Viren im boden und grundwasser (Übersichtsbeitrag)

Literatur

• Akin , E.W. , Jakubowski , W. and Pahren , H.R. 1978 . “ Health hazards associatet with wastewater effluents and sludge: Microbiological considerations ” . In Risk assessment and health effects of land application of municipal wastewater and sludges , Edited by: Sagik , B.P. and Sorber , C.A. San Antonio : Center Appl. Res. Techn., Univ. Texas .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , W.R. 1984 . Mode of inactivation of TMV in soil under dehydrating conditions . Canad. J. Plant Pathology , 6 : 9 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Barchend , E. , Leistner , H.‐U. and Kegler , H. 1984 . Nachweis des Tabakrattle‐Virus (Tobacco rattle virus) im Boden . Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz , 20 : 97 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Bitton , G. 1975 . Adsorption of viruses onto surfaces in soil and water . Water Res. , 9 : 473 – 484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitton , G. , Farrah , S.R. , Pancorbo , O.C. and Davidson , J.M. . Fate of viruses following land disposal of sewage sludge. I. Survival and transport patterns in cores: studies under natural conditions . Int. Symp. Viruses and Wastewater Treatment . Guildford, , UK : Univ. Surrey .
   Google Scholar
• Bitton , G. , Farrah , S.R. , Ruskin , R.H. , Butner , J. and Chou , Y.J. 1983 . Survival of pathogenic and indicator organisms in groundwater . Ground Water , 213 : 405 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Bitton , G. , Fraxedas , R. and Giffort , E.E. 1979 . Effect of solar radiation on poliovirus: Preliminary experiments . Water Res. , 13 : 225 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitton , G. , Pancorbo , O.C. and Farrah , S.R. 1984 . Virus transport and survival after land application of sewage sludge . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 47 : 905 – 909 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitton , G. , Pancorbo , O. and Gifford , G.E. 1976 . Factors affecting the adsorption of poliovirus to magnetite in water and wastewater . Water Res. , 10 : 973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bixby , R.L. and O'Brien , D.J. 1979 . Influence of fulvic acid on bacteriophage adsorption and complexation in soil . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broadbent , L. and Fletcher , J.T. 1966 . The epidemiology of tomato mosaic virus. 12. Sources of TMV in commercial crops under glass . Ann. appl. Biol. , 57 : 113 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Burge , W.D. and Enkiri , N.K. 1978 . Virus adsorption by five soils . J. environ. Anal. , 7 : 73 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , J.F. , Woodard , F.E. , Wentworth , D.F. and Sproul , O.J. 1968 . Virus inactivation on clay particles in natural waters . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 40 : R89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheo , P.C. 1980 . Antiviral factors in soil . Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , 44 : 62 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheo , P.C. and Nickoloff , J.A. 1980 . The priming effect on rate of tobacco mosaic virus degradation in soil columns . Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , 44 : 883 – 884 .
   Google Scholar
• Dizer , H. , Nassar , A. and Lepez , J.M. 1984 . Penetration of different human pathogenic viruses into sand columns percolated with distilled water, groundwater, or wastewater . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 47 : 409 – 415 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duboise , S.M. , Moore , B.E. and Sagik , B.P. 1976 . Poliovirus survival and movement in a sandy forest soil . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 31 : 536 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duboise , S.M. , Sagik , B.P. and Malina , J.M. 1974 . “ Virus migration through soils ” . In Virus survival in water and wastewater systems , Edited by: Malina , J.M. and Sagik , B.P. Austin : Center for Res. in Water Resources, Univ. Texas .
   Google Scholar
• Erkan , S. 1988 . Investigations on the stability of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in soil . J. Turkish Phytopathology , 16 : 119 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Farrah , S.R. and Bitton , G. 1990 . “ Viruses in the soil environment ” . In Soil Biochemistry Edited by: Bollac , J.‐M. and Stotzky , G. Vol. 6 , 529 – 556 .
   Google Scholar
• Farrah , S.R. , Bitton , G. , Hoffmann , E. , Lanni , O. , Pancorbo , O.C. , Lutrick , M.C. and Bertrand , G.E. 1981 . Survival of enteroviruses and coliform bacteria in a sludge lagoon . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 41 : 459 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , E. , Grüntzig , M. , Müller , C. , Krägenow , M. and Auerbach , I. 1994 . Zum Vorkommen pflanzenpathogener Viren in Gewässern in der Umgebung von Halle/Saale (Sachsen‐Anhalt) . Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz , 29 (im Druck)
   Google Scholar
• Funderburg , S.W. , Moore , B.E. , Sagik , B.P. and Sorber , C.A. 1981 . Viral transport through soil colums under conditions of saturated flow . Water Res. , 15 : 703 – 711 .
   Google Scholar
• Gerba , C.P. 1984 . Applied and theoretical aspects of virus adsorption to surfaces . Adv. appl. Microbiol. , 30 : 133 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerba , C.P. , Farrah , S.R. , Goyal , S.M. , Wallis , C. and Melnick , J.L. 1978 . Concentration of enteroviruses from large volumes of tapwater, treated sewage and seawater . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 35 : 540 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerba , C.P. and Goyal , S.M. 1978 . “ Adsorption of selected enteroviruses to soils ” . In State of knowledge on land treatment of waste waters , Edited by: Mckim , H.L. Vol. 2 , Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army CREL .
   Google Scholar
• Gerba , C.P. and Lance , J.C. 1978 . Poliovirus removal from primary and secondary sewage effluent by soil filtration . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 36 : 247 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal , S.M. and Gerba , S.P. 1979 . Comparative adsorption of human enterovirues, sinian rotavirus, and selected bacteriophages to soils . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 241 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan , M.S. 1989 . Soil sterilisation by solar heating in Iraq . Araba J. Plant Protection , 7 : 122 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Hejkal , T. , Keswick , B. , La Belle , R. , Gerba , C.P. , Sanchez , Y. , Dressman , Y. , Hafkin , B. and Melnick , J.L. 1982 . Viruses in a community water supply associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis and infectious hepatitis . J. am. Water Works Ass. , 74 : 318 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst , C.J. , Gerba , C.P. and Cech , I. 1980 . Effects of environmental variable and soil characteristics on virus survival in soil . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 40 : 1067 – 1079 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving , L. and Smith , F. 1981 . One‐year survey of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and reo viruses isolated from effluent at an activated sludge purification plant . Appl. environ,. Microbiol. , 41 : 51 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jilàveanu , A. 1974 . Cercètári asupra solului din sere ca sursa de infectie cu virusul mosaicului tutunuli . Anal. Inst. Cercetari pentru Protectia Plantelor , 10 : 41 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Kegler , H. 1993 . “ The occurrence and behaviour of plant pathogenic viruses in soil and waters ” . In Trends in microbial ecology , Edited by: Guerrero , R. and Pèdros‐Aliò , C. 623 – 626 . Span. Soc. Microbiol. .
   Google Scholar
• Kegler , H. 1993 . Pflanzenpathogene Viren in Böden und Gewässern . 4. Symp. Österr. Wasser‐ und Abfallwasserverb “Viruskontamination der Umwelt und Verfahren der Kontrolle” . 1993 , Wien. (1994)
   Google Scholar
• Kegler , H. , Fritzsche , R. and Barchend , G. 1984 . Einfluß der Vorfrucht auf die Eisenfleckigkeit der Kartoffel . Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz , 20 : 281 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kegler , G. and Kegler , H. 1981 . Beiträge zur Kenntnis der vektorlosen Übertragung pflanzenpathogener Viren . Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz , 17 : 307 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Kegler , H. , Kleinhempel , H. and Stanarius , A. 1984 . Evidence of infectious plant viruses after passage through the rodents alimentary tract . Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz , 20 : 189 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kegler , H. , Kontzog , H.‐G. and Richter , J. 1989 . Zur Ökologie des Tabakrattle‐Virus . Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz , 25 : 91 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kegler , H. , Schmidt , H.‐B. , Griesbach , E. and Meyer , U. 1993 . Zur antiphytoviralen Wirkung eines Isolates von Bacillus subtilis . Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz , 28 : 115 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Keswick , B.H. and Gerba , C.P. 1980 . State of knowledge and significance of viruses in ground water . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 14 : 1280
   Google Scholar
• Keswick , B.H. , Gerba , C.P. , Secor , S.L. and Cech , I. 1982 . Survival of enteric viruses and indicator bacteria in groundwater . J. environ. Sci. Health , 17 : 903 – 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig , R. 1986 . Plant viruses in rivers and lakes . Adv. Virus Res. , 31 : 321 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig , R. , Rüdel , M. and Lesemann , D.E. 1989 . Detection of petunia asteroid mosaic, carnation ringspot and tobacco necrosis viruses in ditches and drainage canals in a grapevine‐growing area in Westgermany . J. Phytopathology , 127 : 169 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Koya , K.V.A. and Chandhuri , M. 1977 . Virus retention by soil . Prog. Water Technol. , 43
   Google Scholar
• Lance , J.C. and Gerba , C.P. 1980 . Poliovirus movement during high rate land filtration of sewage water . J. environ. Qual. , 9 : 31 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Lance , J.C. , Gerba , C.P. and Melnick , J.L. 1976 . Virus movement in soil columns flooded with secondary sewage effluent . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 32 : 520 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry , E.F. , Vaughn , J.M. , Thomas , M.Z. and Beckwith , C.A. 1979 . Adsorption of enteroviruses to soil cores and their subsequent elution by artificial rainwater . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 680 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanter , J.M. , Mc Guire , J.M. and Gode , M.J. 1982 . Persistance of tomato mosaic virus in tomato debries and soil under field conditions . Plant Disease , 66 : 552 – 555 .
   Google Scholar
• Lefter , F. and Kott , Y. 1974 . “ Virus retention and survival in sand ” . In Virus survival in water and wastewater systems , Edited by: Malina , J.F. and Sagik , B.P. Austin : Center for Research in water Resources. Univ. Texas .
   Google Scholar
• Lipson , S.M. and Stotzky , G. 1983 . Adsorption of reovirus to clay minerals: effects of cation exchange capacity, cation saturation and surface area . Appl. environ Microbiol. , 46 : 673 – 682 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipson , S.M. and Stotzky , G. 1985 . Specificity of virus adsorption to clay minerals . Can. J. Microbiol. , 31 : 50 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipson , S.M. and Stotzky , G. 1987 . “ Interactions between viruses and clay minerals ” . In Human viruses in sediments, sludges, and soils , Edited by: Rao , V.C. and Melnick , J.L. 197 – 300 . Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Macias , W. 1983 . Decline of tomato mosaic virus in the soil . Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych , : 213 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , W.N. 1964 . Poliovirus in a water supply . J. amer. Water Works Ass. , 65 : 347 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , W.N. , Lu , Y.‐L. and Coohoon , D.B. 1972 . Isolation of poliomyelitis virus from a contaminated well . Health Sen. Rep. , 87 : 271
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marzouk , Y. , Goyal , S.M. and Gerba , L.P. 1980 . Relationship of virus and indicator bacteria in water and wastewater of Israel . Water Res. , 14 : 1585 – 1590 .
   Google Scholar
• Migliori , A. and Marrou , J. 1970 . Le virus de la mosaique du tabac dans le sol: influence sur la dissémination de ce virus dans les cultures de tomates . Ann. Phytopath. , 2 : 669 – 680 .
   Google Scholar
• Miyamoto , Y. 1959 . Further evidence of the longevity of soil‐borne plant viruses adsorbed to soil particles . Virology , 8 : 290 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , R.S. , Taylor , D.H. , Reddy , R.M.M. and Sturman , L.S. 1982 . Adsorption of reovirus by minerals and soils . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 44 : 852 – 859 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortland , M.M. 1986 . “ Mechanisms of adsorption of nonhumic organic species by clays ” . In Interactions of soil minerals with natural organism and microbes , SSSA special Publication No. 17 Edited by: Huang , P.M. and Schnitzer , M. 59 – 76 . Madison, , USA
   Google Scholar
• Murray , J.P. 1980 . Physical chemistry of virus adsorption and degradation on inorganic surfaces , Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/2–80–134 Cincinnati, Ohio
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson , B. 1986 . Tobaksnekrosvirus ‐ egens kaper, förekomst och spridning . Växtskyddsnotiser , 50 : 136 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Paludan , N. 1985 . Spread of viruses by recirculated nutrient solutions in soilless cultures . Tidskr. Planteavl , 89 : 467 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Piazzolla , P. , Buondonno , A. , Palmieri , F. and DeStradis , A. 1993 . Studies on plant viruses ‐ soil colloids interactions. 1. Stability and infectivity of CMV associations with kaolinite and montmorillonite . J. Phytopathology , 138 : 111 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Piazzolla , P. , Palmieri , F. and Nuzzaci , M. 1989 . Infectivity studies on cucumber mosaic virus treated with a clay mineral . J. Phytopathology , 127 : 291 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , V.C. 1982 . “ Introduction to environmental virology ” . In Methods in environmental virology , Edited by: Gerba , C.P. and Goyal , S.M. 1 – 13 . New York : Marcel Dehker .
   Google Scholar
• Schaub , S.A. and Sorber , C.A. 1977 . Virus and bacteria removal from wastewater by rapid infiltration through soil . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 33 : 609 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheuerman , P.R. , Bitton , G. , Overman , A.R. and Gifford , G.E. 1979 . Transport of viruses through organic soils and sediments . J. environ. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. , 105 : 629 – 640 .
   Google Scholar
• Schiffbauer , M. and Stotzky , G. 1983 . Adsorption of coliphages T 1 and T 7 to host and non‐host microbes and to clay minerals . Curr. Microbiol. , 8 : 245 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Siade , J.S. 1977 . Thames water statistics Great Britain
   Google Scholar
• Smith , P.R. , Campbell , R.N. and Fry , P.R. 1969 . Root discharge and soil survival of viruses . Phytopathology , 59 : 1678 – 1687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobsey , M.D. , Dean , C.H. , Knuckles , M.E. and Wagner , R.A. 1980 . Interactions and survival of enteric viruses in soil materials . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 40 : 92 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobsey , M.D. , Schields , P.A. , Hauchman , F.H. , Hazard , R.L. and Canton , L.W. 1986 . Survival and transport of hepatitis A virus in soils, groundwater and wastewater . Water Sci. Technol. , 18 : 97 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stotzky , G. 1986 . “ Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes, growth, adhesion, and ecology of microbes and viruses ” . In Interactions of soil minerals with natural organics and microbes , SSSA special Publication No. 17 Edited by: Huang , P.M. and Schnitzer , M. 305 – 428 . Madison, , USA
   Google Scholar
• Stotsky , G. , Schiffbauer , M. , Lipson , S.M. and Hu , B.H. . Surface interactions between viruses and clay minerals and microbes: mechanisms and implications . Proc. Int. Symp. Viruses and Wastewater Treatment . Guildford, , UK : Univ. Surry .
   Google Scholar
• Stotzky , G. , Schiffbauer , M. , Lipson , S.M. and Hu , B.H. 1981 . “ Surface interactions between viruses and clay minerals and microbes: mechanisms and implications ” . In Viruses and waste water treatment , Edited by: Goddard , M. and Butler , M. 199 – 204 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sulochana , C.B. and Venkarathan , P. 1980 . Direct isolation of tobacco necrosis virus from soil . Plant and Soil , 56 : 325 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , D.H. 1981 . “ Interpretation of the adsorption of viruses by clays from their electrokinetic properties ” . In Chemistry of water reuse , Edited by: Cooper , W.J. Ann. Arbor, Michigan : Am. Arbor. Science .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , D.H. , Moore , R.S. and Sturmann , L.S. 1981 . Influence of pH and electrolyte composition on adsorption of poliovirus by soils and minerals . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 42 : 976 – 984 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teakle , D.S. 1986 . Abiotic transmission of southern bean mosaic virus in soil . Austr. J. Biol. Sci. , 39 : 353 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , B.J. 1984 . Occurrence and epidemiology of the cucumber necrosis strain of tobacco necrosis virus in cucumber crops . Ann. Rep. Glasshouse Crops Res. Inst. , 1982 : 117 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Tierney , J.T. , Sulivan , R. and Larkin , E.P. 1977 . Persistance of poliovirus 1 in soil and on vegetables grown in soil previously flooded with inoculated sewage sludge or effluent . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 33 : 109 – 113 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomlinson , J.A. and Faithfull , E.M. 1984 . Studies on the occurrence of tomato bushy stunt virus in English rivers . Ann. appl. Biol. , 104 : 485 – 495 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson , J.A. , Faithfull , E.M. , Flewett , T.H. and Beards , G. 1982 . Isolation of infective of tomato bushy stunt virus after passage through the humans alimantary tract . Nature , 300 : 637 – 638 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson , J.A. , Faithfull , E.M. , Webb , M.J.W. , Fraser , R.S.S. and Primrose , S.B. 1981 . Isolation and characterization of a new soilborne virus , 31st Ann. Rep. 1980 87 – 88 . Wellisborne : Nation. Vegetable Res. Sta. .
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson , J.A. , Faithfull , E.M. , Webb , M.J.W. , Fraser , R.S.S. and Seeley , N.D. 1983 . Chenopodium necrosis: a distinctive strain of tobacco necrosis virus isolated from river water . Ann. appl. Biology , 102 : 135 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosić , M. , Krstić , B. , Bajić , S. , Stojanović , G. , Vilovski , P. and Rozic , R. 1988 . Prilog proucavanju epidemiologi je rizomanije secerne repe . Zaštita Biljá , 39 : 253 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Uozumi , T. and Nishimura , N. 1971 . Studies on the soil infection of tobacco mosaic disease . Bull. Morioka Tob. Exp. Sta. , 6 : 41 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaughn , J.M. and Landry , E.F. 1983 . “ Viruses in soils and groundwaters ” . In Viral pollution of the environment , Edited by: Berg , G. 163 – 241 . Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Vaughn , J.M. , Landry , E.F. , Baranoski , L.J. , Beckwith , C.A. , Dahl , M.C. and Delihos , N.C. 1978 . Survey of human virus occurrence in wastewater ‐ recharged groundwater in Long Island . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 36 : 47 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vilker , V.L. 1981 . “ Simulating virus movement in soils ” . In Modeling, Wastewater Renovation Land Treatment , Edited by: Iskandar , K.I. New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Vilker , V.L. , Kamdar , R.S. and Frommhagen , L.H. 1980 . Capacity of activated sludge solids for virus adsorption . Chem. Eng. Commun. , 4 : 569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , R. and Rüdiger , S. 1977 . Untersuchungen zum Virusvorkommen im Grundwasser . Z. ges. Hygiene , 23 : 461 – 463 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wellings , F.M. , Lewis , A.L. and Mountain , C.W. 1974 . “ Virus survival following wastewater spray irrigation of sandy soils ” . In Virus survival in water and wastewater systems , Edited by: Malina , J.M. and Sagik , B.P. Austin : Center for Res. in Water Resources, Univ. Texas .
   Google Scholar
• Westwood , J.C.N. and Sattar , S.A. 1976 . “ The minimal infective dose ” . In Viruses in Water , Edited by: Berg , G. , Bodily , H.L. , Lennette , E.H. , Melnick , J.L. and Metcalf , T.G. 61 – 69 . Washington : American Public Health Association .
   Google Scholar
• Winckel , A. van . 1974 . Effect of a fumigation on the biological degradation of tobacco mosaic virus in the soil . Agro‐ecosystems , 1 : 131 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Yarwood , C.E. 1960 . Virus increase in seedling roots . Phytopathology , 50 : 220 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Yates , M.V. and Ouyang , Y. 1992 . VIRTUS, a model of virus transport in unsaturated soils . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 58 : 1609 – 1616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeager , J.G. and O'Brien , R.T. 1979 . Enterovirus inactivation in soil . Appl. environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 694 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerda , K.S. , Gerba , C.P. , Hou , K.C. and Goyal , S.M. 1985 . Adsorption of viruses to charge‐modified silicia . Appl. environ. Microbiol , 49 : 91 – 95 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar