New data on one of the first plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) skeletons recovered from Antarctica, with comments on the dorsal and sacral regions of elasmosaurids

References

• Araújo, R., Polcyn, M.J., Lindgren, J., Jacobs, L.L., Schulp, A.S., Mateus, O., Olímpio GonÇalves, A. & Morais, M.L., 2015. New aristonectine elasmosaurid plesiosaur specimens from the Early Maastrichtian of Angola and comments on paedomorphism in plesiosaurs. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences—Geologie en Mijnbouw 94, 93–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardet, N., Cappetta, H., Pereda Suberbiola, X., Mouty, M., Al Maleh, A.K., Ahmad, A.M., Khrata, O. & Gannoum, N., 2000. The marine vertebrate faunas from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Syria. Geological Magazine 137, 269–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, R.B. & Druckenmiller, P.S., 2014. Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 89, 1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman, V.C., Francis, J.E., Askin, R.A., Riding, J.B. & Swindles, G.T., 2014. Latest Cretaceous–earliest Paleogene vegetation and climate change at the high southern latitudes: palynological evidence from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 408, 26–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremer, K.R., 1994. Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10, 295–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D.S., 1981. The English Upper Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 35, 253–347.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J.A., Mitchell, M.T., Ryan, M.J. & Anderson, J.S., 2021. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the non-marine to paralic Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. Peerj. 9, e10720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K., 1997. Comparative cranial anatomy of two North American Cretaceous plesiosaurs. In Ancient Marine Reptiles. Callaway, J.M. & Nicholls, E., eds, Academic Press, San Diego, 191–213.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K., 1999. Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior. Paludicola 2, 148–173.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S., 2000. The morphology and systematics of Polarornis, a Cretaceous loon (Aves: Gaviidae) from Antarctica. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Beijing (Vol.1, pp. 125–155).
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S. & Creisler, B.S., 1994. Alwalkeria (Theropoda) and Morturneria (Plesiosauria), new names for preoccupied Walkeria Chatterjee, 1987 and Turneria Chatterjee and Small, 1989. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14, 142–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S. & Small, B.J., 1989. New plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. Special Publications of the Geological Society 47, 197–215.
   Google Scholar
• Cione, A.L. & Medina, E., 1987. A record of Notidanodon pectinatus (Chondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes) in the Upper Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula. Mesozoic Research 1, 79–88.
   Google Scholar
• Cione, A.L., Santillana, S., Gouiric-Cavalli, S., Hospitaleche, C.A., Gelfo, J.N., López, G.M. & Reguero, M., 2018. Before and after the K/Pg extinction in West Antarctica: new marine fish records from Marambio (Seymour) Island. Cretaceous Research 85, 250–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope, E.D., 1870. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 14, 1–252.
   Google Scholar
• Crame, J. A., Francis, J. E., Cantrill, D. J., & Pirrie, D., 2004. Maastrichtian stratigraphy of Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 25, 411–423.
   Google Scholar
• Cruickshank, A.R.I. & Fordyce, R.E., 2002. A new marine reptile (Sauropterygia) from New Zealand: further evidence for a Late Cretaceous Austral radiation of cryptoclidid plesiosaur. Palaeontology 45, 557–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Blainville, H.D., 1835. Description de quelquesespèces de reptilesde la Californie, precédée de l’analysed’unsystèmegénérald’herpetologie et d’amphibiologie. Nouvelles Archives du Museumd’Histoire Naturelle 4, 233–296.
   Google Scholar
• Defrance, M., 1827. Serpule. In: Dictionnaire Des Sciences Naturelles. (ed. Levrault, F.G.), Le Normant, Strasbourg, Paris. 48, 549–572.
   Google Scholar
• Del Valle, R.A., Medina, F. & Gasparini, Z., 1977. Nota preliminar sobre el hallazgo de reptiles fósiles marinos del suborden Plesiosauria en las islas James Ross y Vega, Antártida. Contribución Del Instituto Antártico Argenti 212, 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Druckenmiller, P.S. & Russell, A.P., 2006. A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Lower Cretaceous Clearwater Formation, northeastern Alberta, Canada. Paludicola 5, 184–199.
   Google Scholar
• Farris, J.S., 1989. The retention index and the rescaled consistency index. Cladistics 5, 417–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann, R.M., Tshudy, D.M. & Thomson, M.R., 1993. Late Cretaceous and Paleocene decapod crustaceans from James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Paleontology 67, 1–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández, M.S. & Gasparini, Z., 2012. Campanian and Maastrichtian mosasaurs from Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia, Argentina. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183, 93–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, V., Zverkov, N.G., Arkhangelsky, M.S., Stenshin, I.M., Blagovetshensky, I.V. & Uspensky, G.N., 2021. A new elasmosaurid plesiosaurian from the Early Cretaceous of Russia marks an early attempt at neck elongation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 1167–1194.
   Google Scholar
• Gasparini, Z., Bardet, N., Martin, J. & Fernández, M., 2003. The elasmosaurid plesiosaur Aristonectes Cabrera from the latest Cretaceous of South America and Antarctic. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, 104–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparini, Z., Del Valle, R. & Goñi, R., 1984. Un elasmosaurido (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) del Cretácico Superior de la Antártida. (an Elasmoasurid [Reptilia, Plesiosauria] from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica.) Contribución Del Instituto Antártico Argenti 305, 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Goloboff, P.A. & Catalano, S.A., 2016. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32, 221–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer, W.R., Collinson, J.W., Askin, R.A. & Hickerson, W.J., 2004. The first Upper Triassic vertebrate locality in Antarctica. Gondwana Research 7, 199–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiller, N., O’Gorman, J.P., Otero, R.A. & Mannering, A.A., 2017. A reappraisal of the Late Cretaceous Weddellian plesiosaur genus Mauisaurus Hector, 1874. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 60, 112–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hospitaleche, C.A. & Gelfo, J.N., 2015. New Antarctic findings of Upper Cretaceous and lower Eocene loons (Aves: Gaviiformes). Annales de Paléontologie 101, 315–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kear, B.P., Fordyce, R.E., Hiller, N. & Siversson, M., 2018. A palaeobiogeographical synthesis of Australasian Mesozoic marine tetrapods. Alcheringa 42, 461–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kear, B.P., Rich, T.H., Ali, M.A., Al-Mufarrih, Y.A., Matiri, A.H., Masary, A.M. & Attia, Y., 2008. Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) marine reptiles from the Adaffa Formation, NW Saudi Arabia. Geological Magazine 145, 648–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluge, A.G. & Farris, J.S., 1969. Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. Systematic Zoology 18, 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Kriwet, K., Lirio, J.M., Nuñez, H.J., Puceat, E. & Lécuyer, C., 2006. Late Cretaceous Antarctic fish diversity in Cretaceous–Tertiary high-latitude palaeonvironments, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 258, 83–100.
   Google Scholar
• Kubo, T., Mitchell, M.T. & Henderson, D.M., 2012. Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32, 557–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomax, D.R. & Wahl, W.R., 2013. A new specimen of the elasmosaurid plesiosaur Zarafasaura oceanis from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Morocco. Paludicola 9, 97–109.
   Google Scholar
• Macellari, C.E., 1986. Late Campanian–Maastrichtian ammonite fauna from Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula). Journal of Paleontology 60, 1–55.
   Google Scholar
• Macellari, C.E., 1988. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleoecology of Upper Cretaceous/Paleocene shelf-deltaic sediments of Seymour Island. Geological Society of America (Memoir) 169, 25–54.
   Google Scholar
• Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R., 2011. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.75.
   Google Scholar
• Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R., 2019. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.61. http://www.mesquiteproject.org
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J.E. & Crame, J.A., 2006. Palaeobiological significance of high-latitude Late Cretaceous vertebrate fossils from the James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 258, 109–124.
   Google Scholar
• McArthur, J.M., Crame, J.A. & Thirlwall, M.F., 2000. Definition of Late Cretaceous stage boundaries in Antarctica using strontium isotope stratigraphy. The Journal of Geology 108, 623–640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanese, F.N., Olivero, E.B., Raffi, M.E., Franceschinis, P.R., Gallo, L.C., Skinner, S.M., Mitchell, R.N., Kirschvink, J.L. & Rapalini, A.E., 2019. Mid Campanian–Lower Maastrichtian magnetostratigraphy of the James Ross Basin. Basin Research 31, 562–583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montes, M., NOZAL, F., SANTILLANA, S., MARENSSI, S. & OLIVERO, E., 2013. Mapa Geológico de la isla Marambio (Seymour) Escala 1: 20.000. Serie Cartográfica Geocientífica Antártica.
   Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., 2012. The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian–upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island. Polar Research 31, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., 2016a. A small body sized non-aristonectine elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with comments on the relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic elasmosaurids. Ameghiniana 53, 245–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., 2016b. New insights on the Aristonectes parvidens (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) holotype: news on an old specimen. Ameghiniana 53, 397–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., 2019. Elasmosaurid Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography, with a Reappraisal of Aphrosaurus furlongi from the Maastrichtian of the Moreno Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39, e1692025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., 2020. First record of Kawanectes lafquenianum (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the La Colonia Formation of Argentina, with comments on the mandibular morphology of elasmosaurids. Alcheringa 44, 176–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., 2021. The most complete specimen of Kawanectes lafquenianum (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria): New data on basicranial anatomy and possible sexual dimorphism in elasmosaurids. Cretaceous Research, 125, 104836.
   Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., Bona, P., De Los Reyes, M., Raffi, M.E. & Reguero, M., 2020. A non-aristonectine plesiosaur from Antarctica reveals new data on the mandibular symphysis of elasmosaurids. Alcheringa 44, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P. & Coria, R.A., 2017. A new elasmosaurid specimen from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica: new evidence of amonophyletic group of Weddellian elasmosaurids. Alcheringa 41, 240–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., Otero, R.A., Hiller, N., Simes, J. & Terezow, M., 2017. Redescription of Tuarangisaurus keyesi (Sauropterygia; Elasmosauridae), a key species from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Weddellian Province: Internal skull anatomy and phylogenetic position. Cretaceous Research 71, 118–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., Panzeri, K.M., Fernández, M.S., Santillana, S., Moly, J.J. & Reguero, M., 2018. A new elasmosaurid from the upper Maastrichtian López de Bertodano Formation: new data on weddellonectian diversity. Alcheringa 42, 575–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., Salgado, L., Olivero, E.B. & Marenssi, S.A., 2015. Vegasaurus molyi, gen. et sp. nov. (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae), from the Cape Lamb Member (lower Maastrichtian) of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica, and remarks on Wedellian Elasmosauridae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35, e931285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J.P., Santillana, S., Otero, R. & Reguero, M., 2019. A giant elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) from Antarctica: new information on elasmosaurid body size diversity and aristonectine evolutionary scenarios. Cretaceous Research 102, 37–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, F.R., Otero, R.A., Soto-Acuña, S., O’gorman, J.P., Godfrey, S.J. & Chatterjee, S., 2017. Cranial anatomy of Morturneria seymourensis from Antarctica, and the evolution of filter feeding in plesiosaurs of the Austral Late Cretaceous. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37, e1347570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivero, E.B., 2012. Sedimentary cycles, ammonite diversity and palaeoenvironmental changes in the Upper Cretaceous Marambio Group. Cretaceous Research 34, 348–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivero, E.B. & Medina, F.A., 2000. Patterns of Late Cretaceous ammonite biogeography in southern high latitudes: the family Kossmaticeratidae in Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 21, 269–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivero, E.B., Ponce, J.J. & Martinioni, D.R., 2008. Sedimentology and architecture of sharp-based tidal sandstones in the upper Marambio Group, Maastrichtian of Antarctica. Sedimentary Geology 210, 11–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, R.A., 2016. Taxonomic reassessment of Hydralmosaurus as Styxosaurus: new insights on the elasmosaurid neck evolution throughout the Cretaceous. Peerj. 4, e1777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, R.A., O’Gorman, J.P. & Hiller, N., 2015. Reassessment of the upper Maastrichtian material from Chile referred to Mauisaurus Hector, 1874 (Plesiosauroidea: Elasmosauridae) and the taxonomical value of the hemispherical propodial head among austral elasmosaurids. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 58, 252–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, R.A., Rubilar-Rogers, D., Yury-Yañez, R.E., Vargas, A.O., Gutstein, C.S., Mourgues, F.A. & Robert, E., 2013. A new species of chimaeriform (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Lopez de Bertodano Formation, Isla Marambio (Seymour Island.). Antarctic Science 25, 99–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, R.A. & Soto-Acuña, S., 2021. Wunyelfia maulensis gen. et sp. nov., a new basal aristonectine (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of central Chile. Cretaceous Research 118, 104651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, R.A., Soto-Acuña, S. & O’keefe, F.R., 2018. Osteology of Aristonectes quiriquinensis (Elasmosauridae, Aristonectinae) from the upper Maastrichtian of central Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38, e1408638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, R.A., Soto-Acuña, S., O’Keefe, F.R., O’Gorman, J.P., Stinnesbeck, W., Suárez, M.E., Rubilar-Rogers, D., Salazar, C. & Quinzio-Sinn, L.A., 2014a. Aristonectes quiriquinensis sp. nov., a new highly derived elasmosaurid from the late Maastrichtian of central Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34, 100–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, R.A., Soto-Acuña, S., Rubilar-Rogers, D. & Gutstein, C.S., 2017. Kaikaifilu hervei gen. et sp. nov., a new large mosasaur (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 70, 209–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, R.A., Soto-Acuña, S., Vargas, A.O., Rubilar-Rogers, D., Yury-Yáñez, R.E. & Gutstein, C.S., 2014b. Additions to the diversity of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. Gondwana Research 26, 772–784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, R., 1860. On the orders of fossil and recent Reptilia, and their distribution in time. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 29, 153–166.
   Google Scholar
• Reguero, M.A. & Gasparini, Z., 2006. Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary marine and terrestrial vertebrates from James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula: a review. Antarctic Peninsula and Tierra Del Fuego 100, 55–76.
   Google Scholar
• Rich, T.H., Vickers-Rich, P., Fernandez, M. & Santillana, S., 1999. A probable hadrosaur from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. National Science Museum Monographs 15, 219–222.
   Google Scholar
• Rogov, M.A., Zverkov, N.G., Zakharov, V.A. & Arkhangelsky, M.S., 2019. Marine reptiles and climates of the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Siberia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 27, 398–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, S., Hornung, J.J. & Kear, B.P., 2017. A new basal elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37, e1301945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, S. & Kear, B.P., 2015. Postcranium of the paradigm elasmosaurid plesiosaurian Libonectes morgani (Welles, 1949). Geological Magazine 152, 694–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, S. & Kear, B.P., 2017. Redescription of the elasmosaurid plesiosaurian Libonectes atlasense from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco. Cretaceous Research 74, 205–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, S., Kear, B.P. & Everhart, M.J., 2013. Revised vertebral count in the “longest-necked vertebrate” Elasmosaurus platyurus Cope 1868, and clarification of the cervical-dorsal transition in Plesiosauria. PloS One 8, e70877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, S., Lindgren, J. & Kear, B.P., 2018. Reassessment of the Styxosaurus snowii (Williston, 1890) holotype specimen and its implications for elasmosaurid plesiosaurian interrelationships. Alcheringa 42, 560–574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, S., Madzia, D., Lindgren, J. & Kear, B.P., 2021. Cranial osteology of the mid-Cretaceous elasmosaurid Thalassomedon hanningtoni from the Western Interior Seaway of North America. Cretaceous Research 123, 104769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, T., 2003. Terminonatator ponteixensis, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, 89–103.2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, T., Hasegawa, Y. & Manabe, M., 2006. A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Fukushima, Japan. Palaeontology 49, 467–484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, T., Konishi, T., Hirayama, R. & Caldwell, M.W., 2012. A review of the Upper Cretaceous marine reptiles from Japan. Cretaceous Research 37, 319–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serratos, D.J., Druckenmiller, P. & Benson, R.B., 2017. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Bearpaw Shale (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Montana demonstrates multiple evolutionary reductions of neck length within Elasmosauridae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37, e1278608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syme, C.E. & Salisbury, S.W., 2014. Patterns of aquatic decay and disarticulation in juvenile Indo-Pacific crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus), and implications for the taphonomic interpretation of fossil crocodyliform material. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 412, 108–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin, T.S., Ward, P.D., Steig, E.J., Olivero, E.B., Hilburn, I.A., Mitchell, R.N., Diamond, M.R., Raub, T.D. & Kirschvink, J.L., 2012. Extinction patterns, d18O trends, and magnetostratigraphy from a southern high-latitude Cretaceous–Paleogene section: links with Deccan volcanism. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 350–352, 180–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, P., Bardet, N., Suberbiola, X.P., Bouya, B., Amaghzaz, M. & Meslouh, S., 2011. Zarafasaura oceanis, a new elasmosaurid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco and the palaeobiogeography of latest Cretaceous plesiosaurs. Gondwana Research 19, 1062–1073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welles, S.P., 1943. Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with description of new material from California and Colorado. Memoirs of the University of California 13, 125–215.
   Google Scholar
• Welles, S.P., 1949. A new elasmosaur from the Eagle Ford Shale of Texas. Part I. Systematic description. Fondren Science Series 1, 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Welles, S.P., 1952. A review of the North American Cretaceous elasmosaurs. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 29, 46–144.
   Google Scholar
• Welles, S.P., 1962. A new species of elasmosaur from the Aptian of Colombia and a review of the Cretaceous plesiosaurs. University of California Publications in the Geological Sciences 44, 1–96.
   Google Scholar
• Wiffen, J., & Moisley, W.L., 1986. Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 29, 205–252.
   Google Scholar
• Zinsmeister, W.W.J., 1979. Biogeographic Significance of the Late Mesozoic and Early Tertiary Molluscan Faunas of Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula) to the Final Breakup of Gondwanaland. Corvallis/Oregon: Ohio State University, Institute of Polar Studies, 349–355.
   Google Scholar
• Zinsmeister, W.J., Feldmann, R.M., Woodburne, M.O. & Elliot, D.H., 1989. Latest Cretaceous/earliest Tertiary transition on Seymour Island. Journal of Paleontology 63, 731–738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar