Road to unity? Nordic economic convergence in the long run

References

• Abildgren, K. (2010). Consumer prices in Denmark 1502–2007. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 58(1), 2–24.
   Google Scholar
• Abildgren, K. (2012). Business cycles and shocks to financial stability: Empirical evidence from a new set of Danish quarterly national accounts 1948–2010. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 60(1), 50–78.
   Google Scholar
• Abildgren, K. (2017). Trends in real wages in Denmark since the late middle ages. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 50(2), 67–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramovitz, M. (1986). Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind. The Journal of Economic History, 46(2), 385–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, R. C. (2001). The great divergence in European wages and prices from the middle ages to the First World War. Explorations in Economic History, 38(4), 411–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, R. C., Bassino, J. P., Ma, D., Moll-Murata, C., & Van Zanden, J. L. (2011). Wages, prices, and living standards in China, 1738–1925: In comparison with Europe, Japan, and India. The Economic History Review, 64(S1), 8–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Nogal, C., De La Escosura, L. P., & Santiago-Caballero, C. (2016). Spanish agriculture in the little divergence. European Review of Economic History, 20(4), 452–477.
   Google Scholar
• Arnesen, A. L., & Lundahl, L. (2006). Still social and democratic? Inclusive education policies in the Nordic welfare states. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 50(3), 285–300.
   Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J., Sala-i-Martin, X., Blanchard, O. J., & Hall, R. E. (1991). Convergence across states and regions. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1991, 107–182.
   Google Scholar
• Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: What the long-run data show. The American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072–1085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, A. B., & Durlauf, S. N. (1995). Convergence in international output. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10(2), 97–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, A. B., & Durlauf, S. N. (1996). Interpreting tests of the convergence hypothesis. Journal of Econometrics, 71(1-2), 161–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohlin, J. (2003). Swedish historical national accounts: The fifth generation. European Review of Economic History, 7(1), 73–97.
   Google Scholar
• Bolt, J., Inklaar, R., de Jong, H., & van Zanden, J. L. (2018). Rebasing ‘Maddison’: New incomecomparisons and the shape of long-run economic development. (GGDC Research Memorandum; Vol. GD-174). Groningen: Groningen Growth and Development Center.
   Google Scholar
• Bolt, J., & van Zanden, J. L. (2014). The Maddison project: Collaborative research on historical national accounts. The Economic History Review, 67(3), 627–651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt, J., & van Zanden, J. L. (2020). Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy. A new 2020 update (Maddison-Project Working Paper WP-15).
   Google Scholar
• Broadberry, S. (2021). The industrial revolution and the great divergence: Recent findings from historical national accounting. In A. Bisin & G. Frederico (Eds.), The handbook of historical economics (pp. 749–771). London: Elsevier/Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Broadberry, S., & Klein, A. (2012). Aggregate and per capita GDP in Europe, 1870–2000: Continental, regional and national data with changing boundaries. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 60(1), 79–107.
   Google Scholar
• Broadberry, S. N. (1993). Manufacturing and the convergence hypothesis: What the long-run data show. The Journal of Economic History, 53(4), 772–795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadberry, S. N., & Gupta, B. (2006). The early modern great divergence: Wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500–1800. The Economic History Review, 59(1), 2–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, J. P., & Perman, R. (2006). Unit roots and structural breaks: A survey of the literature. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, Department of Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, J. P., Hjerppe, R., Krantz, O., & Nilsson, C. A. (1995). Nordic historical national accounts since the 1880s. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 43(1), 30–52.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, G. (2005). The condition of the working class in England, 1209–2004. Journal of Political Economy, 113(6), 1307–1340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crafts, N., & Toniolo, G. (Eds.). (1996). Economic growth in Europe since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crafts, N. F. (1997). The human development index and changes in standards of living: Some historical comparisons. European Review of Economic History, 1(3), 299–322.
   Google Scholar
• Crafts, N. F., & Mills, T. C. (1994). Trends in real wages in Britain, 1750–1913. Explorations in Economic History, 31(2), 176–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Pleijt, A. M., & Van Zanden, J. L. (2016). Accounting for the “little divergence”: What drove economic growth in pre-industrial Europe, 1300–1800? European Review of Economic History, 20(4), 387–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, J. (2010). The limits of globalisation in the early modern world. The Economic History Review, 63(3), 710–733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvinsson, R. (2013a). New annual estimates of Swedish GDP, 1800–2010. The Economic History Review, 66(4), 1101–1126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvinsson, R. (2013b). Swedish GDP 1620–1800: Stagnation or growth? Cliometrica, 7(1), 37–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvinsson, R., Jacobson, T., & Waldenström, D. (Eds.). (2010). Historical monetary and financial statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices, and wages, 1277–2008. Stockholm: Ekerlidsförlag, Sveriges Riksbank in cooperation with Ekerlids Förlag.
   Google Scholar
• Einonen, P., & Voutilainen, M. (2020). Suomen sodanjälkeen. 1800-luvun alun yhteiskuntahistoria. In P. Einonen, & M. Voutilainen (Eds.), Suomen sodan jälkeen - 1800-luvun alun yhteiskuntahistoria (pp. 375–380). Tampere: Vastapaino.
   Google Scholar
• Eloranta, J. (Ed.). (1997). Nordiskahistoriskanationalräkenskaper: The second workshop. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
   Google Scholar
• Eloranta, J. (2019). Cliometric approaches to war. In C. Diebolt & M. Haupert (Eds.), Handbook of cliometrics (pp. 563–586). Frankfurt: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Eloranta, J., & Ojala, J. (2018). Suomi kansainvälisessä taloudessa 1600–2000. In P. Haapala (Ed.), Suomen rakennehistoria. Näkökulmia muutokseen ja jatkuvuuteen (1400–2000) (pp. 142–169). Tampere: Vastapaino.
   Google Scholar
• Enflo, K., & Missiaia, A. (2018). Regional GDP estimates for Sweden, 1571–1850. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 51(2), 115–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enflo, K., & Rosés, J. R. (2015). Coping with regional inequality in Sweden: Structural change, migrations, and policy, 1860–2000. The Economic History Review, 68(1), 191–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1996). Welfare states in transition: National adaptations in global economies. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fellman, S., Iversen, M., Sjögren, H., & Thue, L. (Eds.). (2008). Creating Nordic capitalism: The business history of a competitive periphery. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fochesato, M. (2018). Origins of Europe’s north-south divide: Population changes, real wages and the ‘little divergence’ in early modern Europe. Explorations in Economic History, 70, 91–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greasley, D., & Oxley, L. (1997). Time-series based tests of the convergence hypothesis: Some positive results. Economics Letters, 56(2), 143–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greasley, D., & Oxley, L. (2010). Cliometrics and time series econometrics: Some theory and applications. Journal of Economic Surveys, 24(5), 970–1042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grytten, O. H. (2004a). Nominal wages in Norway 1726–1940 by occupation. In Ø. Eitrheim, J. T. Klovl, & J. F. Qvigstad (Eds.), Historical monetary statistics for Norway 1819–2003 (pp. 231–342). Oslo: Norges Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Grytten, O. H. (2004b). Norwegian wages 1726–2006 classified by industry. In Ø. Eitrheim, J. T. Klovl, & J. F. Qvigstad (Eds.), Historical monetary statistics for Norway 1819–2003 (pp. 343–384). Oslo: Norges Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Grytten, O. H. (2004c). The gross domestic product for Norway, 1830–2003. Norges Bank: Occasional Papers, 1, 241.
   Google Scholar
• Grytten, O. H. (2009). Purchasing power of labour: Norwegian real wages, 1726–2006. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 57(1), 48–87.
   Google Scholar
• Grytten, O. H. (2020). Two centuries of economic growth: Norwegian GDP 1816–2020. (NHH Dept. of Economics Discussion Paper 10).
   Google Scholar
• Grytten, O. H. (2021). Revising growth history: New estimates of GDP for Norway, 1816–2019. Forthcoming in The Economic History Review.
   Google Scholar
• Grytten, O. H., & Hunnes, A. (2014). An anatomy of financial crises in Norway, 1830–2010. Financial History Review, 21(1), 25–57.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, S. A. (1984). Økonomiskvækst i Danmark: Volume I: 1720-1914 and Volume II: 1914–1983. København: Akademisk Forlag.
   Google Scholar
• Heikkinen, S. (1997). Labour and the market: Workers, wages and living standards in Finland, 1850–1913. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters.
   Google Scholar
• Heikkinen, S., Hjerppe, R., Kaukiainen, Y., Markkanen, E., & Nummela, I. (1987). Förändringar i levnadsstandarden i Finland 1750–1913. In G. Karlsson (Ed.), Levestandarden i Norden 1750–1914 (pp. 67–94). Reykjavik: University of Iceland.
   Google Scholar
• Henriques, A. C., & Palma, N. (2020). Comparative European institutions and the little divergence, 1385–1800. (CGEH Working Paper Series, Working Paper no. 84).
   Google Scholar
• Hilson, M. (2008). The Nordic model: Scandinavia since 1945. London: Reaktion.
   Google Scholar
• Hjerppe, R. (1989). The Finnish economy 1860–1985: Growth and structural change. Helsinki: Bank of Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Hjerppe, R., Jalava, J., et al. (2006). Economic growth and structural change: A century and half of catching up. In J. Ojala (Ed.), The road to prosperity: An economic history of Finland (pp. 33–63). Helsinki: SKS.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, S. (2013). Avoiding the resource curse the case Norway. Energy Policy, 63, 870–876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jastram, R. W. (1981). Silver: The restless metal. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, P., & Papageorgiou, C. (2020). What remains of cross-country convergence? Journal of Economic Literature, 58(1), 129–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jónsson, G. (Ed.). (2003). Nordic Historical national accounts: Proceedings of Workshop VI: Reykjavik 19-20 September 2003. Reykjavik: University of Iceland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jörberg, L. (1972). The development of real wages for agricultural workers in Sweden during the 18th and 19th centuries. Economy and History, 15(1), 45–57.
   Google Scholar
• Jussila, O. (2004). Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta 1809–1917. Helsinki: WSOY.
   Google Scholar
• Kettunen, P. (2001). The Nordic welfare state in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of History, 26(3), 225–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettunen, P. (2013). The ILO as a forum for developing and demonstrating a Nordic model. In S. Kott & J. Droux (Eds.), Globalizing social rights. The international labour organization and beyond (pp. 210–230). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Khaustova, E., & Sharp, P. (2015). A note on Danish living standards through historical wage series, 1731–1913. Journal of European Economic History, 44(3), 143–172.
   Google Scholar
• Klovland, J. T. (2004). Historical exchange rate data 1819–2003. In Ø. Eitrheim, J. T. Klovland, & J. F. Qvigstad (Eds.), Historical monetary statistics for Norway 1819–2003 (pp. 289–408). Oslo: Norges Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Koivunen, A., Ojala, J., & Holmén, J. (2021). Always in crisis, always a solution? The Nordic model as a political and scholarly concept. In A. Koivunen, J. Ojala, & J. Holmén (Eds.), The Nordic economic, social and political model: Challenges in the 21st century (pp. 1–19). Abigdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kokkinen, A., Jalava, J., Hjerppe, R., & Hannikainen, M. (2007). Catching up in Europe: Finland's convergence with Sweden and the EU15. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 55(2), 153–171.
   Google Scholar
• Koponen, J., & Saaritsa, S. (Eds.). (2019). Nälkämaasta Hyvinvointivaltioon: Suomi kehityksen kiinniottajana. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.
   Google Scholar
• Krantz, O. (2001). Industrialisation in three Nordic countries: A long-term quantitative view. In H. Kryger Larsen (Ed.), Convergence? Industrialisation of Denmark, Finland and Sweden 1870–1940 (pp. 23–65). Helsinki: The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters.
   Google Scholar
• Kryger Larsen, H. (Ed.). (2001). Convergence? Industrialisation of Denmark, Finland and Sweden 1870–1940. Helsinki: The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters.
   Google Scholar
• Lains, P. (2002). Southern European econonomic backwardness revisited: The role of open economy forces in Portugal and the Balkans, 1870–1913. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 50(1), 24–43.
   Google Scholar
• Liew, V. K. S., & Ahmad, Y. (2009). Income convergence: Fresh evidence from the Nordic countries. Applied Economics Letters, 16(12), 1245–1248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindert, P. H. (2003). Why the welfare state looks like a free lunch (No. w9869). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Lindmark, M., & Vikström, P. (2003). Growth and structural change in Sweden and a story of convergence Finland, 1870–1990: A story of convergence. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 51(1), 46–74.
   Google Scholar
• Ljungberg, J., & Schön, L. (2013). Domestic markets and international integration: Paths to industrialisation in the Nordic countries. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 61(2), 101–121.
   Google Scholar
• Lobell, H., Schön, L., & Krantz, O. (2008). Swedish historical national accounts, 1800–2000: Principles and implications of a new generation. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 56(2), 142–159.
   Google Scholar
• Losa, E. L., & Zarauz, S. P. (2021). Spanish subsistence wages and the little divergence in Europe, 1500–1800. European Review of Economic History, 25(1), 59–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundh, C., Schön, L., & Svensson, L. (2005). Regional wages in industry and labour market integration in Sweden, 1861–1913. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 53(3), 71–84.
   Google Scholar
• Maddison, A. (2001). The world economy: A millennial perspective. Paris: Development Centre of the OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Malinowski, M. (2016). Little divergence revisited: Polish weighted real wages in a European perspective, 1500–1800. European Review of Economic History, 20(3), 345–367.
   Google Scholar
• Nummela, I. (2007). Varallisuus. In P. Haapala & R. Toivo (Eds.), Suomen historian kartasto (pp. 106–107). Tampere: Karttakeskus.
   Google Scholar
• Nummela, I., & Karonen, P. (1993). Hinnat ja palkat Hämeessä vuosina 1541–1617. Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto.
   Google Scholar
• Ojala, J., Hemminki, T., & Nevalainen, P. (2019). Increase in diversity: Nordic dissertations 2014–2018. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 67(1), 4–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Rourke, K. H., & Williamson, J. G. (1995). Open economy forces and late nineteenth century Swedish catch-up. A quantitative accounting. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 43(2), 171–203.
   Google Scholar
• Oxley, L., & Greasley, D. (1999). A Nordic convergence club? Applied Economics Letters, 6(3), 157–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özmucur, S., & Pamuk, Ş. (2002). Real wages and standards of living in the Ottoman Empire, 1489–1914. The Journal of Economic History, 62(2), 293–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma, N., & Reis, J. (2019). From convergence to divergence: Portuguese economic growth, 1527–1850. The Journal of Economic History, 79(2), 477–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 57, 1361–1401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, K. (2011). National, Nordic and trans-Nordic: Transnational perspectives on the history of the Nordic welfare states. In P. Kettunen (Ed.), Beyond welfare state models: Transnational historical perspectives on social policy (pp. 41–64). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Pomeranz, K. (2009). The great divergence: China, Europe, and the making of the modern world economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prado, S., Lundh, C., Collin, K., & Enflo, K. (2021). Labour and the ‘law of one price’: Regional wage convergence of farm workers in Sweden, 1757–1980. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 69(1), 41–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quah, D. (1993). Galton's fallacy and tests of the convergence hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95, 427–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Caballero, C. V., & Prados de la Escosura, L. (2020, May). Growth, war, and pandemics: Europe in the very long-run. (EHES Working Paper No. 185).
   Google Scholar
• Rota, M., & Weisdorf, J. (2020). Italy and the little divergence in wages and prices: New data, new results. The Journal of Economic History, 80(4), 931–960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala-i-Martin, X. X. (1996a). The classical approach to convergence analysis. The Economic Journal, 106(437), 1019–1036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala-i-Martin, X. X. (1996b). Regional cohesion: Evidence and theories of regional growth and convergence. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1325–1352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schön, L. (2005). Capital supply in Swedish modernisation. In M. Jerneck (Ed.), Different paths to modernity: A Nordic and Spanish perspective (pp. 203–223). Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schön, L., & Krantz, O. (2012). The Swedish economy in the early modern period: Constructing historical national accounts. European Review of Economic History, 16(4), 529–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderberg, J. (1987). Real wage trends in urban Europe, 1730–1850: Stockholm in a comparative perspective. Social History, 12(2), 155–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderberg, J. (2010). Long-term trends in real wages of labourers. In R. Edvinsson, T. Jacobson, & D. Waldenström (Eds.), Historical monetary and financial statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices, and wages, 1277–2008 (pp. 453–478). Stockholm: Sveriges Riksbank in cooperation with Ekerlids Förlag.
   Google Scholar
• van Zanden, J. L. (1999). Wages and the standard of living in Europe, 1500–1800. European Review of Economic History, 3(2), 175–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Zanden, J. L. (2009). The skill premium and the ‘great divergence’. European Review of Economic History, 13(1), 121–153.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, J. G. (1999). Real wages, inequality and globalisation in Latin America before 1940. Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 17(S1), 101–142.
   Google Scholar
• Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. W. K. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar