A review of wound dressing materials and its fabrication methods: emphasis on three-dimensional printed dressings

References

• Leaper DJ, Harding KG, editors. Wounds: biology and management. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Enoch S, Leaper DJ. Basic science of wound healing. Surgery (Oxford). 2008;26(2):31–37.
   Google Scholar
• Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj V. The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Int Med Res. 2009;37(5):1528–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhivya S, Vijaya Padma V, Santhini E. Wound dressings–a review. BioMed. 2015;5(4):22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitney JD. Overview: acute and chronic wounds. Nurs Clin North Am. 2005;40(2):191–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo SA, DiPietro LA. Factors affecting wound healing. J Dent Res. 2010;89(3):219–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liman ST. Chest injury due to blunt trauma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23(3):374–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretre R, Chilcott M. Blunt trauma to the heart and great vessels. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(9):626–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips SJ. Physiology of wound healing and surgical wound care. ASAIO J Artif Organ Res Dev. 2000;46:S2–S5.
   Google Scholar
• Nagachinta T, Stephens M, Reitz B, et al. Risk factors for surgical-wound infection following cardiac surgery. J Infect Dis. 1987;156(6):967–973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols RL. Surgical wound infection. Am J Med. 1991;91(3):S54–S64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari VK. Burn wound: how it differs from other wounds? Indian J Plast Surg. 2012;45(2):364–373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visha MG, Karunagaran M. A review on wound healing. Int J Clinicopathol Correl. 2019;3(2):50.
   Google Scholar
• Azmat CE, Council M. Wound closure techniques. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. PMID: 29262163.
   Google Scholar
• Reinke JM, Sorg H. Wound repair and regeneration. Eur Surg Res. 2012;49(1):35–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas KS, Vasconez HC. Wound healing: biologics, skin substitutes, biomembranes and scaffolds. Healthcare (Basel). 2014;2(3):356–400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh A, Annabi N, Khalilov R, et al. Recent advances on biomedical applications of scaffolds in wound healing and dermal tissue engineering. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46(4):691–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankoti K, Rameshbabu AP, Datta S, et al. Accelerated healing of full thickness dermal wounds by macroporous waterborne polyurethane-chitosan hydrogel scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;81:133–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamoun EA, Kenawy E-RS, Chen X. A review on polymeric hydrogel membranes for wound dressing applications: PVA-based hydrogel dressings. J Adv Res. 2017;8(3):217–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadhif MH, Assyarify H, Irsyad M, et al. Recent advances in 3D printed wound dressings. AIP Conf Proc. 2021;2344:020021.
   Google Scholar
• Negut I, Dorcioman G, Grumezescu V. Scaffolds for wound healing applications. Polymers. 2020;12(9):2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhari A, Vig K, Baganizi D, et al. Future prospects for scaffolding methods and biomaterials in skin tissue engineering: a review. IJMS. 2016;17(12):1974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary C, Garg T. Scaffolds: a novel carrier and potential wound healer. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2015;32:277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subia B, Kundu J, Kundu SC. Biomaterial scaffold fabrication techniques for potential tissue engineering applications. Tissue Engineering. 2010;141.
   Google Scholar
• Shoichet MS. Polymer scaffolds for biomaterials applications. Macromolecules. 2010;43(2):581–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aravamudhan A, Ramos D, Nada A, et al. Natural polymers: polysaccharides and their derivatives for biomedical applications. In: Kumbar SG, Laurencin CT, Deng M, editors. Natural and synthetic biomedical polymers. Burlington (MA): Elsevier; 2014. p. 67–89.
   Google Scholar
• Lee KY, Mooney DJ. Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci. 2012;37(1):106–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afjoul H, Shamloo A, Kamali A. Freeze-gelled alginate/gelatin scaffolds for wound healing applications: an in vitro, in vivo study. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2020;113:110957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbany SY, Pastore J, Yamamoto M, et al. Continuous delivery of stromal cell-derived factor-1 from alginate scaffolds accelerates wound healing. Cell Transplant. 2010;19(4):399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleetus CM, Alvarez Primo F, Fregoso G, et al. Alginate hydrogels with embedded ZnO nanoparticles for wound healing therapy. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:5097–5111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehterami A, Salehi M, Farzamfar S, et al. Chitosan/alginate hydrogels containing alpha-tocopherol for wound healing in rat model. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2019;51:204–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafezi F, Scoutaris N, Douroumis D, et al. 3D printed chitosan dressing crosslinked with genipin for potential healing of chronic wounds. Int J Pharm. 2019;560:406–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed S, Ikram S. Chitosan based scaffolds and their applications in wound healing. Achiev Life Sci. 2016;10(1):27–37.
   Google Scholar
• Gomathysankar S, Sukari Halim A, Yaacob NS. Proliferation of keratinocytes induced by adipose-derived stem cells on a chitosan scaffold and its role in wound healing, a review. Arch Plast Surg. 2014;41(5):452–457.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arash M, et al. Wound healing and antimicrobial effect of active secondary metabolites in chitosan-based wound dressings: a review. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;233:115839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha M, Banik RM, Haldar C, et al. Development of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride loaded poly (ethylene glycol)/chitosan scaffold as wound dressing. J Porous Mater. 2013;20(4):799–807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallavicini P, Arciola CR, Bertoglio F, et al. Silver nanoparticles synthesized and coated with pectin: an ideal compromise for anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm action combined with wound-healing properties. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;498:271–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins JG, Camargo SEA, Bishop TT, et al. Pectin-chitosan membrane scaffold imparts controlled stem cell adhesion and proliferation. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;197:47–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ninan N, Muthiah M, Park I-K, et al. Wound healing analysis of pectin/carboxymethyl cellulose/microfibrillated cellulose based composite scaffolds. Mater Lett. 2014;132:34–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SE, Heo DN, Lee JB, et al. Electrospun gelatin/polyurethane blended nanofibers for wound healing. Biomed Mater. 2009;4(4):044106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo DN, Yang DH, Lee JB, et al. Burn-wound healing effect of gelatin/polyurethane nanofiber scaffold containing silver-sulfadiazine. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2013;9(3):511–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong EJ, Phan TT, Lim IJ, et al. Evaluation of electrospun PCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffold for wound healing and layered dermal reconstitution. Acta Biomater. 2007;3(3):321–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang H-J, Kim Y-M, Yoo B-Y, et al. Wound-healing effects of human dermal components with gelatin dressing. J Biomater Appl. 2018;32(6):716–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong C, Lv Y. Application of collagen scaffold in tissue engineering: recent advances and new perspectives. Polymers. 2016;8(2):42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natarajan V, Krithica N, Madhan B, et al. Preparation and properties of tannic acid cross-linked collagen scaffold and its application in wound healing . J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2013;101(4):560–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karri VVSR, Kuppusamy G, Talluri SV, et al. Curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles impregnated into collagen-alginate scaffolds for diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;93:1519–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan Q, Chen B, Yan X, et al. Promotion of diabetic wound healing by collagen scaffold with collagen-binding vascular endothelial growth factor in a diabetic rat model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2014;8(3):195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You C, Li Q, Wang X, et al. Silver nanoparticle loaded collagen/chitosan scaffolds promote wound healing via regulating fibroblast migration and macrophage activation. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z-H, Ji S-C, Wang Y-Z, et al. Silk fibroin-based scaffolds for tissue engineering. Front Mater Sci. 2013;7(3):237–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu G, Ding Z, Wei Y, et al. Anisotropic biomimetic silk scaffolds for improved cell migration and healing of skin wounds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10(51):44314–44323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvaraj S, Fathima NN. Fenugreek incorporated silk fibroin nanofibers-a potential antioxidant scaffold for enhanced wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9(7):5916–5926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vepari C, Kaplan DL. Silk as a biomaterial. Prog Polym Sci. 2007;32(8–9):991–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siritienthong T, Ratanavaraporn J, Aramwit P. Development of ethyl alcohol-precipitated silk sericin/polyvinyl alcohol scaffolds for accelerated healing of full-thickness wounds. Int J Pharm. 2012;439(1–2):175–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins MN, Birkinshaw C. Hyaluronic acid based scaffolds for tissue engineering-a review. Carbohydr Polym. 2013;92(2):1262–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su Z, Ma H, Wu Z, et al. Enhancement of skin wound healing with decellularized scaffolds loaded with hyaluronic acid and epidermal growth factor. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2014;44:440–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanad RA-B, Abdel-Bar HM. Chitosan-hyaluronic acid composite sponge scaffold enriched with Andrographolide-loaded lipid nanoparticles for enhanced wound healing. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;173:441–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskandarinia A, Kefayat A, Gharakhloo M, et al. A propolis enriched polyurethane-hyaluronic acid nanofibrous wound dressing with remarkable antibacterial and wound healing activities. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;149:467–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Chen B, Zhao Y, et al. Crosslinking heparin to collagen scaffolds for the delivery of human platelet-derived growth factor. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2009;91(1):366–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Ma Y, Pan X, et al. A composite hydrogel of chitosan/heparin/poly (γ-glutamic acid) loaded with superoxide dismutase for wound healing. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;180:168–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon JJ, Chung HJ, Lee HJ, et al. Heparin-immobilized biodegradable scaffolds for local and sustained release of angiogenic growth factor . J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;79(4):934–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watarai A, Schirmer L, Thönes S, et al. TGFβ functionalized starPEG-heparin hydrogels modulate human dermal fibroblast growth and differentiation. Acta Biomater. 2015;25:65–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu Y, Qiu L, Cui J, et al. Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose-vaccarin membranes for wound healing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2016;59:303–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucińska-Lipka J, Gubanska I, Janik H. Bacterial cellulose in the field of wound healing and regenerative medicine of skin: recent trends and future prospectives. Polym Bull. 2015;72(9):2399–2419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal S, Nisi R, Stoppa M, et al. Silver-functionalized bacterial cellulose as antibacterial membrane for wound-healing applications. ACS Omega. 2017;2(7):3632–3639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul Khalil HPS, Adnan AS, Yahya EB, et al. A review on plant cellulose nanofibre-based aerogels for biomedical applications. Polymers. 2020;12(8):1759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung JH, Hwang M-R, Kim JO, et al. Gel characterisation and in vivo evaluation of minocycline-loaded wound dressing with enhanced wound healing using polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan. Int J Pharm. 2010;392(1–2):232–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jatoi AW, Ogasawara H, Kim IS, et al. Polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber based three phase wound dressings for sustained wound healing applications. Mater Lett. 2019;241:168–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charernsriwilaiwat N, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T, et al. Electrospun chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol nanofibre mats for wound healing. Int Wound J. 2014;11(2):215–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed R, Tariq M, Ali I, et al. Novel electrospun chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/zinc oxide nanofibrous mats with antibacterial and antioxidant properties for diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;120(Pt A):385–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang M-R, Kim JO, Lee JH, et al. Gentamicin-loaded wound dressing with polyvinyl alcohol/dextran hydrogel: gel characterization and in vivo healing evaluation. Aaps Pharmscitech. 2010;11(3):1092–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo EY, Ong S-Y, Chong MSK, et al. Polycaprolactone-based fused deposition modeled mesh for delivery of antibacterial agents to infected wounds. Biomaterials. 2011;32(1):279–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustine R, Dominic EA, Reju I, et al. Electrospun polycaprolactone membranes incorporated with ZnO nanoparticles as skin substitutes with enhanced fibroblast proliferation and wound healing. RSC Adv. 2014;4(47):24777–24785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui HT, Chung OH, Dela Cruz J, et al. Fabrication and characterization of electrospun curcumin-loaded polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol nanofibers for enhanced wound healing. Macromol Res. 2014;22(12):1288–1296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Qian Y, Li L, et al. Evaluation of emulsion electrospun polycaprolactone/hyaluronan/epidermal growth factor nanofibrous scaffolds for wound healing. J Biomater Appl. 2016;30(6):686–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel S, Ribeiro M, Coutinho P, et al. Electrospun polycaprolactone/aloe vera_chitosan nanofibrous asymmetric membranes aimed for wound healing applications. Polymers. 2017;9(12):183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calamak S, Ermis M. In situ silver nanoparticle synthesis on 3D-printed polylactic acid scaffolds for biomedical applications. J Mater Res. 2021;36(1):166–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TTT, Ghosh C, Hwang S-G, et al. Characteristics of curcumin-loaded poly (lactic acid) nanofibers for wound healing. J Mater Sci. 2013;48(20):7125–7133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren Y, Huang L, Wang Y, et al. Stereocomplexed electrospun nanofibers containing poly (lactic acid) modified quaternized chitosan for wound healing. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;247:116754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro M, Shah SR, Walker JL, et al. Poly(lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;107:206–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chereddy KK, Her C-H, Comune M, et al. PLGA nanoparticles loaded with host defense peptide LL37 promote wound healing. J Control Release. 2014;194:138–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chereddy KK, Lopes A, Koussoroplis S, et al. Combined effects of PLGA and vascular endothelial growth factor promote the healing of non-diabetic and diabetic wounds. Nanomedicine. 2015;11(8):1975–1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S-J, Kau Y-C, Chou C-Y, et al. Electrospun PLGA/collagen nanofibrous membrane as early-stage wound dressing. J Membr Sci. 2010;355(1–2):53–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C-H, Chang S-H, Chen W-J, et al. Augmentation of diabetic wound healing and enhancement of collagen content using nanofibrous glucophage-loaded collagen/PLGA scaffold membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2015;439:88–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorna K, Gogolewski S. Biodegradable porous polyurethane scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;79(1):128–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khil M‐S, et al. Electrospun nanofibrous polyurethane membrane as wound dressing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2003;67(2):675–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyun DG, Choi HJ, Yoon HS, et al. Polyurethane foam containing rhEGF as a dressing material for healing diabetic wounds: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2015;135:699–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofi HS, Akram T, Tamboli AH, et al. Novel lavender oil and silver nanoparticles simultaneously loaded onto polyurethane nanofibers for wound-healing applications. Int J Pharm. 2019;569:118590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobzova R, Hrib J, Sirc J, et al. Embedding of bacterial cellulose nanofibers within PHEMA hydrogel matrices: Tunable stiffness composites with potential for biomedical applications. J Nanomater . 2018;2018:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao SS, Jeyapal SG, Rajiv S. Biodegradable electrospun nanocomposite fibers based on poly (2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) and bamboo cellulose. Composites B Eng. 2014;60:43–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Li D, Hemraz UD, et al. Self-assembled rosette nanotubes and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels promote skin cell functions. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2014;102(10):3446–3451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teodorescu M, Bercea M. Poly (vinylpyrrolidone)–a versatile polymer for biomedical and beyond medical applications. Polym Plast Technol Eng. 2015;54(9):923–943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan A, Waibhaw G, Tiwari S, et al. Fabrication and characterization of chitosan, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and cellulose nanowhiskers nanocomposite films for wound healing drug delivery application. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2017;105(9):2391–2404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinatangkul N, Tubtimsri S, Panchapornpon D, et al. Design and characterisation of electrospun shellac-polyvinylpyrrolidone blended micro/nanofibres loaded with monolaurin for application in wound healing. Int J Pharm. 2019;562:258–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Calderón HD, Avilés-Arnaut H, Galán-Wong LJ, et al. Electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone-gelatin and cellulose acetate Bi-Layer scaffold loaded with gentamicin as possible wound dressing. Polymers. 2020;12(10):2311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsekova PB, Spasova MG, Manolova NE, et al. Electrospun curcumin-loaded cellulose acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone fibrous materials with complex architecture and antibacterial activity. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;73:206–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezhad-Mokhtari P, Ghorbani M, Roshangar L, et al. A review on the construction of hydrogel scaffolds by various chemical techniques for tissue engineering. Eur Polym J. 2019;117:64–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Z, Kotaki M, Inai R, et al. Potential of nanofiber matrix as tissue-engineering scaffolds. Tissue Eng. 2005;11(1–2):101–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deng Y, Kuiper J, eds. Functional 3D tissue engineering scaffolds: materials, technologies, and applications. Cambridge: Woodhead Publications; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Garg T, Singh O, Arora S, et al. Scaffold: a novel carrier for cell and drug delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2012;29(1):1–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Do A-V, Smith R, Acri TM, et al. 3D printing technologies for 3D scaffold engineering. In: Functional 3D tissue engineering scaffolds. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2018. p. 203–234.
   Google Scholar
• Devi MG, Amutheesan M, Govindhan R, et al. A review of three-dimensional printing for biomedical and tissue engineering applications. TOBIOTJ. 2018;12(1):241–255.
   Google Scholar
• Smandri A, Nordin A, Hwei NM, et al. Natural 3D-Printed bioinks for skin regeneration and wound healing: a systematic review. Polymers. 2020;12(8):1782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vozzi G, Flaim CJ, Bianchi F, et al. Microfabricated PLGA scaffolds: a comparative study for application to tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C. 2002;20(1–2):43–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammad V, et al. Extrusion-based 3D printing technologies for 3D scaffold engineering. In: Functional 3D tissue engineering scaffolds. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2018. p. 235–254.
   Google Scholar
• Melchels FP, Feijen J, Grijpma DW. A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials. 2010;31(24):6121–6130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza RA, Hsieh J, Galiano RD. The impact of biofilm formation on wound healing. Wound Heal-Curr Perspect. 2019;10:235–250.
   Google Scholar
• Zuo M, Pan N, Liu Q, et al. Three-dimensionally printed polylactic acid/cellulose acetate scaffolds with antimicrobial effect. RSC Adv. 2020;10(5):2952–2958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muwaffak Z, Goyanes A, Clark V, et al. Patient-specific 3D scanned and 3D printed antimicrobial polycaprolactone wound dressings. Int J Pharm. 2017;527(1–2):161–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nun N, Cruz M, Jain T, et al. Thread size and polymer composition of 3D printed and electrospun wound dressings affect wound healing outcomes in an excisional wound rat model. Biomacromolecules. 2020;21(10):4030–4042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cereceres S, Lan Z, Bryan L, et al. Bactericidal activity of 3D-printed hydrogel dressing loaded with gallium maltolate. APL Bioeng. 2019;3(2):026102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar