From warfare to welfare states? Social and military spending in the Baltic States 1918–1940

References

• Ahelik, S. (1964). Arstiabist ja sotsiaalkindlustusest kodanlikus Eestis. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.
   Google Scholar
• Ahelik, S. (Ed.). (1980). Tervishoid Eestis 1917–1950: dokumente ja materjale. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Aizsilnieks, A. (1968). Latvijas saimniecības vēsture; 1914–1945. Stokholma: Daugava.
   Google Scholar
• Alestalo, M., & Uusitalo, H. (1986). Finland. In P. Flora (Ed.), Growth to limits. The Western European welfare states since World War II. Vol. 1. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark (pp. 197–292). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, P. (1989). The Scandinavian origins of the social interpretation of the welfare state. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31(1), 3–24. doi: 10.1017/S0010417500015644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørnson, Ø. (2001). The social democrats and the Norwegian welfare state: Some perspectives. Scandinavian Journal of History, 26(3), 197–223. doi: 10.1080/034687501750303855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzoska, M. (1995). World military expenditures. In K. Hartley, & T. Sandler (Eds.), Handbook of defense economics. 1 (pp. 45–67). New York, NY: Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Butkus, Z. (2019). Tarp Trečiojo Reicho ir Trečiosios Romos. Vokietijos ir Sovietų politikos poveikis Baltijos šalių tarptautinei ir vidaus padėčiai tarpukaryje. Vilnius: VU leidykla.
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen, N. F., & Petersen, K. (2001). The dynamics of social solidarity: The Danish welfare state, 1900–2000. Scandinavian Journal of History, 26(3), 177–196. doi: 10.1080/034687501750303846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen, N. F., Petersen, K., Edling, N., & Haave, P. (Eds.). (2006). The Nordic Model of welfare: A historical reappraisal. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., … Ziblatt, D. (2019). V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v9, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. doi:10.23696/vdemcy19.
   Google Scholar
• Dincecco, M. (2013). Political transformations and public finances: Europe, 1650–1913. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Dincecco, M. (2017). State capacity and economic development: Present and past. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Dincecco, M., & Onorato, M. G. (2018). From warfare to wealth the military origins of urban prosperity in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Domke, W. K., Eichenberg, R. C., & Kelleher, C. M. (1983). The illusion of choice: Defense and welfare in advanced industrial democracies, 1948–1978. The American Political Science Review, 77, 19–35. doi: 10.2307/1956009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eloranta, J. (2002). The demand for external security by domestic choices: Military spending as an impure public good among Eleven European States, 1920—1938 [doctoral dissertation]. Florence: European University Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Eloranta, J. (2004). Warfare and welfare? Understanding 19th and 20th century central government spending, in Warwick Economic Research Papers Nr. 699. Retrieved from http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1489/1/WRAP_Eloranta_twerp699.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Eloranta, J., Andreev, S., & Osinsky, P. (2014). Democratization and central government spending, 1970–1938: Emergence of the Leviathan? Research in Economic History, 30, 1–46. doi: 10.1108/S0363-326820140000030001
   Google Scholar
• Eloranta, J., & Kauppila, J. (2006). Guns and butter – central government spending. In J. Ohala, J. Eloranta, & J. Jalava (Eds.), The road to prosperity. An economic history of Finland (pp. 216–243). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
   Google Scholar
• Eloranta, J., & Tanaka, Y. (2015). Military spending in Japan and Finland: From warfare to welfare state. In J. Eloranta & Y. Tanaka (Eds.), Comparing post-war Japanese and Finnish economies and societies (pp. 71–91). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ežegodnik Rossii 1913g. (god desjatyj). 1914. Sankt-Peterburg.
   Google Scholar
• Flora, P. (Ed.). (1986). Growth to limits. The Western European welfare states since World War II. Vol. 1. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Flora, P. (2009). Europe expenditure series. [Dataset]. Retrieved from http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/files/Flora_expenditure_series_Europe.xlsx
   Google Scholar
• Flora, P., & Heidenheimer, A. J. (Eds.). (1981). The development of the welfare state in Europe and America. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, P. (1982). Russian national income, 1885–1913. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, H. I., & Mendoza, J. (2001). Butter and guns: Complementarity between economic and military Competition. Economics of Governance, 2, 25–33. doi: 10.1007/PL00011016
   Google Scholar
• Heclo, H. (1974). Modern social politics in Britain and Sweden: From relief to income maintenance. Yale: Yale UP.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, A. (1999). Social democracy and welfare capitalism: A century of income security policies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hiden, J. (1987). The baltic states and weimar ostpolitik. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Hort, S. E. O. (2014/1990). Social policy, welfare state, and civil society in Sweden. Vol. 1–2. Lund: Arkiv förlag.
   Google Scholar
• Hovi, K. (Ed.). (1998). Relations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic Nations in the XX century. Turku: Turku University.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, E., & Stephens, J. D. (2001). Development and crisis of the welfare state: Parties and policies in global markets. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ilmjärv, M. (2004). Silent submission: Formation of foreign policy of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania: Period from mid- 1920-s to annexation in 1940. Stockholm: Stockholm University, Department of History.
   Google Scholar
• Inglot, T. (2008). Welfare states in East Central Europe, 1919–2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization. (1936). International survey of social services 1933 (Vol. 1-2). London: P.S. King for ILO.
   Google Scholar
• Janoski, T., & Hicks, A. M. (Eds.). (1994). The comparative political economy of the welfare state. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Kālniņš, J., & Piņķe, G. (2012). Okupācijas zaudējumu noteikšana: Latvijas attīstības trajektorijas hipotētiskais novērtējums, ja tānebūtu okupēta, Prikulis J. (zinātniskais redaktors), Padomju Savienības nodarītie zaudējumi Baltijā, Rīgā, 2011. gada 17–18. jūnijs: starptautiskās konferences materiāli, Rīga: Latvijas Okupācijas izpētes biedrība, 117–125.
   Google Scholar
• Karineem, K. (1939). Riigimajanduse tulemusi viimasel kolmer aastal. Konjunktuur, 60/61(11/12), 626–632.
   Google Scholar
• Kasekamp, A. (2000). Radical right in interwar Estonia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, A. (1936). Riigieelarve rahvamajandustegurina. Konjunktuur, 23(10), 633–639.
   Google Scholar
• Kersbergen, K. v. (1995). Social capitalism: A study of Christian democracy and the welfare state. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Keskbüroo, R. S. (1931). Eesti 1920–1930: arvuline ülevaade. Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo.
   Google Scholar
• Keskbüroo, R. S. (1937). Eesti arvudes 1920–1935 = Estonie en chiffres: résumé rétrospectif de 1920–1935. Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo.
   Google Scholar
• Kettunen, P. (2001). The Nordic welfare state in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of History, 26(3), 225–247. doi: 10.1080/034687501750303864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettunen, P., & Petersen, P. (2001). Beyond welfare state models: Transnational historical perspectives on social policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Kļaviņa, E. (1991). Vecuma pensiju jautajums Latvijas Republikas socialaja politika, 1918–1940. Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnāls, 1(1), 58–77.
   Google Scholar
• Kranfeldt, K. 1937. Riigimajanduse tulemusi 1936/37. Konjunktuur, 30(5), 346–351.
   Google Scholar
• Kranfeldt, K. 1938. Riigimajanduse tulemusi 1937/38. Konjunktuur, 41–42(4/5), 260–265.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhnle, S., & Sander, A. (2010). The emergence of the western welfare state. In F. G. Castles (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the welfare state (pp. 61–80). Oxford: Oxford UP.
   Google Scholar
• Latvijas PSR tautsaimniecības statistikas pārvalde. (1940). Latvijas PSR statistikas tabulas 1940g. Riga: Latvijas PSR Tautsaimniecības statistikas pārvalde.
   Google Scholar
• League of Nations. (1932). Statistical yearbook of the 1931/1932. Geneva: League of of Nations.
   Google Scholar
• League of Nations. (1933a). Statistical yearbook of the 1933/1934. Geneva: League of of Nations.
   Google Scholar
• League of Nations. (1933b). Armaments year-book: General and statistical information. Vol. 9. Geneva: League of of Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Lehti, M., & Smith, D. (Eds.). (2003). Post-cold war identity politics: Northern and Baltic experiences. London: Frank Cass.
   Google Scholar
• Lethbridge, E. (1985). National income and product. In: M. C. Kaser, & E. A. Radice (Eds.), The economic history of Eastern Europe 1919–1975. Vol. 1. Economic structure and performance between the two wars (pp. 532–597). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1924–1926. (1927). Kaunas: Valstybės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1927–1928. (1929). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’ b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1929–30. (1931). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1931. (1932). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’ b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1932. (1933). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’ b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1933. (1934). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’ b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1934. (1935). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’ b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1935. (1936). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’ b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1936. (1937). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’ b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1937. (1938). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’ b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1938. (1939). Kaunas: Akc. ‘Spindulio’ b-vės spaustuvė.
   Google Scholar
• Lietuvos statistikos metraštis (LitSM) 1939. (1940). Vilnius: Centralinis statistikos biuras.
   Google Scholar
• Lindert, P. H. (1994). The rise of social spending, 1880–1930. Explorations in Economic History, 31, 1–37. doi: 10.1006/exeh.1994.1001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindert, P. H. (2001). Benchmark data 1880–1930. [Dataset]. Retreived from https://economics.ucdavis.edu/people/fzlinder/peter-linderts-webpage/data-and-estimates/lindert-data-for-cup-book/Benchmark_data_1880-1930.xls/at_download/file
   Google Scholar
• Lindert, P. H. (2004). Growing public. Social spending and economic growth since the eighteenth century, Vol.1–2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lineham, B. T. (1968). New Zealand’s gross domestic product, 1918/38. New Zealand Economic Papers, 2, 15–26. doi: 10.1080/00779956809543883
   Google Scholar
• Liulevicius, V. G. (2004). War land on the eastern front: Culture, national identity, and German occupation in World War I. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Luebbert, G. M. (1992). Liberalism, fascism, or social democracy: Social classes and the political origins of regimes in interwar Europe. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg, U., & Åmark, K. (2001). Social rights and social security: The Swedish Welfare State, 1900–2000. Scandinavian Journal of History, 26(3), 157–176. doi: 10.1080/034687501750303837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddison Project Database, version 2013. Retrieved from https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2013
   Google Scholar
• Mančinskas, Č. (1971). Socialinis draudimas Lietuvoje ir kova dėl jo 1919–1940 metais. Vilnius: Mintis 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Markoff, J. (2005). Transitions to democracy. In T. Janoski, R. R. Alford, A. M. Hicks, & M. A. Schwartz (Eds.), The handbook of political sociology: States, civil societies, and globalization (pp. 384–403). Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Mauro, P., Romeu, R., Binder, A., & Zaman, A. (2013). A modern history of fiscal prudence and profligacy, IMF Working Paper 13/5. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/~/media/Websites/IMF/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/_wp1305.ashx
   Google Scholar
• Micuta, D. (1990/1930). Lietuvos finansai 1918–1928m., kn. Pirmasis nepriklausomos Lietuvos dešimtmetis 1918–1928. Kaunas: Šviesa, 178–202.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, B. R. (2013). International historical statistics. Vol. 1–3. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Mjøset, L., & Clausen, T. H. (Eds.). (2007). Capitalisms compared. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Mucinieks, P. (1934). Sociālā likumdošana. P. 1. Riga: Latvijas universitātes studentu padome.
   Google Scholar
• Nakabayashi, M. (2019). From family security to the welfare state: Path dependency of social security on the difference in legal origins. Economic Modelling, 82, 280–293. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2019.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narizny, K. (2003). Both guns and butter, or neither: Class interests in the political economy of rearmament. American Political Science Review, 97, 203–220. doi: 10.1017/S0003055403000625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norkus, Z. (2014). Du nepriklausomybės dvidešimtmečiai: kapitalizmas, klasės ir demokratija Pirmojoje ir Antrojoje Lietuvos Respublikoje lyginamosios istorinės sociologijos požiūriu. Vilnius: Aukso žuvys.
   Google Scholar
• Norkus, Z. (2019). The economic output growth of Baltic countries in 1913–1938: A quantitative cross-country comparison. Journal of Baltic Studies, 5(2), 183–203. doi: 10.1080/01629778.2018.1492945
   Google Scholar
• Nunes, A., Mata, M., & Valério, N. (1989). Portuguese economic growth 1833–1985. The Journal of European Economic History, 18, 291–330.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, M., & Zeckhauser, R. (1966). An economic theory of alliances. Review of Economics and Statistics, 48, 266–279. doi: 10.2307/1927082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, G. (1990). NATO, social and defense spending, and coalitions. The Western Political Quarterly, 43, 479–493. doi: 10.1177/106591299004300304
   Google Scholar
• Peacock, A. T., & Wiseman, J. (1961). The growth of public expenditure in the United Kingdom. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peep, V. (2005). Eesti sotsiaalpoliitilise õigusloome arengujooned 1. Omariiklusajal. Tallinn: Argo, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Rahandusministeerium. (1938). Eesti Vabariigi tulude ja kulude eelarve 1938/39. aastaks. Tallinn: Riigi trükikoda.
   Google Scholar
• Rahandusministeerium. (1939). Eesti Vabariigi tulude ja kulude eelarve-ettepanek 1939/40. aastaks. Tallinn: Riigi trükikoda.
   Google Scholar
• Rahandusministeerium. (1940). Eesti Vabariigi tulude ja kulude eelarve-ettepanek 1940/41. aastaks. Tallinn: Riigi trükikoda.
   Google Scholar
• Reichskommissar für das Ostland. (1942). Strukturbericht über das Ostland. Vol. 1: Ostland in Zahlen. Riga: Buchdruckerei Riga.
   Google Scholar
• Rimka, A. (1926). Tautos pelnas ir metodai jam surasti. Lietuvos ūkis, 3(42), 70–74; 4(43), 105–110; 141–146.
   Google Scholar
• Rimlinger, G. V. (1982). The historical analysis of national welfare systems: Explorations in the new economic history, New York, 152–162.
   Google Scholar
• Roser, M., & Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2019). Financing education. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/financing-education
   Google Scholar
• Šimanauskas, S. (1932). Tautos pajamos ir jų perkamoji galia Lietuvoje. Diplominis darbas. Kaunas: VDU.
   Google Scholar
• Sivard, R. L. (1974). World military and social expenditures (1st ed.). by Ruth Leger Sivard Overview by Ruth Sivard Foreword by Saul H. Mendlovitz. Leesburg, VA: World Priorities.
   Google Scholar
• Sivard, R. L. (1976). World military and social expenditures (2nd ed.). by Ruth Leger Sivard, Foreword by Hubert H. Humphrey. Leesburg, VA: World Priorities.
   Google Scholar
• Sivard, R. L. (1977). World military and social expenditures (3rd ed.). by Ruth Leger Sivard Foreword by Robert S. McNamara. Leesburg, VA: World Priorities.
   Google Scholar
• Sivard, R. L. (1978). World military and social expenditures (4th ed.). by Ruth Leger Sivard, Foreword by John Kenneth Galbraith. Leesburg, VA: World Priorities.
   Google Scholar
• Sivard, R. L. (1996). World military and social expenditures (16th ed.). by Ruth Leger Sivard Overview by Ruth Sivard, Foreword by Patricia Schroeder. Leesburg, VA: World Priorities.
   Google Scholar
• Stranga, A. (1998). LSDSP un 1934. gada 15. maija valsts apvērsums: Demokrātijas likteņi Latvijā. Riga: Poligrāfists.
   Google Scholar
• Tanzi, V., & Schuknecht, L. (2000). Public spending in the 20th century: A global perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. (1990). Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990–1990. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Tomka, T. (2006). East central Europe and the European social policy model: A long-term view. East European Quarterly, 40(2), 135–159.
   Google Scholar
• Tuisk, A. (1930). Tervishoiu ja arstiabi kulud in Rahvastik ja tervishoid Eestis (Eesti demograafia, t. 4). Tallinn: Riigi statistika keskbüroo, 291–306.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (1990). Human Development Report 1990. New York, NY: Oxford UP.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2018). Human development indices and indicators. 2018 statistical update. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Valge, J. (2003). Uue majanduse lätteil: Eesti sisemajanduse kogutoodang aastatel 1923–1938. Akadeemia, 10, 2202–2228. 11, 2443–487; 2712–735.
   Google Scholar
• Valge, J. (2006). Breaking away from Russia: Financial stabilization in Estonia 1918–1924. Stockholm: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis.
   Google Scholar
• Valsts statistiskā Pārvalde. (1931/1932). Latvijas valsts finanses, 1918/1920. Riga: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Valsts statistiskā Pārvalde. (1933). Latvijas statistikas gadagrāmata 1932. Riga: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Valsts statistiskā Pārvalde. (1934). Latvijas statistikas gadagrāmata 1933. Riga: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Valsts statistiskā Pārvalde. (1935). Latvijas statistikas gadagrāmata 1934. Riga: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Valsts statistiskā Pārvalde. (1936). Latvijas statistikas gadagrāmata 1935. Riga: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Valsts statistiskā Pārvalde. (1937). Latvijas statistikas gadagrāmata 1936. Riga: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Valsts statistiskā Pārvalde. (1939). Latvijas statistikas gadagrāmata 1939. Riga: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Valstybės kontrolė. (1924). Valstybės kontrolės Lietuvos Respublikos biudžeto už 1923m. vykdymo apyskaita. Kaunas.
   Google Scholar
• Valstybės kontrolė. (1925). Valstybės kontrolės Lietuvos Respublikos biudžeto už 1924m. vykdymo apyskaita. Kaunas.
   Google Scholar
• Valstybės kontrolė. (1926). Valstybės kontrolės Lietuvos Respublikos biudžeto už 1925m. vykdymo apyskaita. Kaunas.
   Google Scholar
• Valstybės kontrolė. (1927). Valstybės kontrolės Lietuvos Respublikos biudžeto už 1926m. vykdymo apyskaita. Kaunas.
   Google Scholar
• Vaskela, G. (2014). Tautiniai aspektai Lietuvos ūkio politikoje 1919–1940 metais. Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla.
   Google Scholar
• Wilensky, H. L. (1975). The welfare state and equality: Structural and ideological roots of public expenditures. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zālīte, E. (1999). Sociālā apdrošināšana Latvijā (1920–1940). Latvijas Arhīvi, 2, 99–127.
   Google Scholar