Maritime constellations: a complex network approach to shipping and ports

References and notes

• Perpillou , A . 1959 . Géographie de la Circulation , Paris : Centre de Documentation Universitaire .
   Google Scholar
• In astronomy, the constellation is a group of stars forming a picture. Ptolémée identified 12 zodiacal figures as well as 36 other figures whose shape was inspired from animals and geometry. The delineation of current constellations is fixed by the International Astronomical Union since 1930 in Eugène Delporte’s official atlas of constellations (e.g. Orion). However nowadays, the contours of such figures do not have a scientific purpose due to the use of coordinates
   Google Scholar
• Boccaletti , S , Latora , V , Moreno , Y , Chavez , M and Hwang , DU . 2006 . Complex networks: Structure and dynamics . Physics Reports , 424 : 175 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A community is also called subgroup, subgraph, subnetwork, community, clique, or cluster. The clique is a complete maximal subgraph comprising at least three vertices (nodes)
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter , M . 1973 . The strength of weak ties . American Journal of Sociology , 78 ( 6 ) : 1360 – 1380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The degree of a node (or degree centrality) is the number of adjacent nodes connected to it. Large degree nodes are also called stars or hubs
   Google Scholar
• Barabási , AL and Albert , R . 1999 . Emergence of scaling in random networks . Science , 286 : 509 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts , DJ and Strogatz , SH . 1998 . Collective dynamics of small-world networks . Nature , 393 : 440 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducruet , C , Rozenblat , C and Zaidi , F . 2010 . Ports in multi-level maritime networks: Evidence from the Atlantic (1996–2006) . Journal of Transport Geography , 18 ( 4 ) : 508 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastner , MT and Newman , MEJ . 2004 . The spatial structure of networks . The European Physical Journal B , 49 : 247 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducruet , C . 2009 . “ Port regions and globalization ” . In Ports in Proximity: Competition and Cooperation among Adjacent Seaports , Edited by: Notteboom , T. E. , Ducruet , C. and De Langen , P. W. 43 – 51 . Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Ducruet , C , Notteboom , TE and De Langen , PW . 2009 . “ Revisiting inter-port relationships under the New Economic Geography research framework ” . In Ports in Proximity: Competition and Cooperation among Adjacent Seaports , Edited by: Notteboom , T. E. , Ducruet , C. and De Langen , P. W. 11 – 28 . Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Todd , D . 1993 . The interplay of trade, regional and technical factors in the evolution of a port system: The case of Taiwan . Geografiska Annaler B , 75 ( 1 ) : 3 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , R . 1976 . Modelling the port as an operational system: A perspective for research . Economic Geography , 52 : 71 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigarie , A . 1964 . Les Grands Ports de Commerce de la Seine au Rhin , Paris : SABRI .
   Google Scholar
• Lemarchand , A and Joly , O . 2009 . “ Regional integration and maritime range ” . In Ports in Proximity: Competition and Cooperation among Adjacent Seaports , Edited by: Notteboom , T. E. , Ducruet , C. and De Langen , P. W. 87 – 98 . Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Notteboom , TE . 2009 . Complementarity and substitutability among adjacent gateway ports . Environment and Planning A , 41 ( 3 ) : 743 – 762 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack , B . 1993 . Pawns in the game: Ports in a global transportation system . Growth and Change , 24 ( 4 ) : 579 – 588 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , R . 2002 . Ports as elements in value-driven chain systems: The new paradigm . Maritime Policy and Management , 29 ( 3 ) : 241 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Olivier , D and Slack , B . 2006 . Rethinking the port . Environment and Planning A , 38 ( 8 ) : 1409 – 1427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , PV and Jacobs , W . 2010 . Shifting proximities: The maritime ports sector in an era of global supply chains . Regional Studies , 44 ( 9 ) : 1103 – 1115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notteboom , TE . 2009 . “ Path dependency and contingency in the development of multi-gateway port regions and multi-hub port regions ” . In Ports in Proximity: Competition and Cooperation among Adjacent Seaports , Edited by: Notteboom , T. E. , Ducruet , C. and De Langen , P. W. 55 – 72 . Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Guerrero, D., 2010, Les aires d'influence des ports de la France entre réseau et gravitation. Unpublished PhD Dissertation in Geography, University of Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , DK and Hayuth , Y . 1994 . Spatial characteristics of transportation hubs: Centrality and intermediacy . Journal of Transport Geography , 2 ( 1 ) : 3 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigue , JP and Notteboom , TE . 2010 . Foreland-based regionalization: Integrating intermediate hubs with port hinterlands . Research in Transportation Economics , 27 ( 1 ) : 19 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Hayuth , Y . 1981 . Containerization and the load center concept . Economic Geography , 57 : 161 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigarié , A . 1979 . Ports de Commerce et Vie Littorale , Paris : Hachette .
   Google Scholar
• Teboul , R , Cuenca , C and Richaud , A . 2000 . La Question Urbaine dans l’Histoire de la Pensée Economique , Paris : L’Harmattan .
   Google Scholar
• Ducruet , C . 2008 . Hub dependence in constrained economies: The case of North Korea . Maritime Policy and Management , 38 ( 4 ) : 377 – 394 .
   Google Scholar
• Gouvernal , E , Slack , B and Franc , P . 2010 . Short sea and deep sea shipping markets in France . Journal of Transport Geography , 18 ( 1 ) : 97 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd's Marine Intelligence Unit (LMIU), 2010, http://www.seasearcher.com/lmiu/index.htm (accessed December 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Ducruet, C. and Notteboom, T. E., 2012, The worldwide maritime network of container shipping: Spatial structure and regional dynamics. Global Networks (forthcoming)
   Google Scholar
• Deng , WB , Long , G , Wei , L and Xu , C . 2009 . Worldwide marine transportation network: Efficiency and container throughput . Chinese Physics Letters , 26 ( 11 ) : 118901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandes, U. and Erlebach, T., 2005, Network Analysis: Methodological Foundations. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3418 (Dordrecht: Springer)
   Google Scholar
• Herman , I , Mélançon , G and Scott Marshall , M . 2000 . Graph visualization and navigation in information visualization: A survey . IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics , 6 ( 1 ) : 24 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girvan, M. and Newman, M. E. J., 2002, Community structure in social and biological networks. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 99, 8271–8276
   Google Scholar
• Wu, A. Y., Garland, M., and Han, J., 2004, Mining scale-free networks using geodesic clustering. In KDD '04: Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 719–724
   Google Scholar
• Boccaletti , S , Ivanchenko , M , Latora , V , Pluchino , A and Rapisarda , A . 2007 . Detection of complex networks modularity by dynamical clustering . Physical Review E , 75 : 045102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , MEJ . 2004 . Fast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks . Physical Review E , 69 : 066133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutin, F., Thievre, J., and Hasco, M., 2006, Focus-based filtering + clustering technique for power-law networks with small world phenomenon. In: VDA'06: Visual Data Analysis - SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, 6060(001-012). SPIE P., U.S
   Google Scholar
• Auber, D., Chiricota, Y., Jourdan, F., and Mélançon, G., 2003, Multiscale visualization of small world networks. In INFOVIS '03: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, pp. 75–81
   Google Scholar
• Van Ham, F. and Van Wijk, J. J., 2004, Interactive visualization of small world graphs. In INFOVIS '04: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, pp. 199–206
   Google Scholar
• Päivinen , N . 2005 . Clustering with a minimum spanning tree of scale-free-like structure . Pattern Recognition Letters , 26 ( 7 ) : 921 – 930 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielman, D. A. and Teng, S. H., 1996, Spectral partitioning works: Planar graphs and finite element meshes. In IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, pp. 96–105
   Google Scholar
• Luxburg , U . 2007 . A tutorial on spectral clustering . Statistics and Computing , 17 ( 4 ) : 395 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auber , D . 2003 . “ Tulip—a huge graph visualization framework ” . In Graph Drawing Software , Edited by: Mutzel , P. and Junger. Mathematics and Visualization Series , M. 105 – 126 . Dordrecht : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Heer, J. and Boyd, D., 2005, Vizster: Visualizing online social networks. In INFOVIS '05: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, p. 5
   Google Scholar
• Batagelj, V. and Zaversnik, M., 2002, Generalized cores. Working Paper, arxiv cs.DS/0202039
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Hamelin , JI , Dall'asta , L , Barrat , A and Vespignani , A . 2006 . K-core decomposition: A tool for the visualization of large scale networks . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , 18 : 41 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Bader , G and Hogue , C . 2003 . An automated method for finding molecular complexes in large protein interaction networks . BMC Bioinformatics , 4 ( 1 ) : 2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuchty , S and Almaas , E . 2005 . Peeling the yeast protein network . Proteomics , 5 ( 2 ) : 444 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaertler, M. and Patrignani, M., 2004, Dynamic analysis of the autonomous system graph. In IPS 2004, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Inter-domain Performance and Simulation, pp. 13–24
   Google Scholar
• Baur, M., Brandes, U., Gaertler, M., and Wagner, D., 2005, Drawing the AS graph in 2.5 dimensions. In: Graph Drawing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3383 (Dordrecht: Springer), pp. 43–48
   Google Scholar
• Zaidi , F . 2011 . Analysis, Structure and Organization of Complex Networks , Saarbrücken : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Janson , S , Knuth , DE , Luczak , T and Pittel , B . 1993 . The birth of the giant component . Random Structures Algorithms , 4 ( 3 ) : 231 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essam , JW . 1980 . Percolation theory . Reports on Progress in Physics , 43 ( 7 ) : 833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barabási , AL . 2002 . Linked: The New Science of Networks , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• The clustering coefficient calculates for each node the ratio between the number of observed triplets and the maximum number of triplets based on the links to adjacent nodes. In other words, it is the probability for the neighbours of a given node to be connected. Its formula is as follows:
   Google Scholar
• Levinson , M . 2006 . The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger , Princeton and Oxford : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , JJ and Ng , KYA . 2011 . The geographical connectedness of Chinese seaports with foreland markets: A new trend? . Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie , 102 ( 2 ) : 188 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Port of Zeebrugge, 2010, Intercontinental connections. http://www.zeebruggeport.be/en/node/491 (accessed December 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Ducruet , C , Lee , SW and Ng , KYA . 2010 . Centrality and vulnerability in liner shipping networks: Revisiting the Northeast Asian port hierarchy . Maritime Policy and Management , 37 ( 1 ) : 17 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar