Shifting proximities: visualizing changes in the maritime connectivity of African countries (2006/2016)

References

• BARTON, B. 2021. “Agency and Autonomy in the Maritime Silk Road Initiative: An Examination of Djibouti’s Doraleh Container Terminal Disputes”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 14 (3): 353–380. doi:10.1093/cjip/poab006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIRD, J. 1980. Seaports and Seaport Terminals. London: Hutchinson University Library.
   Google Scholar
• BORGATTI, S. P., M. G. Everett, and J. C. Johnson. 2018. Analyzing Social Networks. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• BOST, F. 2011. “Are Economic Free Zones Good for Development?” OECD West African Challenges 4: 4–20. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/24/39/49814045.pdf
   Google Scholar
• BOST, F. 2019. “Special Economic Zones: Methodological Issues and Definition.” Transnational Corporations Journal 26 (2): 141–152.
   Google Scholar
• CASTILLO-HIDALGO, D., and C. DUCRUET. 2020. “Port Systems and Regional Hierarchies in Africa in the Long Term.” In African Seaports and Maritime Economics in Historical Perspective, edited by A. Olukoju and D. Castillo-Hidalgo, 45–80, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• CHARLIER, J. 1992. “Ports and Hinterland Connections.” In Ports as Nodal Points in a Global Transport System, edited by A. J. Dolman and J. Van Ettinger, 105–121. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• CHEN, T., P. T. W. Lee, and T. NOTTEBOOM. 2013. “Shipping Line Dominance and Freight Rate Practices on Trade Routes: The Case of the Far East-South Africa Trade.” International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics 5 (2): 155–173. doi:10.1504/IJSTL.2013.053233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEBRIE, J. 2010. “From Colonization to National Territories in Continental West Africa: The Historical Geography of a Transport Infrastructure Network.” Journal of Transport Geography 18 (2): 292–300. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.05.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEBRIE, J. 2014. “Portrait d’entreprise. Hubs portuaires (3). Les stratégies des opérateurs sur la façade ouest-africaine ».” Flux, 3: 110–117.
   Google Scholar
• DEISS, H. 2022, “Ports: Le cercle des millionnaires d’agrandit en Afrique de l’Ouest,” Ports et Corridors, 5 January, https://portsetcorridors.com/2022/ports-le-cercle-des-millionnaires-sagrandit-en-afrique-de-louest/ Retrieved the 22/04/2022 ?
   Google Scholar
• DEMISSIE, A. 2018. “Special Economic Zones: Integrating African Countries in China’s Belt and Road Initiative.” In Rethinking the Silk Road, 69–84. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• DREWRY’S. 2017. “Container Market Annual Review and Forecast 2017/18.” Drewry Maritime Research, 201, Quarter, October 3.
   Google Scholar
• DUCRUET, C., S. Cuyala, and A. El Hosni. 2018. “Maritime Networks as Systems of Cities: The long-term Interdependencies between Global Shipping Flows and Urban Development (1890–2010).” Journal of Transport Geography 66: 340–355. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.10.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUCRUET, C., and T. NOTTEBOOM. 2012. “The Worldwide Maritime Network of Container Shipping: Spatial Structure and Regional Dynamics.” Global Networks 12 (3): 395–423. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2011.00355.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUCRUET, C., C. Rozenblat, and F. Zaidi. 2010. “Ports in multi-level Maritime Networks: Evidence from the Atlantic (1996–2006).” Journal of Transport Geography 18 (4): 508–518. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUCRUET, C., and K. TSUBOTA. 2020. “Maritime Networks of Africa and Asia .” Ayodeji Olukoju, Daniel Castillo Hidalgo. eds. In African Seaports and Maritime Economics in Historical Perspective, 203–218. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• FARRELL, S. 2014. Attracting Private Finance into African Ports. Port Infrastructure Finance, 181–209. Hilde Meersman, Eddy Van de Voorde, Thierry Vanelslander (eds) Port infrastructure finance, Informa Law from Routledge, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• FERRARI, C., and A. Tei. 2020 . “Effects of BRI Strategy on Mediterranean Shipping Transport.” Journal of Shipping and Trade 5 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1186/s41072-020-00067-x.
   Google Scholar
• FRÉMONT, A. 2009. “Shipping Lines and Logistics.” Transport Reviews 29 (4): 537–554. doi:10.1080/01441640802677607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUGAZZA, M., and J. HOFFMANN. 2017. “Liner Shipping Connectivity as Determinant of Trade.” Journal of Shipping and Trade 2 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1186/s41072-017-0019-5.
   Google Scholar
• GUERRERO, D., P. NIÉRAT, J. C. THILL, and E. COHEN. 2021. “Visualizing Maritime Connectivity at National Level: The Case of LSBCI Links of West European Countries.” Case Studies on Transport Policy 9 (4): 1818–1824. doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2021.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUERRERO, D., P. NIÉRAT, J. C. THILL, and E. COHEN. 2022. “Visualizing the Connectivity of African Countries.” Journal of Transport Geography, Visualizing Transport Geography Series, 101. Accepted (forthcoming).
   Google Scholar
• HESSE, M. 2010. “Cities, Material Flows and the Geography of Spatial Interaction: Urban Places in the System of Chains.” Global Netw 10 (1): 75–91. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00275.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOFFMANN, J., and J. HOFFMANN. 2021. “Bigger Ships and Fewer Companies - Two Sides of the Same Coin.” UNCTAD Transport and Trade Facilitation Newsletter N°89 - First Quarter 2021, 89. Article No. 70.
   Google Scholar
• HOFFMANN, J., N. Saeed, and S. Sødal. 2020. “Liner Shipping Bilateral Connectivity and Its Impact on South Africa’s Bilateral Trade Flows.” Maritime Economics & Logistics 22 (3): 473–499. doi:10.1057/s41278-019-00124-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JUNG, P. H., M. KASHIHA, and J. C. THILL. 2018. “Community Structures in Networks of Disaggregated Cargo Flows to Maritime Ports.” In Information Fusion and Intelligent Geographic Information Systems (IF&IGIS’17), edited by V. Popovich, M. Schrenk, J.-C. Thill, C. Claramunt, and T. Wang, 167–185, New York: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• JUNG, P. H., and J. C. THILL. 2022. “Sea-land Interdependence and Delimitation of Port Hinterland-foreland Structures in the International Transportation System.” Journal of Transport Geography 103297. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASHIHA, M., and J.-C. THILL. 2013. “The Functional Space of Major European Forwarding Ports: Study of Competition for Trade Bound to the United States.” In Smart Transport Networks: Market Structure, Sustainability, and Decision Making, edited by T. Vanoutrive and A. Verhetsel, 68–98. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• KRUSKAL, J. B., and M. WISH. 1978. Multidimensional Scaling (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). Beverly Hills: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• L, K. U. O., 2017, “There’s One Major Pitfall for African Countries along China’s New Silk Road.” Quartz Africa, May 15, https://qz.com/africa/983581/chinas-new-silk-road-one-belt-one-road-project-has-one-major-pitfall-for-african-countries/
   Google Scholar
• Levinson, M. 2016. “The Box.” In The Box. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MBOYA, C. 2021. “The Maritime Silk Road Initiative: Connecting Africa. Blanchard, , Jean-Marie F. ed. ” In China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative, Africa, and the Middle East, 53–80. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• MOHAMED-CHERIF, F., and C. DUCRUET. 2016. “Regional Integration and Maritime Connectivity across the Maghreb Seaport System.” Journal of Transport Geography 51: 280–293. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.01.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NG, A. K., and C. DUCRUET. 2014. “The changing Tides of Port Geography (1950–2012).” Progress in Human Geography 38 (6): 785–823. doi:10.1177/0309132513516178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nierat, P., and D. GUERRERO. 2019. “UNCTAD Maritime Connectivity Indicators: Review, Critique and Proposal. Article N°84.” UNCTAD Transport and Trade Facilitation Newsletter N°84 Fourth Quarter 2019.
   Google Scholar
• NOTTEBOOM, T. E., F. Parola, and G. Satta. 2019. “The Relationship between Transhipment Incidence and Throughput Volatility in North European and Mediterranean Container Ports.” Journal of Transport Geography 74: 371–381. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOTTEBOOM, T. E., and J. P. RODRIGUE. 2005. “Port Regionalization: Towards a New Phase in Port Development.” Marit. Policy Manag 32 (3): 297–313. doi:10.1080/03088830500139885.
   Google Scholar
• OLIETE-JOSA, S., and F. MAGRINYA. 2018. “Patchwork in an Interconnected World: The Challenges of Transport Networks in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Transport Reviews 38 (6): 710–736. doi:10.1080/01441647.2017.1414899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OLUKOJU, A., and D. CASTILLO-HIDALGO. 2020. African Seaports and Maritime Economics in Historical Perspective. Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• PEDERSEN, P. 2003. “Development of Freight Transport and Logistics in Sub-Saharan Africa: Taaffe, Morrill and Gould Revisited.” Transport Reviews 23 (3): 275–297. doi:10.1080/0144164032000091681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBINSON, R. 1970. “The hinterland-foreland Continuum: Concept and Methodology.” Prof. Geogr 22 (6): 307–310. doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1970.00307.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RODRIGUE, J. P. 2020. The Geography of Transport Systems. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• RODRIGUE, J. P., and A. ASHAR. 2016. “Transshipment Hubs in the New Panamax Era: The Role of the Caribbean.” Journal of Transport Geography 51: 270–279. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STYAN, D. 2021. “Djibouti and Small State Agency in the Maritime Silk Road: The Domestic and International Foundations in China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative, Africa. Oxford.” In and the Middle East, 111–136. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• TAAFFE, E. J., H. L. Gauthier, and M. E. O’kelly. 1996. Geography of Transport. Upper Saddle River, Nj: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• TAAFFE, E. J., R. L. MORRILL, and P. R. GOULD. 1963. “Transport Expansion in Underdeveloped Countries: A Comparative Analysis.” Geographical Review 53 (4): 503–529. doi:10.2307/212383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigarie, A. 1979. Ports de commerce et vie littorale. Paris, France: Hachette.
   Google Scholar
• WHITE, N. J. 2019. “Thinking outside ‘The Box’: Decolonization and Containerization. Oxford, ed .” In Shipping and Globalization in the Post-War Era, 67–99. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar