The greenhouse work environment: a modifier of occupational pesticide exposure?

References

• Hadley, D. Controlled Environment Horticulture Industry Potential in NSW. University of New England: Armidale, Australia, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• New South Wales Government Department of Primary Industries. Greenhouse Horticulture. 2018. [cited 2018, 22 Nov.]; Available at https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/greenhouse.
   Google Scholar
• MarketsandMarkets Research Private Ltd. Smart Greenhouse Market worth 2.28 Billion USD by 2023 [Press release]. 2018. Available at https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/smart-greenhouse.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Garzia, N. A.; Spinelli, J. J.; Gotay, C. C.; Teschke, K. Literature Review: dermal Monitoring Data for Pesticide Exposure Assessment of Farm Workers. J. Agromed. 2018, 23, 187–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fustinoni, S.; Campo, L.; Liesivuori, J.; Pennanen, S.; Vergieva, T.; van Amelsvoort, L.; Bosetti, C.; Van Loveren, H.; Colosio, C. Biological Monitoring and Questionnaire for Assessing Exposure to Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates in a Multicenter European Field Study. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2008, 27, 681–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsatsakis, A. M.; Tzatzarakis, M. N.; Tutudaki, M. Pesticide Levels in Head Hair Samples of Cretan Population as an Indicator of Present and past Exposure. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008, 176, 67–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander, F.; Lings, S. Variation in Plasma Cholinesterase Activity among Greenhouse Workers, Fruitgrowers, and Slaughtermen. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1991, 48, 164–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lambert, M.; Richardson, J.; Grimbuhler, S. Pesticide Exposure and Sprayer's Task Goals: comparison between Vineyards and Greenhouses. Work 2012, 41(Suppl 1), 4995–5002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Illing, H. P. A. Is Working in Greenhouses Healthy? Evidence concerning the Toxic Risks That Might Affect Greenhouse Workers. Occup. Med. 1997, 47, 281–293.
   Google Scholar
• Negatu, B.; Kromhout, H.; Mekonnen, Y.; Vermeulen, R. Occupational Pesticide Exposure and Respiratory Health: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study in Three Commercial Farming Systems in Ethiopia. Thorax 2017, 72, 498.1–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanssen, V. M.; Nigatu, A. W.; Zeleke, Z. K.; Moen, B. E.; Bratveit, M. High Prevalence of Respiratory and Dermal Symptoms among Ethiopian Flower Farm Workers. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 2015, 70, 204–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, C.; Silva, S.; Coelho, P.; Roma-Torres, J.; Teixeira, J. P.; Mayan, O. Micronucleus Analysis in a Portuguese Population Exposed to Pesticides: Preliminary Survey. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2007, 210, 415–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abell, A.; Juul, S.; Bonde, J. P. Time to Pregnancy among Female Greenhouse Workers. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health 2000, 26, 131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herńndez, A. F.; Mackness, B.; Rodrigo, L.; López, O.; Pla, A.; Gil, F.; Durrington, P. N.; Pena, G.; Parrón, T.; Serrano, J. L.; Mackness, M. I. Paraoxonase Activity and Genetic Polymorphisms in Greenhouse Workers with Long Term Pesticide Exposure. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2003, 22, 565–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurewicz, J.; Kouimintzis, D.; Burdorf, A.; Hanke, W.; Chatzis, C.; Linos, A. Occupational Risk Factors for Work-Related Disorders in Greenhouse Workers. J. Public Health 2007, 15, 265–277.
   Google Scholar
• Illing, H. P. A. Review: The Management of Pesticide Exposure in Greenhouses. Indoor Built Environ. 1997, 6, 254–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Adelaide. Is Work Making You Sick? Current and Emerging Risks. Inaugural Lectures, University of Adelaide; 2014. [cited 2019, 1 Feb.]; Available at https://blogs.adelaide.edu.au/inaugural-lecture/2014/07/22/is-work-making-you-sick-current-and-emerging-risks/.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, P.; Chen, C.; Mustard, C.; Hogg-Johnson, S.; Tompa, E. The Relationship between Worker, Occupational and Workplace Characteristics and Whether an Injury Requires Time off Work: A Matched Case-Control Analysis in Ontario, Canada. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2015, 58, 402–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraldstad, A. M. B.; Christophersen, E. Chapter 5: Literature Searches and Reference Management. In Research in Medical and Biological Sciences, 2nd Ed., Laake, P.; Benestad, H. B.; and Olsen, B. R. Eds.; Academic Press: Amsterdam, 2015; 125–165.
   Google Scholar
• Archibald, B. A.; Solomon, K. R.; Stephenson, G. R. Survey of Pesticide Use by Ontario Greenhouse Chrysanthemum Producers. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1994, 53, 486–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesmes-Fabian, C.; Binder, C. R. Pesticide Flow Analysis to Assess Human Exposure in Greenhouse Flower Production in Colombia. IJERPH. 2013, 10, 1168–1185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurewicz, J.; Hanke, W.; Sobala, W.; Ligocka, D. Assessment of the Dermal Exposure to Azoxystrobin among Women Tending Cucumbers in Selected Polish Greenhouses after Restricted Entry Intervals Expired - the Role of the Protective Gloves. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2009, 22, 261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurewicz, J.; Hanke, W.; Makowiec-Dąbrowska, T.; Sobala, W. Exposure to Pesticides and Heavy Work in Greenhouses during Pregnancy: does It Effect Birth Weight? Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2005, 78, 418–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tielemans, E.; Bretveld, R.; Schinkel, J.; Van Wendel De Joode, B.; Kromhout, H.; Gerritsen-Ebben, R.; Roeleveld, N.; Preller, L. Exposure Profiles of Pesticides among Greenhouse Workers: Implications for Epidemiological Studies. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2007, 17, 501–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esechie, J. O.; Ibitayo, O. O. Pesticide Use and Related Health Problems among Greenhouse Workers in Batinah Coastal Region of Oman. J. Forensic Leg. Med. 2011, 18, 198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, M. G.; Colasso, C. G.; Monteiro, P. P.; Filho, W. R. P.; Yonamine, M. Occupational Safety and Health Practices among Flower Greenhouses Workers from Alto Tietê Region (Brazil). Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 416, 121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander, F.; Pike, E.; Hinke, K.; Brock, A.; Nielsen, J. B. Anti-Cholinesterase Agents Uptake during Cultivation of Greenhouse Flowers. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1992, 22, 159–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayo-Mitoko, G. J. A.; Kromhout, H.; Karumba, P. N.; Boleij, J. S. M. Identification of Determinants of Pesticide Exposure among Kenyan Agricultural Workers Using Empirical Modelling. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1999, 43, 519–525.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machera, K.; Tsakirakis, A.; Charistou, A.; Anastasiadou, P.; Glass, C. R. Dermal Exposure of Pesticide Applicators as a Measure of Coverall Performance under Field Conditions. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2009, 53, 573–584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Jaghbir, M. T.; Salhab, A. S.; Hamarsheh, F. A. Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to Dimethoate. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1992, 22, 358–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprea, C.; Centi, L.; Lunghini, L.; Banchi, B.; Forti, M. A.; Sciarra, G. Evaluation of Respiratory and Cutaneous Doses of Chlorothalonil during Re-Entry in Greenhouses. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002, 778, 131–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenstein, G. A.; Hughes, E. A.; March, H.; Rojic, G.; Zalts, A.; Montserrat, J. M. Pesticide Potential Dermal Exposure during the Manipulation of Concentrated Mixtures at Small Horticultural and Floricultural Production Units in Argentina: The Formulation Effect. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 472, 509–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H.; Kim, J. H. Risk and Exposure Assessment for Agricultural Workers during Treatment of Cucumber with the Fungicide Fenarimol in Greenhouses. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2018, 61, 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos, L. M.; Querejeta, G. A.; Flores, A. P.; Hughes, E. A.; Zalts, A.; Montserrat, J. M. Potential Dermal Exposure in Greenhouses for Manual Sprayers: analysis of the Mix/Load, Application and Re-Entry Stages. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 4062–4068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprea, C.; Sciarra, G.; Lunghini, L.; Centi, L.; Ceccarelli, F. Evaluation of Respiratory and Cutaneous Doses and Urinary Excretion of Alkylphosphates by Workers in Greenhouses Treated with Omethoate, Fenitrothion, and Tolclofos-Methyl. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 2001, 62, 87–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin-Ok, C.; Jitsunari, F.; Asakawa, F.; Suna, S.; Manabe, Y.; Takeda, N. Study on Biological Monitoring of Fenpropathrin Exposure in Application by Utilizing Urinary 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid Level. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 1998, 2, 145–150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aprea, C.; Sciarra, G.; Sartorelli, P.; Ceccarelli, F.; Centi, L. Multiroute Exposure Assessment and Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of Fenitrothion during Manual Operations on Treated Ornamental Plants in Greenhouses. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1999, 36, 490–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer, R.; van Maarleveld, K.; Ravensberg, L.; Meuling, W.; de Kort, W.; van Hemmen, J. J. Skin Contamination, Airborne Concentrations, and Urinary Metabolite Excretion of Propoxur during Harvesting of Flowers in Greenhouses. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1993, 24, 593–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard, M.; Carrier, G.; Brunet, R. C.; Dumas, P.; Noisel, N. Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Organophosphorus Insecticides in a Group of Horticultural Greenhouse Workers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2006, 50, 505–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vreede, J. A.; Den Boeft, J.; Van Hemmen, J. J. Exposure to Methyl Bromide during Greenhouse Fumigation on Crete, Greece. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1998, 35, 539–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomainen, A.; Kangas, J. A.; Meuling, W. J. A.; Glass, R. C. Monitoring of Pesticide Applicators for Potential Dermal Exposure to Malathion and Biomarkers in Urine. Toxicol. Lett. 2002, 134, 125–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomainen, A.; Makinen, M.; Glass, R.; Kangas, J. Potential Exposure to Pesticides in Nordic Greenhouses. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2002, 69, 342–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marín, A.; Martínez Vidal, J. L.; Egea Gonzalez, F. J.; Garrido Frenich, A.; Glass, C. R.; Sykes, M. Assessment of Potential (Inhalation and Dermal) and Actual Exposure to Acetamiprid by Greenhouse Applicators Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2004, 804, 269–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ergonen, A. T.; Salacin, S.; Ozdemir, M. H. Pesticide Use among Greenhouse Workers in Turkey. J. Clin. Forensic Med. 2005, 12, 205–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Remoundou, K.; Brennan, M.; Sacchettini, G.; Panzone, L.; Butler-Ellis, M. C.; Capri, E.; Charistou, A.; Chaideftou, E.; Gerritsen-Ebben, M. G.; Machera, K.; et al. Perceptions of Pesticides Exposure Risks by Operators, Workers, Residents and Bystanders in Greece, Italy and the UK. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 505, 1082–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasiotis, K. M.; Tsakirakis, A. N.; Richard Glass, C.; Charistou, A. N.; Anastassiadou, P.; Gerritsen-Ebben, R.; Machera, K. Assessment of Field Re-Entry Exposure to Pesticides: A Dislodgeable Foliar Residue Study. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 596–597, 178–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestres, R.; Francois, C.; Causse, C.; Vian, L.; Winnett, G. Survey of Exposure to Pesticides in Greenhouses. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1985, 35, 750–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsakirakis, A. N.; Kasiotis, K. M.; Anastasiadou, P.; Charistou, A. N.; Gerritsen-Ebben, R.; Glass, C. R.; Machera, K. Determination of Pesticide Dermal Transfer to Operators and Agricultural Workers through Contact with Sprayed Hard Surfaces. Pest Manag. Sci. 2018, 74, 2858–2863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machera, K.; Kapetanakis, E.; Charistou, A.; Goumenaki, E.; Glass, R. C. Evaluation of Potential Dermal Exposure of Pesticide Spray Operators in Greenhouses by Use of Visible Tracers. J. Environ. Sci. Health. B. 2002, 37, 113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouvier, G.; Blanchard, O.; Momas, I.; Seta, N. Environmental and Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides: Application to Occupationally and Non-Occupationally Exposed Adult Populations. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2006, 16, 417–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, X.; Ji, X.; Jiang, J.; Wang, Y.; Wu, C.; Zhao, X. Potential Dermal Exposure and Risk Assessment for Applicators of Chlorothalonil and Chlorpyrifos in Cucumber Greenhouses in China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2015, 21, 972–985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byoun, J. Y.; Choi, H.; Moon, J. K.; Park, H. W.; Liu, K. H.; Ihm, Y. B.; Park, B. S.; Kim, J. H. Risk Assessment of Human Exposure to Methidathion during Harvest of Cucumber in Green House. J. Toxicol. Pub. Health 2005, 21, 297–301.
   Google Scholar
• Roff, M. The Short-Term Protective Effects of ‘Non-PPE’ Gloves Used by Greenhouse Workers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2015, 59, 1044–1057.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stamper, J. H.; Nigg, H. N.; Mahon, W. D.; Nielsen, A. P.; Royer, M. D. Pesticide Exposure to a Greenhouse Drencher. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1989, 42, 209–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomainen, A.; Kangas, J.; Liesivuori, J.; Manninen, A. Biological Monitoring of Deltamethrin Exposure in Greenhouses. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Heath. 1996, 69, 62–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houbraken, M.; Bauweraerts, I.; Fevery, D.; Van Labeke, M. C.; Spanoghe, P. Pesticide Knowledge and Practice among Horticultural Workers in the Lâm Đồng Region, Vietnam: A Case Study of Chrysanthemum and Strawberries. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 550, 1001–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander, F.; Hinke, K. Indoor Application of anti-Cholinesterase Agents and the Influence of Personal Protection on Uptake. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1992, 22, 163–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, A. P.; Berenstein, G. A.; Hughes, E. A.; Zalts, A.; Montserrat, J. M. Pesticide Risk Assessment in Flower Greenhouses in Argentina: The Importance of Manipulating Concentrated Products. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 189, 222–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamis, Z.; Antal, A.; Füzesi, I.; Molnár, J.; Nagy, L.; Susán, M. Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Insecticides and Synthetic Pyrethroid. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Heath. 1985, 56, 299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer, R.; Marquart, H.; de Mik, G.; van Hemmen, J. J. Risk Assessment of Dermal Exposure of Greenhouse Workers to Pesticides after Re-Entry. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1992, 23, 273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capri, E.; Alberici, R.; Glass, C. R.; Minuto, G.; Trevisan, M. Potential Operator Exposure to Procymidone in Greenhouses. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 4443–4449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjugstad, N.; Torgrimsen, T. Operator Safety and Plant Deposits When Using Pesticides in Greenhouses. J. Agric. Engng. Res. 1996, 65, 205–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, H. N.; Stamper, J. H.; Easter, E.; DeJonge, J. O. Protection Afforded Greenhouse Pesticide Applicators by Coveralls: A Field Test. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1993, 25, 529–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprea, C.; Centi, L.; Santini, S.; Lunghini, L.; Banchi, B.; Sciarra, G. Exposure to Omethoate during Stapling of Ornamental Plants in Intensive Cultivation Tunnels: influence of Environmental Conditions on Absorption of the Pesticide. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2005, 49, 577–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprea, C.; Lunghini, L.; Banchi, B.; Peruzzi, A.; Centi, L.; Coppi, L.; Bogi, M.; Marianelli, E.; Fantacci, M.; Catalano, P.; et al. Evaluation of Inhaled and Cutaneous Doses of Imidacloprid during Stapling Ornamental Plants in Tunnels or Greenhouses. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2009, 19, 555–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprea, M. C.; Centi, L.; Lunghinim, L.; Banchi, B.; Bracalente, G.; Sciarra, G. Monitoring and Control of Exposure to Buprofezin in Greenhouses. Toxicol. Open Access 2016, 2, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Bouchard, M.; Carrier, G.; Brunet, R. C. Assessment of Absorbed Doses of Carbaryl and Associated Health Risks in a Group of Horticultural Greenhouse Workers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2007, 81, 355–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro Cano, M. L.; Martínez Vidal, J. L.; Egea González, F. J.; Martínez Galera, M. Gas Chromatographic Method for Assessing the Dermal Exposure of Greenhouse Applicators to Dimethoate and Malathion. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2001, 39, 345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenich, A. G.; Aguilera, P. A.; Gonzalez, F. E.; Castro Cano, M. L.; Martinez Galera, M.; Martinez Vidal, J. L.; Soler, M. Dermal Exposure to Pesticides in Greenhouses Workers: discrimination and Selection of Variables for the Design of Monitoring Programs. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2002, 80, 51–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez Vidal, J. L.; Egea González, F. J.; Frenich, A. G.; Galera, M. M.; Aguilera, P. A.; Carrique, E. L. Assessment of Relevant Factors and Relationships Concerning Human Dermal Exposure to Pesticides in Greenhouse Applications. Pest Manag. Sci. 2002, 58, 784–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuyttens, D.; Braekman, P.; Windey, S.; Sonck, B. Potential Dermal Pesticide Exposure Affected by Greenhouse Spray Application Technique. Pest Manag. Sci. 2009, 65, 781–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machera, K.; Goumenou, M.; Kapetanakis, E.; Kalamarakis, A.; Glass, C. R. Determination of Potential Dermal and Inhalation Operator Exposure to Malathion in Greenhouses with the Whole Body Dosimetry Method. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2003, 47, 61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rincon, V. J.; Paez, F. C.; Sanchez-Hermosilla, J. Potential Dermal Exposure to Operators Applying Pesticide on Greenhouse Crops Using Low-Cost Equipment. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 630, 1181–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kangas, J.; Laitinen, S.; Jauhiainen, A.; Savolainen, K. Exposure of Sprayers and Plant Handlers to Mevinphos in Finnish Greenhouses. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1993, 54, 150–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsakirakis, A. N.; Kasiotis, K. M.; Anastasiadou, P.; Machera, K. Determination of Operator Exposure Levels to Pesticides during Greenhouse Applications with New Type Multi-Nozzle Equipment and the Use of Two Different Protective Coverall Types. Hellenic Plant Protect. J. 2010, 3, 9–16.
   Google Scholar
• Meuling, W. J. A.; Franssen, A. C.; Brouwer, D. H.; Van Hemmen, J. J. The Influence of Skin Moisture on the Dermal Absorption of Propoxur in Human Volunteers: A Consideration for Biological Monitoring Practices. Sci. Total Environ. 1997, 199, 165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzilazarou, S. P.; Charizopoulos, E. T.; Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, E.; Economou, A. S. Dissipation of Three Organochlorine and Four Pyrethroid Pesticides Sprayed in a Greenhouse Environment during Hydroponic Cultivation of Gerbera. Pest Manag. Sci. 2004, 60, 1197–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva, J. P.; Da Silva, A. M. Comparative Study of the Dissipation of Triadimefon in Greenhouse and Field Conditions. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 1998, 66, 229–236.
   Google Scholar
• Guardino, X.; Obiols, J.; Rosell, M. G.; Farran, A.; Serra, C. Determination of Chlorpyrifos in Air, Leaves and Soil from a Greenhouse by Gas-Chromatography with Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detection, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A. 1998, 823, 91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doan Ngoc, K.; van den Berg, F.; Houbraken, M.; Spanoghe, P. Volatilisation of Pesticides after Application in Vegetable Greenhouses. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 505, 670–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer, D. H.; De Vreede, J. A. F.; Ravensberg, J. C.; Engel, R.; Van Hemmen, J. J. Dissipation of Aerosols from Greenhouse Air after Application of Pesticides Using a Low-Volume Technique. Implications for Safe Re-Entry. Chemosphere 1992, 24, 1157–1169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsoulas, N.; Boulard, T.; Tsiropoulos, N.; Bartzanas, T.; Kittas, C. Experimental and Modelling Analysis of Pesticide Fate from Greenhouses: The Case of Pyrimethanil on a Tomato Crop. Biosyst. Eng. 2012, 113, 195–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. W.; Lee, E. G.; Lee, T.; Lee, L. A.; Harper, M. Exposure to Chlorpyrifos in Gaseous and Particulate Form in Greenhouses: A Pilot Study. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2014, 11, 547–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebers, J.; Mattusch, P. Determination of Airborne Residues in Greenhouses after Application of Pesticides. Chemosphere 1996, 33, 1597–1607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machera, K.; Goumenou, M.; Kapetanakis, E.; Kalamarakis, E.; Glass, R. Determination of Potential Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Operators, following Spray Applications of the Fungicide Penconazole in Vineyards and Greenhouses. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 2001, 10, 464–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negatu, B.; Kromhout, H.; Mekonnen, Y.; Vermeulen, R. Use of Chemical Pesticides in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Farmers and Farm Workers in Three Farming Systems. Annhyg. 2016, 60, 551–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Center for Agriculture Food and The Environmnet. Sprayers and Spray Application Techniques. 2018. [cited 2018 22 Nov]; Available from https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/fact-sheets/sprayers-spray-application-techniques.
   Google Scholar
• Lebailly, P.; Bouchart, V.; Baldi, I.; Lecluse, Y.; Heutte, N.; Gislard, A.; Malas, J. P. Exposure to Pesticides in Open-Field Farming in France. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2009, 53, 69–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park, E. K.; Hannaford-Turner, K.; Lee, H. J. Use of Personal Protective Equipment in Agricultural Workers under Hot and Humid Conditions. Ind. Health 2009, 47, 200–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gübbük, H.; Pekmezci, M.; Erkan, M. Production Potential of Cavendish Cultivars (Musa Spp. AAA) under Greenhouse and Field Conditions in Subtropical Areas of Turkey. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Sec. B. 2004, 54, 249–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández, A. F.; Casado, I.; Pena, G.; Gil, F.; Villanueva, E.; Pla, A. Low Level of Exposure to Pesticides Leads to Lung Dysfunction in Occupationally Exposed Subjects. Inhal. Toxicol. 2008, 20, 839–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesnage, R.; Defarge, N.; Spiroux de Vendômois, J.; Séralini, G.-E. Major Pesticides Are More Toxic to Human Cells than Their Declared Active Principles. BioMed. Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 1–179691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides: Hazard and Guidelines to Classification. World Health Organization (WHO), International program on Chemical Safety (IPCS), Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC): Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, C.; Surgan, M. Unidentified Inert Ingredients in Pesticides: implications for Human and Environmental Health. Environ. Health. Perspect. 2006, 114, 1803–1806.
   Google Scholar
• Houbraken, M.; Senaeve, D.; Dávila, E. L.; Habimana, V.; De Cauwer, B.; Spanoghe, P. Formulation Approaches to Reduce Post-Application Pesticide Volatilisation from Glass Surfaces. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 633, 728–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, T.; Vermeulen, R.; Brouwer, D. H.; Cherrie, J. W.; Kromhout, H.; Fogh, C. L. Conceptual Model for Assessment of Dermal Exposure. Occup. Environ. Med. 1999, 56, 765–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurosaki, H.; Ohmori, H.; Hamamoto, H.; Iwasaki, Y. Work Hours and Yield for Large-Scale Tomato Production in Japan. Paper presented at International Symposium on New Technologies for Environment Control, Energy-Saving and Crop Production in Greenhouse and Plant Factory (Greensys 2013). International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS): Leuven, Belgium; Jeju, Korea, 2014; 753–758.
   Google Scholar
• Van-Wendel-de-Joode, B.; Brouwer, D. H.; Vermeulen, R.; Van Hemmen, J. J.; Heederik, D.; Kromhout, H. DREAM: A Method for Semi-Quantitative Dermal Exposure Assessment. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2003, 47, 71–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macfarlane, E.; Carey, R.; Keegel, T.; El-Zaemay, S.; Fritschi, L. Dermal Exposure Associated with Occupational End Use of Pesticides and the Role of Protective Measures. Saf. Health Work 2013, 4, 136–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ismail, I.; Gaskin, S.; Pisaniello, D.; Edwards, J. W. Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure in Agriculture: effects of Temperature, Ultraviolet Light and Abrasion on PVC Gloves. Indus. Health 2018, 56, 166–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail, I. Occupational Exposure to Organophosphrous Pesticides: Exploratory Case Studies of Factors Influencing Glove Performance and Skin Penetration (Doctor of Philosophy). The University of Adelaide, Australia, 2016. Available from The University of Adelaide.
   Google Scholar
• Menon, G. K.; Cleary, G. W.; Lane, M. E. The Structure and Function of the Stratum Corneum. Int. J. Pharm. 2012, 435, 3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar