attack. Nevertheless, the IMB continues to show this incident as an actual attack in the Malacca Strait
- The war risk areas may be found at: http://www.lmalloyds.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Joint_War1&Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=3&ContentID=3888
- Somali Pirates Get $3.3M ransom, Free 36 Hostages, The New York Times, 17 November 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/11/17/world/AP-Piracy.html
- GULED, A., 2009, Somali pirates say $4 million ransom paid for coal ship, Reuters, December 27. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BQ0K420091227
- ROTBERG, R., 2010, Combating maritime piracy: A policy brief with recommendations for action, Policy brief #11, World Peace Foundation, January 26
- MURPHY, M., 2009, Somali piracy: Not just a naval problem, Backgrounder, April 16, Washington, Centre for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, p. 2
- INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION, 2010, Piracy in waters off the coast of Somalia, Hot Topic. http://www.imo.org/home.asp?topic.id=1178
- WILSON, B., 2009, Naval diplomacy and maritime security in the Western Indian Ocean. Strategic Analysis, 33(4), 490–492
- ICC INTERNATIONAL MARITIME BUREAU, 2010, Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships. Report for the Period 1 January–30 June 2010, July, Table 1, p. 5
- OSLER, D., 2010, Global pirate attacks fall 20%, Lloyd's List, July 15. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/ship-operations/article173676.ece
- For an example of such guidelines see OITS (Office of the Inspector of Transport Security) 2009. Australian shipping counter piracy and armed robbery at sea advisory guidelines, OITS, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, Canberra, available at: http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/transport/security/oits/files/ASCPiracy_Armed_Robbery_Sea_Guidelines.pdf. The IMO Guidelines are in MSC.1/Circ.1334 dated 23 June 2009, and the guidance for governments is MSC.1/Circ.1333 dated 26 June 2009
- OITS, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, Canberra, available at: http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/transport/security/oits/files/ASCPiracy_Armed_Robbery_Sea_Guidelines.pdf. p. 53
- Pirated ship never registered, Fairplay, 30 October 2009, http://www.fairplay.co.uk/secure/display.aspx?articlename=dn0020091030000008&phrase=piratedship
- Discussion with a former commander of CTF 151, 6 August 2010
- Bateman , S . 2009 . “ Piracy and armed robbery against ships in Indonesian waters ” . In Indonesia Beyond the Water's Edge: Managing an Archipelagic State , Edited by: Cribb , R and Ford , M . 117 – 33 . Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies .
- Bid to ban sand exports, The Straits Times, 17 September 2009, http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/SE%2BAsia/Story/STIStory_431067.html; and HENDERSON, B., 2010, Singapore accused of launching ‘Sand Wars’, Telegraph, 12 February 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/singapore/7221987/Singapore-accused-of-launching-Sand-Wars.html
- RECAAP INFORMATION SHARING CENTRE, 2010, Missing Tug Boat, ASTA, Found!! Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre. http://www.recaap.org/incident/pdf/incident/2010/Incident%20Update-ASTA%20Found%20(25%20Feb%2010).pdf
- RECAAP INFORMATION SHARING CENTRE, 2010, Monthly Report for April 2010. Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre, p. 6 and pp. 20–23. http://www.recaap.org/incident/pdf/reports/2010/April%202010%20Report%20(O).pdf; and Tug Boat Atlantic 3 and Barge Atlantic 5, Found!! Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre, 19 May 2010. http://www.recaap.org/incident/pdf/incident/2010/Incident%20Update-Atlantic%203%20(19%20May%2010).pdf
- ICC INTERNATIONAL MARITIME BUREAU, 2010, Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships. Report for the Period 1 January–30 June 2010, July. A detailed analysis of the incidents during the first half of 2010, including maps showing the location of the attacks, may be found in RECAAP INFORMATION SHARING CENTRE, 2010, Half-yearly Report for January–June 2010. Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre. http://www.recaap.org/incident/pdf/reports/2010/Half%20Yearly%20Report%20for%202010%20(O).pdf
- PARRY, S., 2009, Revealed: The ghost fleet of the recession anchored just east of Singapore, Daily Mail online, September 16. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1212013/Revealed-The-ghost-fleet-recession-anchored-just-east-Singapore.html
- BATEMAN, S., 2009, Increased Risks at Sea? Global Shipping Downturn and Maritime Security”, RSIS Commentary 100/2009, October 9
- RECAAP INFORMATION SHARING CENTRE, 2010, Quarterly Report for January–March 2010. Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre, p. 32
- RECAAP INFORMATION SHARING CENTRE, 2010, Quarterly Report for January–March 2010. Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre, p. 13
- Details of the research on which this information is based is available on application to the author
- STRAZIUSO, J., 2009, EU: Hijacked oil tanker was outside corridor, The Guardian, December 1. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/8835369
- This was the author's experience when he travelled through the Gulf of Aden and the Suez Canal in September 2009 in the 65,247 GRT container vessel CMA CGM Strauss. All of the numerous large container vessels in these waters were observed proceeding independently
- The global average age for the different classes of ship is taken from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Review of Maritime Transport 2009, Table 11, p. 37 and the age of the ships hijacked and their PSC record was retrieved mainly from the database of the Indian Ocean MOU on Port State Control (www.iomou.org), with some from the Riyadh MOU on Port State Control for the Gulf region (www.riyadhmou.org) and the Paris MOU for European countries (www.parismou.org). Some ages of ships were from the Ships and Shipping Company database, World Shipping Register, http://e-ships.net/index/A4.shtml
- King , J . 2005 . The security of merchant shipping . Marine Policy , 29 ( 3 ) : 235 – 245 .
- Montero Llacer , FJ . 2003 . Open registers: Past, present and future . Marine Policy , 27 ( 6 ) : 513 – 523 .
- Flag ship solves EU NAVFOR main task, Press release, European Union Naval Force Somalia – Operation Atalanta, EU NAVFOR Operation Headquarters, 15 May 2010
- UK PARLIAMENT, 2010, Combating Somali Piracy: The EU's Naval Operation Atalanta, www.parliament.uk, para. 31, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldeucom/103/10304.htm
- PORTER, J., 2009, Boxship speed of 14 knots set to become the norm, Lloyd's List, November 19. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/containers/article28475.ece
- GUPTA, M., 2010, Indian Ocean Region: Maritime Regimes for Regional Cooperation (Heidelberg: Springer), p. 256
- By the end of 2008, six of the original nineteen signatories to the IO MOU had not become parties to the agreement, and of the thirteen parties, six did not achieve their target inspection rates during 2008 and one did not report data. IO MOU, Annual Report 2008, iomou.org, especially Fig. 1, p. 26. Under the IO MOU, parties are committed to inspecting at least 10% of foreign ships visiting their ports. Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control for the Indian Ocean Region, MOU.Rev1.Oct 2000, iomou.org, Art. 1.3
- Bateman , S . 2009 . Maritime security implications of the international shipping recession . The Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs , 1 ( 4 ) : 109 – 117 .
- SCHULZ, T., 2008, Global crisis hits shipping industry hard, Spiegel online, December 5. http://spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,druck-594710,00.html
- LEANDER, T., 2010, VLCC tanker rates nosedive 83% in three weeks on oversupply, Lloyd's List, July 13. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/tankers/article173508.ece; and BOCKMAN, M. W., 2010, Capesize vessel fixed for $4.000 a day, Lloyd's List, July 14. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/dry-cargo/article173526.ece
- MACQUEEN, J., 2010, Ship arrests set to rise, Lloyd's List, July 8. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/finance/article173178.ece
- CHAN, R., 2009, No ships laid up in Singapore: MPA, The Straits’ Times, April 3, p. C21
- TOKYO MOU, 2010, Annual Report on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific region, Tokyo: Tokyo MOU Secretariat, Table 2, p. 22. http://www.tokyo-mou.org/ANN09.pdf
- OSLER, D., 2010, Major flag state holds back IMO fees, Lloyd's List, March 15. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/regulation/article5763.ece
- CHALK, P., SMALLMAN, L. and BURGER, N., 2009, Countering Piracy in the Modern Era, p. 2
- LEGGATE, H., 2004, The Future shortage of seafarers: Will it become a reality. Maritime Policy and Management, 31(1), 3–13; and LEANDER, T., 2010, Seafarers in short supply, Lloyd's List, May 20. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/ship-operations/article169159.ece
- Independent World Commission on the Oceans, 1998, The Ocean – Our Future (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)