Effect of processing on the disappearance of pesticide residues in fresh-cut lettuce: Bioavailability and dietary risk

References

• Codex Alimentarius. Commission. List of maximum residue limits for pesticides in food and animal feeds, Part-1. 2013. Joint FAO/WHO food standard program.
   Google Scholar
• EU Pesticides Database. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/public/?event=homepage&language=EN. 2016. (Accessed Oct 09, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Amvrazi, E. G. Fate of pesticide residues on raw agricultural crops after postharvest storage and food processing to edible portions. In Pesticides-Formulations, Effect, Fate; Stoytcheva, M., Ed.; In Tech: Rijeka, Croatia, 2011, 575–594; ISBN 9789533075327.
   Google Scholar
• Aguilera, A.; Valverde, A.; Camacho, F.; Boulaid, M.; García-Fuentes, L. Hosehold processing factors of acinatrhin, fipronil, kresoxym-methyl and pyridaben residues in greens beans. Food Control. 2014, 35, 146–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling, Y.; Wang, H.; Yong, W.; Zhang, F.; Sun, L.; Yang, M. L.; Chu, X. G. The effects of washing and cooking on chlorpyrifos and its toxic metabolites in vegetables. Food Control. 2011, 22, 54–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahammed Shabeer, T. P.; Banerjee, K.; Jadhav, M.; Girame, R.; Utture, S.; Hingmire, S.; Oulkar, D. Residue dissipation and processing factor for dimtethomorph, famoxadone and cymoxanil during raisin preparation. Food Chem. 2015, 170, 180–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, T.; Naseema, B. S.; Xavier, G.; Pratheesh, K. N.; George, J. Dissipation kinetics and assessment of processing factor for chlorpiryfos and lambda-cyahalotrin in cardamom. Environ. Monit Assess. 2012, 185, 5277–5284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howang, K.-W.; Bang, W.-S.; Hyeong-Wook, J.; Moon, J.-K. Dissipation and removal of the etofenprox residue during processing in sprin onion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015, 63, 6675–6680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO. Updating the Principles and Methods of Risk Assessment: MRLs for Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs; FAO: Rome, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Payá, P.; Oliva, J.; Zafrilla, P.; Cámara, M. A.; Barba, A. Bioavaility of insect growth regulator residues in citrus. Ecotoxicology. 2009, 18, 1137–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreda-Pineiro, J.; Moreda-Pineiro, A.; Romaris-Hortas, V.; Domínguez-González, R.; Alonso-Rodríguez, E.; López-Mahia, P.; Muniategui-Lorenzo, S.; Prada-Rodríguez, D.; Bermejo-Barrera, P. Trace metals in marine foodstuff: bioavailability estimation and effect of major food constituents. Food Chem. 2012, 134, 339–345.
   Google Scholar
• Granby, K.; Petersen, A.; Hermann, S. S.; Poulse, M. E. Levels of pesticides in food and food safety aspects. In Analysis of Pesticides in Food and Environmental samples; Tadeo, J. L., Ed.; CRC Press: BocaRaton, 2008, 287–318; ISBN: 9780849375521.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, B. H.; Petersen, A.; Nielsen, E.; Christensen, T.; Poulsen, M. E.; Andersen, J. H. Cumulative dietary exposure to the population of denmark to pesticides. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2015, 83, 300–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehotay, S. J.; Cook, J. M. Sampling and sample processing in pesticides residues. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015, 63, 4395–4404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehotay, S. J.; Mastovska, K.; Lightfield, A. R. Use of buffering and other means to improve results of problematic pesticides in a fast and easy methods for residue analysis of fruits and vegetables. J. AOAC Inter. 2005, 88, 615–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payá, P.; Anastassiades, M.; Mack, D.; Sigalova, I.; Tasdelen, B.; Oliva, J.; Barba, A. Analysis of pesticide residues using the quick easy cheap effective rugge and safe (QuEChERS) pesticide method in combination with gas and liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometric detection. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 389, 1697–1714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliva, J.; Cermeño, S.; Camara, M..A.; Martínez, G.; Barba, A. Disappearance of six pesticides in fresh and processed zucchini, bioavalilability and health risk assessment. Food Chem. 2017, 229, 172–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. Document SANTE/11945/2015. Guidance Document on Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticides Residues Analysis in Food and Feed; European Commission. Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety: Brussels, 2015
   Google Scholar
• Payá, P.; Mulero, J.; Oliva, J.; Cámara, M. A.; Barba, A. Influence of the matrix in bioavailability of flufenoxuron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb residues in grapes and wine. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013, 60, 419–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, R. M.; Scholze, M.; Kortenkamp, A. Examining the feasibility of mixture risk assessment: A case study using a tiered approach with data of 67 pesticides from the joint FAO/WHO meeting on pesticide residues (JMPR). Food Chem. Toxicol. 2015, 84, 260−269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T.; Zhang, C.; Peng, J.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, X.; Xiao, H.; Sun, K.; Pan, L.; Liu, X.; Tu, K. Residual behaviors of six pesticides in shiitake from cultivation to postharvest drying process and risk assessment. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2016, 64, 8977−8985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA. European Food Safety Authority. Guidance on the use of probabilistic methodology for modelling dietary exposure to pesticide residues. EFSA J. 2012, 10(10), 2839, 95 pp. http://www.efsa.europa.eu (accesed Oct 06, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• MAGRAMA. Base de datos consumo de hogares. enero-diciembre, 2014. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/alimentacion/temas/consumo-y-comercializacion-y-distribucion-alimentaria/panel-de-consumo-alimentario/base-de-datos-de-consumo-en-hogares (accessed Oct 10, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Codex Alimentarius Commission. Guidelines for the simple evaluation of dietary exposure to food additives. (CAC/GL 3–1989). 2014. Revision 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Aguilera, A.; Valverde, A.; Camacho, F.; Boulaid, M.; García-Fuentes, L. Effect of household and unit to unit variability of azoxystrobin, acrinathrin and kresoxym-methyl residues in zucchini. Food Control. 2012, 25, 594–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saber, A. N.; Malhat, F. M.; Badaway, H. M. A.; Barakat, D. A. Dissipation dynamic, residue distribution and processing factor of hexythiazox in strayberry fruits under open filed condition. Food Chem. 2016, 196, 1108–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar