Constructivism and Problem‐based Learning

References

• Albanese , M.A. and Mitchell , S. 1993 . Problem‐based learning: a review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues . Academic Medicine , 68 : 52 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrows , H.S. and Tamblyn , R.M. 1980 . Problem‐based Learning: an approach to medical education , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Berardi‐Coletta , B. , Dominowski , R.L. , Buyer , L.S. and Rellinger , E.R. 1995 . Metacognition and problem solving: a process‐oriented approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 21 : 205 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , J. 1993 . What do inventories of students’ learning processes really measure? A theoretical review and clarification . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 63 : 3 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , J. 1996 . Enhancing teaching through constructive alignment . Higher Education , 32 : 347 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIGGS , J.B. and Telfer , R. 1987 . The Process of Learning , 2nd edn , Sydney : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Blosser , A. and Jones , B. 1991 . Problem‐based learning in a surgery clerkship . Medical Teacher , 13 : 289 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. and Atkins , M. 1988 . Effective Teaching in Higher Education , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , G. , Cook , D. , Maguire , T. , Skakun , E. , Yakimets , W.W. and Warnock , G.L. 1995 . Problem‐based learning: its role in undergraduate surgical education . Canadian Journal of Surgery , 38 : 13 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Grave , W.S. , Boshuizen , H.P.A and Schmidt , H.G. 1996 . Problem based learning: cognitive and metacognitive processes during problem analysis . Instructional Science , 24 : 321 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolmans , D.H.J.J and Schmidt , H.G. 1994 . What drives the student in problem‐based learning? . Medical Education , 28 : 372 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolmans , D.H.J.J , Gijselaers , W.H. , Schmidt , H. G. and Van DerMeer , S.B. 1993 . Problem effectiveness in a course using problem‐based learning . Academic Medicine , 68 : 207 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolmans , D.H.J.J , Schmidt , H.G. and Gijselaers , W.H. 1995 . The relationship between student‐generated learning issues and self‐study in problem‐based learning . Instructional Science , 22 : 251 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel , C.E. 1992 . Problem‐based learning . British Journal of Hospital Medicine , 48 : 325 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entwistle , N.J. and Ramsden , P. 1983 . Understanding Student Learning , London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Ertmer , P.A. , Newby , T.J. and MacDougall , M. 1996 . Students’ responses and approaches to case‐based instruction: the role of reflective self‐regulation . American Educational Research Journal , 33 : 719 – 752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertmer , P.A. and Newby , T.J. 1996 . The expert learner: strategic, self‐regulated, and reflective . Instructional Science , 24 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibes , G. , Habeshaw , S. and Habeshaw , T. 1987 . Improving student learning during lectures . Medical Teacher , 9 : 11 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gijselaers , W.H. and Schmidt , H.G. 1990 . “ Development and evaluation of a causal model of problem‐based learning ” . In Innovation in Medical Education: an evaluation of its present status , Edited by: Nooman , Z.M. , Schmidt , H.G. and Ezzat. , E.S. 95 – 113 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Glick , T.H. and Armstrong , E.G. 1996 . Crafting cases for problem‐based learning: experience in a neuroscience course . Medical Education , 30 : 24 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry , G.D. 1996 . Constructivism and educational practice . Australian Journal of Education , 40 : 19 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilliard , R.I. 1995 . How do medical students learn: medical student learning styles and factors that affect these learning styles . Teaching and Learning in Medicine , 7 : 201 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman , D.M. and Mann , K.V. 1996 . Students’ perceptions about their courses in problem‐based learning and conventional curricula . Academic Medicine , 71 : S52 – S54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , K.V. 1994 . Educating medical students: lessons from research in continuing education . Academic Medicine , 69 : 41 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo , W.P. , Donnelly , M.B. and Schwartz , R.W. 1995 . Characteristics of the ideal problem‐based learning tutor in clinical medicine . Evaluation and the Health Professions , 18 : 124 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson , J. 1995 . Problem‐based learning: the Newcastle experience . Probe , 13 : 18 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Neame , R.L.B. 1989 . “ Problem‐based medical education: the Newcastle approach ” . In New Directions in Medical Education , Edited by: Schmidt. , H.G. , Ljpkin , M. , de Vries , M.W. and Greep. , J.M. 112 – 146 . New York : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , G.R. and Schmidt , H.G. 1992 . The psychological basis of problem‐based learning: a review of the evidence . Academic Medicine , 67 : 557 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olssen , M. 1996 . Radical constructivism and its failings: anti‐realism and individualism . British Journal of Educational Studies , 44 : 275 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , Z. , Johnson , D.W. and Johnson , R.T. 1995 . Cooperative versus competitive efforts and problem solving . Review of Educational Research , 65 : 129 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsden , P. 1992 . Learning to Teach in Higher Education , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Regehr , G. , Martin , J. , Hutchinson , C. , Murnaghan , J. , Cusimano , M. and Reznick , R. 1995 . The effect of tutors’ content expertise on student learning, group process, and participant satisfaction in a problem‐based learning curriculum . Teaching and Learning in Medicine , 7 : 225 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , A.L. , Creedy , D. and Davis , J. 1994 . “ The use of contract learning in PBL ” . In Reflections on Problem Based Learning , Edited by: Chen. , S.E. , Cowdroy. , S.E. , Kingsland , A.J. and Ostwald. , M.J. 57 – 72 . Sydney : Australian Problem Based Network .
   Google Scholar
• Salomon , G. 1984 . Television is ‘easy’ and print is ‘tough’: the differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 647 – 658 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saroyan , A. and Snell , L.S. 1997 . Variations in lecturing styles . Higher Education , 33 : 85 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savery , J.R. and Duffy , T.M. 1995 . Problem based learning: an instructional model and its constructivist framework . Educational Technology , 35 : 31 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , H.G. 1995 . Problem‐based learning: an introduction . Instructional Science , 22 : 247 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , H.G. , Dolmans , D. , Gijselaers , W.H. and Des Marchais , J.E. 1995 . Theory‐guided design of a rating scale for course evaluation in problem‐based curricula . Teaching and Learning in Medicine , 7 : 82 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Snow , R.E. and Jackson , D.N. 1994 . “ Individual differences in conation: selected constructs and measures ” . In Motivation: theory and research , Edited by: O.'Neil , H.F. and Drillings , M. 71 – 99 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , S.M. , Betson , C. , Marshall , I. , Wong , C.M. , Lee , P.W.H. and Lam , T.H. 1995 . Stress and vulnerability in medical students . Medical Education , 29 : 119 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon , D.T.A. and Blake , R.L. 1993 . Does problem‐based learning work? A meta‐analysis of evaluative research . Academic Medicine , 68 : 550 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton , H.J. and Matthews , M.B. 1989 . Essentials of problem‐based learning . Medical Education , 23 : 542 – 558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar