823
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Prejudice Reduction in University Programs for Older Adults

, &
Pages 164-190 | Published online: 13 Jan 2011

REFERENCES

  • Aberson , C. L. , & Haag , S. C. ( 2007 ). Contact, perspective taking, and anxiety as predictors of stereotype endorsement, explicit attitudes, and implicit attitudes . Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , 10 , 179 – 201 .
  • Aberson , C. L. , Healy , M. , & Romero , V. ( 2000 ). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 4 , 157 – 173 .
  • Allport , G. ( 1954 ). The nature of prejudice . Cambridge , MA : Addison-Wesley .
  • Amodio , D. M. , & Devine , P. G. ( 2006 ). Stereotyping and evaluation of implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 91 , 652 – 661 .
  • Bailey , P. E. , & Henry , J. D. ( 2008 ). Growing less empathic with age: Disinhibition of the self-perspective . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 63B , 219 – 226 .
  • Ballester , L. , Orte , C. , March , M. X. , & Oliver , J. L. ( 2005 ). The importance of socioeducational relationships in university programs for older adult students . Educational Gerontology , 3 ( 4 ), 253 – 261 .
  • Bargh , J. A. ( 1999 ). The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects . In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 361 – 382 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Bargh , J. A. ( 2005 ). Bypassing the will: Towards demystifing the nonconscious control of social behavior . In R. R. Hassin , J. S. Uleman , & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The new unconscious (pp. 37 – 60 ). New York , NY : Oxford Universty Press .
  • Basabe , N. ( 2006 ). Versión española del NEO-FFI [Spanish version of the NEO-FFI] . Unpublished manuscript . Bilbao , Basque Country : University of the Basque Country .
  • Batson , C. D. , Polycarpou , M. P. , Harmon-Jones , E. , Imhoff , H. J. , Mitchner , E. C. , Bednar , … Highberger , L. ( 1997 ). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 , 105 – 118 .
  • Blair , I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review , 6, 242–261.
  • Blair , I. V. , Ma , J. E. , & Lenton , A. P. ( 2001 ). Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 , 828 – 841 .
  • Bru , C. (Ed.) ( 2002 ). Los modelos marco en programas universitarios para personas mayores [Framework models in university programs for older adults] . Alicante , Spain : University of Alicante, VI Encuentro Nacional de programas universitaros para mayores .
  • Cabedo , S. , & Escuder , P. ( 2003 ). Programa universitario de formación para mayores [University training program for adults] . Castellón , Spain : Servei de Comunicació i Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I .
  • Castillo , J. L. A. ( 2005 ). Las metas en la reducción del prejuicio automático: experimentando la discrepancia [Goals in the reducation of automatic prejudice: Experiencing the discrepancy] . Psicothema , 17 , 71 – 75 .
  • Costa , P. T. , & McCrae , R. R. ( 2002 ). Inventario de Personalidad Neo Revisado [Revised NEO personality inventory] (NEO PI-R). Inventario Neo Reducido de Cinco Factores [NEO five factory inventory] (NEO-FFI) () , 2nd ed. . Madrid , Spain : TEA Ediciones .
  • Crisp , R. J. , & Hewstone , M. ( 2007 ). Multiple social categorization . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 39 , 163 – 254 .
  • Cuddy , A. J. C. , Norton , M. I. , & Fiske , S. T. ( 2005 ). This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype . Journal of Social Issues , 61 , 267 – 285 .
  • Dasgupta , N. ( 2004 ). Implicit ingroup favoritism, outgroup favoritism, and their behavioral manifestations . Social Justice Research , 17 , 143 – 169 .
  • Dasgupta , N. ( 2009 ). Mechanisms underlying the malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes: The role of automaticity and cognitive control . In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 267 – 284 ). New York , NY : Psychology Press .
  • Dasgupta , N. , & Greenwald , A. G. ( 2001 ). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 , 800 – 814 .
  • Devine , P. G. ( 1989 ). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 , 5 – 18 .
  • Devine , P. G. , & Sharp , L. B. ( 2009 ). Automaticity and control in stereotyping and prejudice . In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 61 – 87 ). New York , NY : Psychology Press .
  • Dijksterhuis , A. , Chartrand , T. L. , & Aarts , H. ( 2007 ). Effects of priming and perception on social behavior and goal pursuit . In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social psychology and the unconscious. The automaticity of higher mental processes (pp. 51 – 131 ). New York , NY : Psychology Press .
  • Dovidio , J. F. Brigham , J. C. Johnston , B. T. & Gaertner , S. L. ( 1996 ). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Another look . In C. N. Macrae , C. Stangor , & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 276 – 319 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Kawakami , K. , & Gaertner , S. L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82, 62–68.
  • Ekehammar , B. , & Akrami , N. ( 2003 ). The relation between personality and prejudice: A variable- and a person-centered approach . European Journal of Personality , 17 , 449 – 464 .
  • Ekehammar , B. , & Akrami , N. ( 2007 ). Personality and prejudice: From big five personality factors to facets . Journal of Personality , 75 ( 5 ), 899 – 925 .
  • Epley , N. , Keysar , B. , Van Boven , L. , & Gilovich , T. ( 2004 ). Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 87 , 327 – 339 .
  • Epley , N. , Morewedge , C. K. , & Keysar , B. ( 2004 ). Perspective taking in children and adults: Equivalent egocentrism but differential correction . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 40 , 760 – 768 .
  • Feather , N. T. , & McKee , I. R. ( 2008 ). Values and prejudice: Predictors of attitudes towards Australian Aborigines . Australian Journal of Psychology , 60 , 80 – 90 .
  • Fiske , S. T. ( 2000 ). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: Evolution, culture, mind, and brain . European Journal of Social Psychology , 30 , 299 – 322 .
  • Flynn , F. J. ( 2005 ). Having an open mind: The impact of openness to experience on interracial attitudes and impression formation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 , 816 – 826 .
  • Galinsky , A. D. ( 2002 ). Creating and reducing intergroup conflict: The role of perspective-taking in affecting outgroup evaluations . In N. M. A. Mannix , E. A. Mannix , & H. Sondak (Eds.), Toward phenomenology of groups and group membership (Vol. 4 , pp. 85 – 113 ). Greenwich , CT : JAI .
  • Galinsky , A. D. , & Ku , G. ( 2004 ). The effects of perspective-taking on prejudice: The moderating role of self-evaluation . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 , 594 – 604 .
  • Galinsky , A. D. , Ku , G. , & Wang , C. S. ( 2005 ). Perspective-taking and self-other overlap: Fostering social bonds and facilitating social coordination . Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , 8 , 109 – 124 .
  • Galinsky , A. D. , & Moskowitz , G. B. ( 2000 ). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 , 708 – 724 .
  • Galinsky , A. D. , Wang , C. S. , & Ku , G. ( 2008 ). Perspective-takers behave more stereotypically . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 95 , 404 – 419 .
  • García , M. C. , Navas , M. S. , Cuadrado , I. , & Molero , F. ( 2003 ). Inmigración y prejuicio: actitudes de una muestra de adolescentes almerienses [Immigration and prejudice: Attitudes from a sample of adolescents from Almeria] . Acción Psicológica , 2 , 137 – 147 .
  • García Garrido , J. L. , García Ruiz , M. J. , & Valle López , J. M. ( 2003 ). La formación de europeos [The education of Europeans] . Madrid , Spain : Academia Europea de Ciencias y Artes .
  • Gonsalkorale , K. , Sherman , J. W. , & Klauer , K. C. ( 2009 ). Aging and prejudice: Diminished regulation of automatic race bias among older adults . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 45 , 410 – 414 .
  • Greenwald , A. G. , Mcghee , D. E. , & Schwartz , J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74, 1464–1480.
  • Greenwald , A. G. , Nosek , B. A. , & Banaji , M. R. ( 2003 ). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 , 197 – 216 .
  • Greenwald , A. G. , Poehlman , T. A. , Uhlmann , E. L. , & Banaji , M. R. ( 2009 ). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 97 , 17 – 41 .
  • Henry , J. D. , von Hippel , W. , & Baynes , K. ( 2009 ). Social inappropriateness, executive control, and aging . Psychology and Aging , 24 , 239 – 244 .
  • Hernández , C. R. , & González , M. Z. ( 2008 ). Effects of intergenerational interaction on aging . Educational Gerontology , 34 , 292 – 305 .
  • Hewstone , M. ( 2000 ). Contact and categorization: Social psychological interventions to change intergroup relations . In C. Stangor (Ed.), Steretotypes and prejudice: Essential readings (pp. 394 – 418 ). New York , NY : Psychology Press .
  • Hillman , J. , & Martin , R. A. ( 2002 ). Lessons about gay and lesbian lives: A spaceship exercise . Teaching of Psychology , 29 , 308 – 311 .
  • Hodson , G. ( 2009 ). The puzzling person-situation schism in prejudice research . Journal of Research in Personality , 43 , 247 – 248 .
  • Jiménez , A. , & Palmero , C. ( 2007 ). New approaches to university in Spain: Academic change, creative dimensions and ethical commitment in the establishment of the European Higher Education Area . Journal of Educational Administration and History , 39 ( 3 ), 227 – 237 .
  • Jiménez Eguizábal , A. ( 2008 ). Repensar y construir el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Políticas, tendencias, escenarios y procesos de innovación [Rethink and construct the European Higher Education Area: Innovative policies, tendencies, scenarios, and processes] . Madrid , Spain : Dykinson .
  • Karpinski , A. ( 2004 ). Measuring self-esteem using the implicit Association Test: The role of the other . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 , 22 – 34 .
  • Kawakami , K. , Phills , C. E. , Steele , J. R. , & Dovidio , J. F. ( 2007 ). (Close) distance makes the heart grow fonder. Improving implicit racial attitudes and interracial interactions through approach behaviors . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 , 957 – 971 .
  • Kunda , Z. , & Spencer , S. J. ( 2003 ). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application . Psychological Bulletin , 129 , 522 – 544 .
  • McConahay , J. B. ( 1986 ). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale . In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91 – 125 ). Orlando , FL : Academic Press .
  • McConahay , J. B. , Hardee , B. B. , & Batts , V. ( 1981 ). Has racism declined in America? It depends upon who is asking and what is asked . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 25 , 563 – 579 .
  • Nelson , T. D. ( 2008 ). The young science of prejudice against older adults: Established answers and open questions about ageism . In E. Borgida & S. Fiske (Ed.), Beyond common sense: Psychological science in the courtroom (pp. 45 – 61 ). Malden , MA : Blackwell .
  • Nosek , B. A. , Greenwald , A. G. , & Banaji , M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 31, 166–180.
  • Nosek , B. A. , Greenwald , A. G. , & Banaji , M. R. ( 2007 ). The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review . In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social psychology and the unconscious. The automaticity of higher mental processes (pp. 265 – 292 ). New York , NY : Psychology Press .
  • Olson , M. A. , & Fazio , R. H. ( 2003 ). Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring? Psychological Science , 14 , 636 – 639 .
  • Olson , M. A. , & Fazio , R. H. ( 2006 ). Reducing automatically activated racial prejudice through implicit evaluative conditioning . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 , 421 – 433 .
  • Orte , C. , Ballester , L. , & Touza , C. ( 2004 ). University programs for seniors in Spain: Analysis and perspectives . Educational Gerontology , 30 , 315 – 328 .
  • Orte , C. , & Gambús , M. (Eds.) ( 2004 ). Los programas universitarios para mayores en la construcción del Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior [University programs for older adults in the construction of the European Higher Education Area] . Palma de Mallorca , Spain : Universitat de les Illes Balears .
  • Orte , C. (Coord) ( 2006 ). El aprendizaje a lo largo de toda la vida. Los programas universitarios de mayores [Lifelong learning: University programs for older adults] . Madrid , Spain : Universitat de les Illes Balears, Dykinson .
  • Palacios , C. S. , Torres , M. V. T. , & Mena , M. J. B. ( 2009 ). Negative aging stereotypes and their relation with psychosocial variables in the elderly population . Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics , 48 , 385 – 390 .
  • Palmero , C. ( 2008 ). Formación Universitaria de Personas Mayores y promoción de la autonomía personal. Políticas socioeducativas, metodologías e innovaciones [University education for older adults and the promotion of personal autonomy: Socioeducational policies, methodology, and innovations] . Burgos , Spain : Universidad de Burgos .
  • Palmero , C. , & Jiménez , A. ( 2008 ). The quality of university programs for older people in Spain: Innovations, tendencies and ethics in the face of active ageing and the European Higher Education Area . Educational Gerontology , 44 ( 4 ), 328 – 354 .
  • Paluck , E. L. , & Green , D. P. ( 2009 ). Prejudice reduction: What works? A review and assessment of research and practice . Annual Review of Psychology , 60 , 339 – 367 .
  • Payne , B. K. , & Stewart , B. D. ( 2007 ). Automatic and controlled components of social cognition: A process dissociation approach . In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social psychology and the unconscious. The automaticity of higher mental processes (pp. 293 – 315 ). New York , NY : Psychology Press .
  • Pettigrew , T. F. ( 2006 ). A two-level approach to anti-immigrant prejudice and discrimination . In R. Mahalingam (Ed.), Cultural psychology of immigrants (pp. 95 – 112 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Pettigrew , T. F. (2008). Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 32, 187–199.
  • Pettigrew , T. F. , & Tropp , L. R. ( 2005 ). Allport's Intergroup Contact Hypothesis: Its history and influence . In J. F. Dovidio , P. Glick , & L. A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 36 – 53 ). Malden , MA : Blackwell .
  • Pettigrew , T. F. , & Tropp , L. R. ( 2006 ). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 90 , 751 – 783 .
  • Pettigrew , T. F. , & Tropp , L. R. ( 2008 ). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators . European Journal of Social Psychology , 38 , 922 – 934 .
  • Quillian , L. ( 2006 ). New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination . Annual Review of Sociology , 32 , 299 – 328 .
  • Quillian , L. ( 2008 ). Does unconscious racism exist? Social Psychology Quarterly , 71 , 6 – 11 .
  • Radvansky , G. A. , Lynchard , N. A. , & von Hippel , W. ( 2009 ). Aging and stereotype suppression . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 16 , 22 – 32 .
  • Rudman , L. A. , Ashmore , R. D. , & Gary , M. L. ( 2001 ). “Unlearning” automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 , 856 – 868 .
  • Schneider , D. J. ( 2004 ). The psychology of stereotyping . New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Schutz , H. , & Six , B. ( 1996 ). How strong is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? A meta-analytic answer . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 20 , 441 – 462 .
  • Schwartz , S. H. ( 1992 ). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries . In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 25 , (pp. 1 – 65 ). New York , NY : Academic .
  • Schwartz , S. H. ( 1994 ). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues , 50 , 19 – 45 .
  • Schwartz , S. H. , Melech , G. , Lehmann , A. , Burgess , S. , & Harris , M. ( 2001 ). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different measure of measurement . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 32 , 519 – 542 .
  • Sibley , C. , & Duckitt , J. ( 2008 ). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 12 , 248 – 279 .
  • Stephan , W. G. , & Stephan , C. W. ( 2001 ). Improving intergroup relations . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Stewart , B. D. , von Hippel , W. , & Radvansky , G. A. ( 2009 ). Age, race, and implicit prejudice: Using process dissociation to separate the underlying components . Psychological Science , 20 , 164 – 168 .
  • Strabac , Z. , & Listhaug , O. ( 2008 ). Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: A multilevel analysis of survey data from 30 countries . Social Science Research , 37 , 268 – 286 .
  • Vescio , T. K. , Sechrist , G. B. , & Paolucci , M. P. ( 2003 ). Perspective taking and prejudice reduction: The mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attribution . European Journal of Social Psychology , 33 , 455 – 472 .
  • von Hippel , W. , Silver , L. A. , & Lynch , M. E. ( 2000 ). Stereotyping against your will: The role of inhibitory ability in stereotyping and prejudice among the elderly . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 , 523 – 532 .
  • Weyant , J. M. (2007). Perspective taking as a means of reducing negative stereotyping of individuals who speak English as a second language. Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 37, 703–716.
  • Wheeler , S. C. , & Petty , R. E. ( 2001 ). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms . Psychological Bulletin , 127 , 797 – 826 .
  • Wittenbrink , B. , Judd , C. M. , & Park , B. ( 2001 ). Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 , 815 – 827 .
  • Wittenbrink , B. , & Schwartz , N. (Eds.). ( 2007 ). Implicit measures of attitudes . New York , NY : Guilford .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.