432
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Insect economic levels in relation to crop production

Pages 1710-1744 | Received 23 Dec 2008, Accepted 30 Dec 2008, Published online: 25 Nov 2010

References

  • Abate , T , van Huis , A and Ampofo , J KO . 2000 . Pest management strategies in traditional agriculture: an African perspective . Annu Rev Entomol. , 45 : 631 – 659 .
  • Adipala , E , Nampala , P , Karungi , J and Isubikalu , P . 2000 . A review on options for management of cowpea experiences from Uganda . Integ Pest Manag Rev. , 5 : 185 – 196 .
  • Al-Eryan , M AS and El-Tabbakh , S Sh . 2004 . Forecasting yield of corn, Zea mays infested with corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis . J appl Entomol. , 128 : 312 – 315 .
  • Ali , M A , Metwally , M M , Abdel-Ghaffar , M M and Metwally , A S . 1989 . Susceptibility of four maize varieties to corn borer infestation under conditions in Egypt . Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hun. , 24 : 13 – 16 .
  • Ali , F K , Hamouda , S H and Abdel-Alim , A A . 1997 . Threshold of infestation and economic injury level for cereal aphid species (Homoptera: Aphididae) on wheat crop . Bull Ent Soc Egypt Econ Ser. , 75 : 94 – 101 .
  • Altieri , M A . 1995a . Agroecology . Encyclopedia of environmental biology , 1 : 31 – 36 .
  • Altieri , M A . 1995b . Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture , 433 Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
  • Altieri , M A and Nicholls , C I . 2004 . Biodiversity and pest management in agroecosystems , New York : Food Product Press .
  • Andow , D A and Hidaka , K . 1998 . Yield loss in conventional and natural rice farming systems . Agric Ecosys and Environ. , 70 : 151 – 158 .
  • Andow , D A and Kiritani , K . 1983 . The economic injury level and the control threshold . Jpn Pestic Inf. , 43 : 3 – 9 .
  • Antwi , F B , Olson , D L and Knodel , J J . 2007 . Comparative evaluation and economic potential of ecorational versus chemical insecticides for crucifer flea beetle (Col.: Chrysomelidae) management in Canola . J Econ Entomol. , 100 : 710 – 716 .
  • Bancal , M O , Robert , C and Ney , B . 2007 . Modelling wheat growth and yield losses from late epidemics of foliar diseases using loss of green leaf area per layer and pre-anthesis reserves . Ann Botany , 100 : 777 – 789 .
  • Bergweiler , C , Carreras , H , Wannaz , E , Rodriguez , J , Toselli , B , Olcese , L and Pignata , M L . 2008 . Field surveys for potential ozone bioindicator plant species in Argentina . Environ Monit Assess. , 138 : 305 – 312 .
  • Binns , M R and Nyrop , J P . 1992 . Sampling insect for the purpose decision making populations of IPM . Annu Rev Entomol. , 37 : 427 – 453 .
  • Binns , M R , Nyrop , J P and van der Werf , W . 2000 . Sampling and monitoring in crop protection , 284 Wallingford, , UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Blackman , R L . 1990 . Specificity in aphid/plant genetic interactions, with particular attention to the role of the alate colonizer , Amsterdam : Elsevier; p. 251–274 .
  • Bode , W M and Calvin , D D . 1990 . Yield-loss relationships and economic injury levels for European corn borer populations infesting Pennsylvania field corn . J Econ Entomol. , 83 : 1595 – 1603 .
  • Bohn , M , Kreps , R C , Klein , D and Melchinger , A E . 1999 . Damage and grain yield losses caused by European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in early maturing European maize hybrids . J Econ Entomol. , 92 : 723 – 731 .
  • Buntin , G D , Flanders , K L , Slaughter , R W and Delamar , Z D . 2004 . Damage loss assessment and control of the cereal leaf beetle in winter wheat . J Econ Entomol. , 97 : 374 – 382 .
  • Butron , A , Widstrom , N W , Snook , M E and Wiseman , B R . 2002 . Recurrent selection for corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance in three closely related corn southern synthetics . J Econ Entomol. , 95 : 458 – 462 .
  • Butzen , S . 2005 . European corn borer management Available from: http://www.pioneer. com/web/site/portal/menuitem.5f39d910f6e8ccde8b6144c5d10093a0/
  • Caillaud , M C and Via , S . 2000 . Specialized feeding behavior influences both ecological specialization and assortative mating in sympatric host races of pea aphids . Am Nat. , 156 : 606 – 621 .
  • Cameron , P J , Walker , G P , Herman , T JB and Wallace , A R . 2001 . Development of economic thresholds and monitoring systems for Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomatoes . J Econ Entomol. , 94 : 1104 – 1112 .
  • Carter , N , Entwistle , J C , Dixon , A FG and Payne , J M . 1989 . Validation of models that predict the peak density of grain aphid (Sitobion avenue) and yield loss in winter wheat . Ann Appl Biol. , 115 : 31 – 37 .
  • Chabi-Olaye , A , Schulthess , F and Borgemeister , C . 2008 . Effects of nitrogen and potassium combinations on yields and infestations of maize by Busseola fusca in the humid forest of Cameroon . J Econ Entomol. , 101 : 90 – 98 .
  • Charlet , L D , Aiken , R M , Meyer , R F and Gebre-Amlak , A . 2007 . Impact of irrigation on larval density of stem-infesting pests of cultivated sunflower in Kansas . J Econ Entomol. , 100 : 1555 – 1559 .
  • Chaturvedi , I . 2007 . Economic threshold level and monitoring systems: reality and practicality in Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae) . Electronic J Polish Agric Uni. , 10 : 1 – 6 .
  • Chiang , H C . 1979 . A general model of the economic threshold level of pest populations . FAO Plant Prot Bull. , 27 : 71 – 73 .
  • Clarke-Harris , D and Fleischer , S J . 2003 . Sequential sampling and biorational chemistries for management of lepidopteran pests of vegetable amaranth in the Caribbean . J Econ Entomol. , 96 : 798 – 804 .
  • Clements D Shrestha A New dimensions in agroecology The Haworth Press Binghampton, NY 2004
  • Coggin , D L and Direly , G P . 1980 . Effects of depodding and defoliation on the yield and quality of lima beans . J Econ Entomol. , 73 : 609 – 614 .
  • Compton , J AF , Tylerm , P ST , Hindmarsh , P S , Golob , P and Boxall , R A . 1993 . Reducing losses in small farm grain storage in the tropics . Trop Sci. , 33 : 283 – 318 .
  • Cook , S M , Khan , Z R and Pickett , J A . 2007 . The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management . Annu Rev Entomol. , 52 : 375 – 400 .
  • Craven , R H and Hasbargen , P R . 1979 . How much is a feed worth? Univ Minn Agric Ext Serv Fact Sheet FM-1560
  • Crawley , M J . 1985 . Reduction of oak fecundity by low density herbivore populations . Nature , 314 : 163 – 164 .
  • Crawley , M J . 1989 . Insect herbivores and plant population dynamics . Ann Rev Entomol. , 34 : 531 – 564 .
  • Crawley , M J and Akhteruzzaman , M . 1988 . Individual variation in the phenology of oak trees and its consequences for herbivorous insects . Funct Ecol. , 2 : 409 – 415 .
  • Dalgaard , T , Hutchings , N J and Porter , J R . 2003 . Agroecology, scaling and interdisciplinarity . Agr Ecosyst Environ. , 100 : 39 – 51 .
  • Davis , P M and Pedigo , L P . 1991 . Yield response of corn stands to stalk borer (Noctuidae) injury imposed during early development . J Econ Entomol. , 83 : 1582 – 1586 .
  • Deguine , J P , Ferron , P and Russell , D . 2008 . Sustainable pest management for cotton production. A review . Agronomy for Sustainable Development. , 28 : 113 – 137 .
  • Dewey , J E . 1986 . Western spruce budworm impact on Douglas-fir cone production . Gen Tech Rep Interm Res Stn. , 203 : 243 – 245 .
  • Dillehay , B L , Calvin , D D , Roth , G W , Hyde , J A , Kuldau , G A , Kratochvil , R J , Russo , J M and Voight , D G . 2005 . Verification of a European corn borer loss equation in the major corn production region of the northeastern USA . J Econ Entomol. , 98 : 103 – 112 .
  • Dohmen , G P , McNeill , S and Bell , J NB . 1984 . Air pollution increases Aphis fabae pest potential . Nature , 307 : 52 – 53 .
  • Eastop , V F and Banks , C J . 1970 . Suspected insecticide resistance mechanism in the peach-potato aphid . Nature , 225 ( 5236 ) : 970 – 971 .
  • Ehler , L E . 2006 . Integrated pest management (IPM): Definition, historical development and implementation, and the other IPM . Pest Management Science , 62 : 787 – 789 .
  • Ehnstroem , B . 1985 . Insect damage in Swedish forests since 1970: summary . Sver Skogvaardsforb Tidskr , 2 : 11 – 20 .
  • El-Serwy , S A . 1993 . Evaluation of certain sorghum varieties for susceptibility to infestation with the pink stalk borer, S. cretica L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at Aswan Governorate . Bull Ent Soc Egypt Econ Ser. , 71 : 55 – 59 .
  • El-Serwy , S A . 1996 . Evaluation of certain wheat varieties for susceptibility to infestation with the leafminer Agromyza nigrelia (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and grain yield at El-Gemmeiza and Sids regions . Bull Ent Soc Egypt Econ Ser. , 74 : 139 – 148 .
  • El-Serwy , S A . 1999 . Yield losses in wheat caused by the cereal leafminer Agromyza nigrelia (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) . Bull Ent Soc Egypt Econ Ser. , 77 : 15 – 23 .
  • El-Wakeil , N E , Farghaly , H Th and Ragab , Z A . 2008 . Efficacy of inundative releases of Trichogramma evanescens in controlling Lobesia botrana in vineyards in Egypt . J Pest Sci. , 81 : 49 – 55 .
  • Evans , H E . 1984 . Insect Biology , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley; p. 436 .
  • Ezzeldin , H A , Sallam , A AA , Helal , T Y and Fouad , H A . 2008 . Effect of some materials on Sesamia cretica infesting some maize and sorghum varieties . Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot , 42(3):277–290
  • FAO . 1998 . Obsolete pesticides: problems, prevention and disposal , 4 Rome : FAO .
  • Fenemore , P G . 1982 . Plant pests and their control , Wellington, NZ : Butterworths .
  • Forrester , G . 1989 . The population ecology of acorn weevils and their influence on natural regeneration of oak [PhD thesis]. London (UK): Univeristy of London
  • Frei , A , Bueno , J M , Diaz-Montano , J , Gu , H , Cardona , C and Dorn , S . 2004 . Tolerance as a mechanism of resistance to Thrips palmi in common beans . Entomol Exp Et Appl. , 112 : 73 – 80 .
  • Gardner , J , Hoffmann , M P , Cheever , S A , Seaman , A J , Westgate , P and Hazzard , R V . 2007 . Large-scale releases of Trichogramma ostriniae to suppress Ostrinia nubilalis in commercially grown processing and fresh market sweet corn . J Appl Entomol. , 131 : 432 – 440 .
  • Gliesmann , S R . 1998 . Agroecology. Ecological processes in sustainable agriculture , Chelsea, , USA : Sleeping Bear Press .
  • Gore , J , Leonard , B R , Church , G E , Russell , J S and Hall , T S . 2000 . Cotton boll abscission and yield losses associated with first-instar bollworm (Lep.: Noctuidae) injury to non-transgenic and transgenic BT cotton . J Econ Entomol. , 93 : 690 – 696 .
  • Gore , J , Leonard , B R and Gable , R H . 2003 . Distribution of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), injured reproductive structures on genetically engineered Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner cotton . J Econ Entomol. , 96 : 699 – 705 .
  • Gotsch , N and Braunschweig , T . 1999 . Problem identification and knowledge acquisition for the solution of pest problems: a suggestion for a comprehensive approach . Integ Pest Manag Rev. , 4 : 181 – 191 .
  • Gurr G M Wratten S D Biological control: Measures of success Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 2000 448
  • Gurr , G M , Wratten , S D and Altieri , M A . 2004 . Ecological engineering for pest management. advances in habitat manipulation for arthropods, Collingwood Vic , Australia : CSIRO and Wallingford . Oxon: CABI Publishing
  • Gusmáo , M R , Picanço , M C , Guedes , R NC , Galvan , T L and Pereira , E JG . 2006 . Economic injury level and sequential sampling plan for Bemisia tabaci in outdoor tomato . J Appl Entomol. , 130 : 160 – 166 .
  • Gusmáo , M R , Picanço , M C , Zanuncio , J C , Silva , D JH and Barrigossi , J AF . 2005 . Standardised sampling plan for Bemisia tabaci in outdoor tomatoes . Sci Hortic. , 103 : 403 – 412 .
  • Hardie , J . 1989 . Spectral specificity for targeted flight in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae . J Insect Physiol. , 35 : 619 – 626 .
  • Hardie , J , Visser , J H and Piron , P GM . 1994 . Perception of volatiles associated with sex and food by different adult forms of the black-bean aphid, Aphis fabae . Physiol Entomol. , 19 : 278 – 284 .
  • Headley , J C . 1972 . Pest control strategies for the future , 100 – 108 . Washington, DC : National Academy of Science. Defining the economic threshold .
  • Herbert , D A , Malone , S , Aref , S , Brandenburg , R L , Jordan , D L , Royals , B M and Johnson , P D . 2007 . Role of insecticides in reducing thrips injury to plants and incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus in Virginia market-type peanut . J Econ Entomol. , 100 : 1241 – 1247 .
  • Higley , L G and Pedigo , L P . 1993 . Environmental aspects of integrated pest management economic injury level concepts and their use in sustaining environmental quality . Agric Ecosys and Environ. , 46 : 233 – 243 .
  • Higley , L G and Wintersteen , W K . 1992 . A new approach to environmental risk assessment of pesticides as a basis for incorporating environmental costs into economic injury levels . Am Entomol. , 38 : 34 – 39 .
  • Hutchins , S H , Higley , L G and Pedigo , L P . 1988 . Injury equivalency as a basis for developing multiple-species economic injury levels . J Econ Entomol. , 81 : 1 – 8 .
  • Jager , I . 1995 . Pesticides in tropical agriculture: Hazards and alternatives. The hazards of pesticide use for man and the ecosystem , 23 – 62 . Weikersheim, , Germany : Margraf Verlag .
  • James , W C . 2003 . Global status of commercialized transgenic crops: 2002 Feature: Bt Maize. ISAAA Briefs no. 29. Ithaca (NY): ISAAA
  • Judenko , E . 1972 . The assessment of economic losses in yield of annual crops caused by pests, and the problem of the economic threshold . PANS , 18 : 186 – 191 .
  • Kinaci , E and Kinaci , G . 2004 . Quality and yield losses due to sunn pest (Hemi: Scutelleridae) in different wheat types in Turkey . Field Crops Research , 89 : 187 – 195 .
  • Klingauf , F A . 1987 . Host plant finding and acceptance , 209 – 223 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Kogan , M . 1998 . Integrated pest management: Historical perspectives and contemporary developments . Annu Rev Entomol. , 43 : 243 – 270 .
  • Kovanci , O B , Kovanci , B and Gencer , N S . 2005 . Sampling and development of economic injury levels for Anthonomus rubi Herbst adults . Crop Prot. , 24 : 1035 – 1041 .
  • Kumar , H . 2002 . Plant damage and grain yield reduction by fall armyworm and stem borers on certain maize hybrids containing resistance genes from varying sources under experimental and farmers field conditions . Crop Prot. , 21 : 563 – 573 .
  • Kuno , E . 1991 . Sampling and analysis of insect populations . Annu Rev Entomol. , 36 : 285 – 304 .
  • Kutinkova , H and Andreev , R . 2004 . Integrated pest management in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchards in Bulgaria . J Fruit Ornam Plant Res. , 12 : 41 – 47 .
  • Landis , D , Wratten , S D and Gurr , G M . 2000 . Habitat management for natural enemies . Annu Rev Entomol. , 45 : 175 – 201 .
  • Larsson , H . 2005 . Economic damage by Limothrips denticornis in rye, triticale and winter barley . J Appl Entomol. , 129 : 386 – 392 .
  • Leclant , F and Deguine , J P . 1994 . Insect pests of cotton , 285 – 324 . Wallingford, , (UK) : CABI. Aphids .
  • Levine , E , Clement , S L and MeCartny , D A . 1984 . Effect of seedling injury by the stalk borer (Lep.: Noctuidae) on regrowth and yield of corn . J Econ Entomol. , 77 : 167 – 170 .
  • Lewis , W J , van Lenteren , J C , Phatak , S C and Tumlinson , J H . 1997 . A total system approach to sustainable pest management . Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). , 94 : 12243 – 12248 .
  • Liburd , O E , Funderburk , J E and Olson , S M . 2000 . Effect of biological and chemical insecticides on Spodoptera species and marketable yields of tomatoes . J Appl Ent. , 124 : 19 – 25 .
  • Liebhold , A M and Tobin , P C . 2008 . Population ecology of insect invasions and their management . Annu Rev Entomol. , 53 : 387 – 408 .
  • Lyman , G R . 1918 . The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work . Phytopathology , 8 : 219 – 228 .
  • Mansour , M H , Ahmed , S H , Salem , N Y and Ramadan , A R . 2000 . Evaluation of the susceptibly of different corn varieties towards aphid Rhopalosiphium maidis (Fitch) infestation . Bull Entomol Soc Egypt , 78 : 205 – 216 .
  • Mansour , M H , Salem , N Y , Ahmed , S H and Ramadan , A R . 2001 . Relative susceptibility of five corn cultivars to corn borers infestation . Bull Entomol Soc Egypt , 79 : 139 – 151 .
  • Mansour , M H , Salem , N Y , Amr , E M and Salem , H A . 1994 . Injury levels and yield loss model for the corn aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis(Fitch) on corn, Zea mays (L.) . Bull Entomol Soc Egypt , 72 : 217 – 227 .
  • Mansour , M H , Salem , N Y , Amr , E M and Salem , H A . 1997 . The relationship between the economic injury level of the pink stem borer Sesamia cretica and corn yield losses . Bull NRC (Egypt) , 22 : 339 – 347 .
  • Manzur , M I and Courtney , S P . 1984 . Influence of insect damage in fruits of hawthorn on bird foraging and seed dispersal . Oikos. , 43 : 265 – 270 .
  • Marquis , R J . 1984 . Leaf herbivores decrease fitness of a tropical plant . Science , 226 : 537 – 539 .
  • Mowat , D J and Jess , S . 1984 . Oviposition by frit fly, Oscinella frit, on young ryegrass seedlings . J Appl Ecol. , 21 : 915 – 920 .
  • Muma , M H . 1974 . Contemporary and potential control of injurious insects and mites on Florida citrus. Proceedings of The Tall Timbers Conf Ecol Anima Contr Habitat Manage , Vol. 6 , 51 – 64 . Tallahassee, FL : Tall Timbers Res Stn. .
  • Mumford , J D and Knight , J D . 1997 . Methods in ecological and agricultural entomology , 203 – 220 . Wallingford, , (UK) : CAB. Injury, damage and threshold concepts .
  • Myers , S W , Hogg , D B and Wedberg , J L . 2005 . Determining the optimal timing of foliar insecticide applications for control of soybean aphid on soybean . J Econ Entomol. , 98 : 2006 – 2012 .
  • Myers , S W and Wedberg , J L . 1999 . Development of an economic injury level for European corn borer (Lep: Pyralidae) on corn grown for silage . J Econ Entomol. , 92 : 624 – 630 .
  • Nabirye , J , Nampala , P , Kyamanywa , S , Ogenga-Latigo , M W , Wilson , H and Adipala , E . 2003 . Determination of damage-yield loss relationships and economic injury levels of flower thrips on cowpea in eastern Uganda . Crop Prot. , 22 : 911 – 915 .
  • Naranjo , S E , Chu , C C and Hennebeny , T J . 1996 . Economic injury levels for Bemisia tabaci in cotton: impact of crop price, control costs, and efficacy of control . Crop Prot. , 15 : 779 – 788 .
  • Nault , L R and Gyrisco , G G . 1966 . Relation of the feeding process of the pea aphid to the inoculation of pea enation mosaic virus . Ann Entomol Soc Am. , 59 : 1185 – 1197 .
  • Neal , J J , Tingey , W M and Steffens , J C . 1990 . Sucrose esters of carboxylic-acids in glandular trichomes of Solanum berthaultii deter settling and probing by green peach aphid . J Chem Ecol. , 16 : 487 – 497 .
  • NHGRI . 2005 . National Human Genome Research Institute press release, March 1st 2005 Available from: http://www.genome.gov/13014443
  • Nordh , M B , Zavaleta , L R and Ruesink , W G . 1988 . Estimating multidimensional economic injury levels with simulation models . Agric Sys. , 26 : 19 – 33 .
  • Nottingham , S F and Hardie , J . 1993 . Flight behavior of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, and the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, in host and nonhost plant odor . Physiol Entomol. , 18 : 389 – 394 .
  • NRC . 1996 . Ecologically based pest management. New solutions for a new century , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
  • Oerke , E C , Dehne , H W , Schonbeck , F and Weber , A . 1994 . Crop production and crop protection: Estimated losses in major food and cash crops , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Ohmart , C P . 1984 . Is insect defoliation in eucalypt forests greater than that in other temperate forests? . Aust J Ecol. , 9 : 413 – 418 .
  • Ostlie , K R . 1984 . Soybean transpiration, vegetative morphology, and yield components following simulated and actual insect defoliation [PhD thesis]. Ames: Iowa State University
  • Ostlie , K R and Pedigo , L P . 1984 . Water loss from soybeans after simulated and actual insect defoliation . Environ Entomol. , 13 : 1675 – 1680 .
  • Ostlie , K R and Pedigo , L P . 1985 . Soybean response to simulated green cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) defoliation: progress towards determining comprehensive economic injury levels . J Econ Entomol. , 78 : 437 – 444 .
  • Painter , R H . 1951 . Insect resistance in crop plants , 520 New York : Macmillan .
  • Pantoja , A , Smith , C M and Robinson , J F . 1986 . Effects of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on rice yields . J Econ Entomol. , 79 : 1324 – 1329 .
  • Park , K C and Hardie , J . 2004 . Electrophysiological characterisation of olfactory sensilla in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae . J Insect Physiol. , 50 : 647 – 655 .
  • Parker , M A and Salzman , A G . 1985 . Herbivore exclosure and competitor removal: Effects on juvenile survivorship and growth in the shrub Gutierrezia microcephala . J Ecol. , 73 : 903 – 913 .
  • Patterson , R KD and Higley , L G . 2001 . Biotic stress and yield loss , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Pedigo , L P . 1991 . Entomology and pest management New York: Macmillan Publ. p. 356
  • Pedigo , L P , Hammoud , R B and Poston , F L . 1977 . Effects of green clover worm larval intensity on consumption of soybean leaf tissue . J Econ Entomol. , 70 : 159 – 162 .
  • Pedigo , L P and Higley , L G . 1992 . A new perspective on the economic injury level concept and environmental quality . Am Entomol. , 38 : 12 – 21 .
  • Pedigo , L P , Higley , L G and Davis , P M . Concepts and advances in economic thresholds for soybean entomology . Proceeding of the World Soybean Research Conference IV . March 5–9 1989 , Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vol. 3 , pp. 1487 – 1493 . Buenos Aires : Realization Orientación, Graficá Editora .
  • Pedigo , L P , Hutchins , S H and Higley , L G . 1986 . Economic injury levels in theory and practice . Ann Rev Entomol. , 31 : 341 – 358 .
  • Pedigo , L P and van Schaik , J W . 1984 . Time-sequential sampling: a new use of the sequential probability ratio test for pest management decisions . Bull Entomol Soc Am. , 30 : 32 – 36 .
  • Pelletier , Y . 1990 . The role of the color of the substratum on the initiation of the probing behavior in Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae . Can J Zool. , 68 : 694 – 698 .
  • Pickett , J A , Wadhams , L J , Woodcock , C M and Hardie , J . 1992 . The chemical ecology of aphids . Annu Rev Entomol. , 37 : 67 – 90 .
  • Pimentel , D . 1995 . Ecology and integrating farming systems , 69 – 82 . Chichester, , (UK) : J. Wiley and Sons. Ecological theory, pest problems, and biologically based solutions .
  • Poston , F L , Pedigo , L P and Welch , S M . 1983 . Economic injury leveler: reality and practicality . Bull Entomol Soc Am. , 29 : 49 – 53 .
  • Powell , G and Hardie , J . 2000 . Host-selection behaviour by genetically identical aphids with different plant preferences . Physiol Entomol. , 25 : 54 – 62 .
  • Powell , G , Hardie , J and Pickett , J A . 1995 . Behavioural evidence for detection of the repellent polygodial by aphid antennal tip sensilla . Physiol Entomol. , 20 : 141 – 146 .
  • Powell , G , Maniar , S P , Pickett , J A and Hardie , J . 1999 . Aphid responses to non-host epicuticular lipids . Entomol Exp Appl. , 91 : 115 – 123 .
  • Powell , G , Tosh , C R and Hardie , J . 2006 . Host plant selection by aphids: Behavioral, evolutionary, and applied perspectives . Annu Rev Entomol. , 51 : 309 – 330 .
  • Prado , E and Tjallingii , W F . 1994 . Aphid activities during sieve element punctures . Entomol Exp Appl. , 72 : 157 – 165 .
  • Radcliffe , T . 2002 . Radcliffe's world textbook Available from: http://ipmworld.umn.edu/
  • Ramirez , O and Saunders , J . 1999 . Estimating economic thresholds for pest control: an alternative procedure . J Econ Ent. , 92 : 391 – 401 .
  • Ramos , P , Campos , M and Ramos , J M . 1998 . Long-term study on the evaluation of yield and economic losses caused by Prays oleae Bern. in the olive crop of Granada (southern Spain) . Crop Prot. , 17 : 645 – 647 .
  • Randolph , T L , Peairs , F B , Kroening , M K , Armstrong , J S , Hammon , R W , Walker , C B and Quick , J S . 2003 . Plant damage and yield response to the Russian wheat aphid on susceptible and resistant winter wheat in Colorado . J Econ Entomol. , 96 : 352 – 360 .
  • Rogers , C E . 1976 . Economic injury level for Contarinia texana on guar . J Econ Entomol. , 69 : 693 – 696 .
  • Salem , S A , Zaki , F N , Hamdy , M K and Moawad , S M . 1986 . Yield reduction caused by the corn aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) in corn . Bull Entomol Soc Egypt Econ Ser. , 15 : 65 – 71 .
  • Sallam , A AA , Helal , T Y , Ezzeldin , H A and Fouad , H A . 2005 . Effects of four insecticides on the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis(Fitch) infesting some sorghum varieties . Assiut J Agric Sci. , 36 : 75 – 84 .
  • Sanchez , J A , Cánovas , F and Lacasa , A . 2007 . Thresholds and management strategies for Aulacorthum solani (Aphididae) in greenhouse pepper . J Econ Entomol. , 100 : 123 – 130 .
  • Savary , S , Mille , B , Rolland , B and Lucas , P . 2006 . Patterns and management of crop multiple pathosystems . European J Plant Pathology , 115 : 123 – 138 .
  • Savary , S , Willocquet , L , Elazegui , F A , Castilla , N P and Teng , P S . 2000 . Rice pest constraints in tropical Asia: quantification of yield losses due to rice pests in a range of production situations . Plant Dis. , 84 : 357 – 369 .
  • Schoonhoven , L M , Jermy , T and Van Loon , J JA . 1998 . Insect-plant biology: From physiology to evolution , 409 London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Schultz , J C . 1988 . Plant responses induced by herbivory . Trends Ecol Evol. , 3 : 45 – 49 .
  • Sétamou , M , Schulthess , F , Poehling , H M and Borgemeister , C . 2000 . Monitoring and modeling of field infestation and damage by the maize ear borer Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Benin, west Africa . J Econ Entomol. , 93 : 650 – 657 .
  • Sherawat , S M , Inayat , M , Ahmad , T and Maqsood , M K . 2007 . Determination of economic threshold levels (ETL) for the chemical control of rice stem borers . J Agric Res. , 45 : 55 – 59 .
  • Solomon , B P . 1981 . Response of a host-specific herbivore to resource density, relative abundance and phenology . Ecology , 62 : 1205 – 1214 .
  • Southwood , T RE and Norton , G A . 1973 . Insects: Studies in population management , 168 – 184 . Canberra : Ecological Society of Australia. Economic aspects of pest management strategies and decisions .
  • Spurgeon , D W . 2007 . Ecologically based integrated pest management in cotton. Ecologically based integrated pest management , 367 – 405 . Wallingford, , UK : CAB International .
  • Sredkov , I . 2002 . Traps and attractants for signals of spraying on cherry fruit fly . J Plant Prot. , 4 : 22
  • Stejskal , V . 2001 . A new concept of economic injury level that includes penalization of damage to quality and safety of agricultural products . Plant Prot Sci. , 37 : 151 – 156 .
  • Stejskal , V . 2002 . Inversion relationship between action threshold and economic/aesthetic injury level for the control of urban and quarantine pests . J Pest Sci. , 75 : 158 – 116 .
  • Sterling , W . 1984 . Action and inaction levels in pest management . Tex Agric Exp Stn Bull , 1480 : 20
  • Stern , V M . 1973 . Economic thresholds . Ann Rev Entomol. , 18 : 259 – 280 .
  • Stern , V M , Smith , R F , van den Bosch , R and Hagen , K S . 1959 . The integrated control concept . Hilgardia , 29 : 81 – 101 .
  • Stockdale , H J , Foster , D E and DeWitt , J R . 1982 . Green clover worm management on soybeans 2 Iowa Coop Ext Serv Publ. 1C-436
  • Stone , J D and Pedigo , L P . 1972 . Development and economic-injury level of the green cloverworm on soybean in Iowa . J Econ Entomol. , 65 : 197 – 201 .
  • Storer , J R , Powell , G and Hardie , J . 1996 . Settling responses of aphids in air permeated with non-host plant volatiles . Entomol Exp Appl. , 80 : 76 – 78 .
  • Sutherland , S . 1986 . Patterns of fruit set: what controls fruit-flower ratio in plants? . Evolution , 40 : 117 – 128 .
  • Tammes , P ML . 1961 . Studies of yield losses. II. Injury as a limiting factor of yield . Tijdschr Plantenziekten , 67 : 257 – 263 .
  • Tang , S and Cheke , R A . 2005 . State-dependent impulsive models of integrated pest management strategies and their dynamic consequences . J Math Biol. , 50 : 257 – 292 .
  • Tang , S , Xiao , Y , Chen , L and Cheke , R A . 2005 . Integrated pest management models and their dynamical behaviour . Bull Math Biol. , 67 : 115 – 135 .
  • Taylor , J E and Riley , D G . 2008 . Artificial infestations of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua used to estimate an economic injury level in tomato . Crop Prot. , 27 : 268 – 274 .
  • Teng , P S . 1999 . Current and future importance of biotechnology to crop protection. In International crop protection: Achievements and ambitions Br Crop Prot Counc Symp Proc no 73; p. 101–22
  • Thomas , M B . 1999 . Ecological approaches and the development of “truly integrated” pest management . Proc Nat Acad Sci (USA). , 96 : 5944 – 5951 .
  • Tjallingii , W F . 1994 . Sieve element acceptance by aphids . Eur J Entomol. , 91 : 47 – 52 .
  • Tolman , J H , Mcleod , D GR and Harris , C R . 1986 . Yield losses in potatoes, onions and rutabagas southwestern Ontario, Canada–the case pest control . Crop Prot. , 5 : 227 – 237 .
  • Torres , A N and Hoy , C W . 2005 . Relationship between carrot weevil infestation and parsley yield . J Econ Entomol. , 98 : 1213 – 1220 .
  • Trumble , J T , Ting , I P and Bates , L . 1985 . Analysis of physiological, growth, and yield responses of celery to Liriomyza trifolii . Entomol Exp Appl. , 38 : 15 – 21 .
  • Unlu , L and Bilgic , A . 2004 . The effects of the infestation ratio of Earias insulana and Pectinophora gossypiella on cotton yield grown in semi-arid region of Turkey . J Appl Entomol. , 128 : 652 – 657 .
  • Venette , R C , Moon , R D and Hutchison , W D . 2002 . Strategies and statistics of sampling for rare individuals . Annu Rev Entomol , 47 : 143 – 174 .
  • Visser , J H , Piron , P GM and Hardie , J . 1996 . The aphids' peripheral perception of plant volatiles . Entomol Exp Appl. , 80 : 35 – 38 .
  • Walgenbach , J F and Wyman , J A . 1984 . Dynamic action threshold levels for the potato leafhopper on potatoes in Wisconsin . J Econ Entomol. , 77 : 1335 – 1340 .
  • Walter , G H . 2003 . Insect pest management and ecological research , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Welch , S M and Poston , F L . 1979 . The programmable calculator as a pest management tool . Bull Entomol Soc Am. , 25 : 7 – 9 .
  • Wensler , R JD . 1962 . Mode of host selection by an aphid . Nature , 195 : 830 – 831 .
  • Wilcox , A and Crawley , M J . 1988 . The effects of host plant defoliation and fertilizer application on larval growth and oviposition behaviour in cinnabar moth . Oecologia , 76 : 283 – 287 .
  • Willocquet , L , Savary , S , Fernandez , L , Elazegui , F and Teng , P . 2000 . Development and evaluation of a multiple-pest, production situation specific model to simulate yield losses of rice in tropical Asia . Ecological Modelling , 131 : 133 – 159 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.