LOGICAL INFERENCE SKILLS IN ADULT READING COMPREHENSION: EFFECTS OF AGE AND FORMAL EDUCATION

REFERENCES

• Allen , J. 1985 . Inferential comprehension: The effects of text source, decoding ability, and mode . Reading Research Quarterly , 20 : 603 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alverman , D. E. , Smith , L. C. and Readence , J. E. 1985 . Prior knowledge activation and the comprehension of compatible and incompatible text . Reading Research Quarterly , 20 : 420 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum , J.E. and Jarvik , L. F. 1974 . Intellectual performance of octogenarians as a function of education and initial ability . Human Development , 17 : 364 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braine , M. D. S. and Rumain , B. 1983 . “ Logical reasoning ” . In Handbook of child psychology Edited by: Flavell , J. H. and Markman , E. M. vol. 3 , 263 – 340 . Cognitive development)
   Google Scholar
• Breslow , L. 1981 . Reevaluation of the literature on the development of transitive inferences . Psychological Bulletin , 89 : 325 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , D. M. and Light , L. L. 1981 . Memory and aging: The role of retrieval process . Psychological Bulletin , 90 : 513 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrnes , J. P. and Overton , W. F. 1986 . Reasoning about certainty and uncertainty in concrete, causal, and propositional contexts . Developmental Psychology , 22 : 793 – 799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnine , D. W. , Kameenui , E. J. and Woolfson , N. 1982 . Training of textual dimensions related to text‐based inferences . Journal of Reading Behavior , 14 : 335 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casteel , M. A. 1993 . Effects of inference necessity and reading goal on children's inferential generation . Developmental Psychology , 29 : 346 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casteel , M. A. and Simpson , G. B. 1991 . Textual coherence and the development of inferential generation skills . Journal of Research in Reading , 14 : 116 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , G. 1979 . Language comprehension in old age . Cognitive Psychology , 11 : 412 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , G. 1981 . Inferential reasoning in old age . Cognition , 9 : 59 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commons , M. L. , Richards , F. S. and Armon , C. , eds. 1984 . Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Davey , B. and Macready , G. B. 1985 . Prerequisite relations among inference tasks for good and poor readers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 77 : 539 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias , M. G. and Harris , P. L. 1988 . The effect of make‐believe play on deductive reasoning . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 6 : 207 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias , M. G. and Harris , P. L. 1990 . The influence of the imagination on reasoning by young children . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 8 : 305 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , R. A. and Bäckman , L. 1993 . “ Reading and memory for prose in adulthood: Issues of expertise and compensation ” . In Reading across the life span , Edited by: Yussen , S. R. and Smith , M. C. 193 – 213 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Fincher‐Kiefer , R. 1992 . The role of prior knowledge in inferential processing . Journal of Research in Reading , 15 : 12 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Franks , B. A. 1996 . Deductive reasoning in narrative contexts: Developmental trends and reading skill effects . Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs , 122 : 76 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Franks , B. A. in press . Deductive reasoning with prose passages: Effects of age, inference form, prior knowledge, and reading skill . International Journal of Behavioral Development ,
   Google Scholar
• Franks , B. A. , Mulhern , S. L. and Schillinger , S. M. 1997 . Reasoning in a reading context: Deductive inferences in basal reading series Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Gilinsky , A. S. and Ehrlich , M. F. 1989 . “ Logic, belief, working memory, and age ” . In Cognition in individual and social contexts , Edited by: Bennett , A. F. and McConkey , K. M. 283 – 293 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Gilinsky , A. S. and Judd , B. B. 1994 . Working memory and bias in reasoning across the life span . Psychology and Aging , 9 : 356 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonda , J. 1980 . Relationship between formal education and cognitive functioning: A historical perspective . Educational Gerontology , 5 : 283 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , S. K. and Clark , W. C. 1974 . Application of signal detection theory to prose recall and recognition in elderly and young adults . Journal of Gerontology , 29 : 64 – 72 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graesser , A. C and Kreuz , R. J. 1993 . A theory of inference generation during text comprehension . Discourse Processes , 16 : 145 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granick , S. and Friedman , A. S. 1973 . Effect of education on decline of psychometric test performance with age . Journal of Gerontology , 22 : 191
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. F. 1969 . Age‐intelligence relationships between ages sixteen and sixty‐four: A rising trend . Developmental Psychology , 1 : 618 – 627 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , J. 1981 . The effects of inference training and practice on young children's reading comprehension . Reading Research Quarterly , 16 : 391 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , J. and Pearson , P. D. 1983 . An instructional study: Improving the inferential comprehension of good and poor fourth‐grade readers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 75 : 821 – 829 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , J. , Pea , R. D. , Glick , J. and Scribner , S. 1984 . “Merds that laugh don't like mushrooms”: Evidence for deductive reasoning by preschoolers . Developmental Psychology , 20 : 584 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildyard , A. 1979 . Children's production of inferences from oral texts . Discourse Processes , 2 : 33 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Hildyard , A. and Olson , D. R. 1978 . Memory and inference in the comprehension of oral and written discourse . Discourse Processes , 1 : 91 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Hooper , J. O. , Hooper , F. H. , Colbert , K. and McMahan , R. 1986 . Cognition, memory, and personality in elderly adults . Educational Gerontology , 12 : 219 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultsch , D. E and Dixon , R. A. 1984 . “ Memory for text materials in adulthood ” . In Life‐span development and behavior , Edited by: Baltes , P. B. and Brim , O. G. Jr. vol. 6 , 77 – 108 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. D. and Kemper , S. 1993 . Age differences in summarizing descriptive and procedural . texts. Experimental Aging Research , 19 : 39 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson‐Laird, P. N . 1983 . Mental models , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Just , M. A. and Carpenter , P. A. 1992 . A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory . Psychological Review , 99 : 122 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavale , K. and Schreiner , R. 1979 . The reading processes of above average and average readers: A comparison of the use of reasoning strategies in responding to standardized comprehension measures . Reading Research Quarterly , 15 : 102 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodroff , J. K. and Roberge , J. J. 1975 . Developmental analysis of the conditional reasoning abilities of primary‐grade children . Developmental Psychology , 11 : 21 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , D. 1977 . Conditional reasoning in children . Developmental Psychology , 13 : 342 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light , L. L. and Anderson , P. A. 1985 . Working‐memory capacity, age, and memory for discourse . Journal of Gerontology , 45 : 737 – 747 .
   Google Scholar
• Light , L. L. , Zelinski , E. M. and Moore , M. M. 1982 . Adult age differences in reasoning from new information . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 8 : 435 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipson , M. Y. 1982 . Learning new information from text: The role of prior knowledge and reading ability . Journal of Reading Behavior , 14 : 243 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipson , M. Y. 1983 . The influence of religious affiliation on children's memory for text information . Reading Research Quarterly , 18 : 448 – 457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovits , H. 1986 . Familiarity effects in conditional reasoning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 78 : 492 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovits , H. 1993 . The development of conditional reasoning: A Piagetian reformulation of mental models theory . Merrill‐Palmer Quarterly , 39 : 131 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovits , H. and Bouffard‐Bouchard , T. 1992 . The belief‐bias effect in reasoning: The development and activation of competence . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 10 : 269 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovits , H. and Nantel , G. 1989 . The belief‐bias effect in the production and evaluation of logical conclusions . Memory & Cognition , 17 : 11 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovits , H. and Vachon , R. 1989 . Reasoning with contrary‐to‐fact propositions . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 47 : 398 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConaughy , S. H. 1982 . Developmental changes in story comprehension and levels of questioning . Language Arts , 59 : 580 – 589 .
   Google Scholar
• McCormick , S. 1992 . Disabled readers’ erroneous responses to inferential comprehension questions: Description and analysis . Reading Research Quarterly , 27
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , B. J. F. Training use of top‐level structure in expository text: Increases in reading comprehension of young and old adults . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Reading Association . Anaheim, CA. May .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , B. J. F. and Rice , G. E. 1981 . Information recalled from prose by young, middle, and old adults . Experimental Aging Research , 7 : 253 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , B. J. F. and Rice , G. E. 1983 . “ Learning and memory from text across the adult life span ” . In Developmental issues in discourse: Volume 10: Advances in discourse processes , Edited by: Fine , J. and Freedle , R. O. 291 – 307 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , B. J. F. and Rice , G. E. 1989 . “ Prose processing in adulthood: The text, the reader and the task ” . In Everyday cognition in adult and later life , Edited by: Poon , L. W. , Rubin , D. C. and Wilson , B. A. 157 – 194 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , B. J. E , Young , C. J. and Bartlett , B. J. 1993 . “ Reading comprehension and the use of text structure across the life span ” . In Reading across the life span , Edited by: Yussen , S. R. and Smith , M. C. 165 – 191 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Moshman , D. 1990 . “ The development of metalogical understanding ” . In Reasoning, necessity, and logic: Development perspectives , Edited by: Overton , W. F. 205 – 225 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Moshman , D. and Franks , B. A. 1986 . Development of the concept of inferential validity . Child Development , 57 : 153 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehrke , M. F. 1972 . Age, sex, and educational differences in syllogistic reasoning . Journal of Gerontology , 27 : 466 – 470 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oakhill , J. V. and Johnson‐Laird , P. N. 1985 . Rationality, memory, and the search for counterexamples . Cognition , 20 : 79 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oakhill , J.V. , Johnson‐Laird , P. N. and Garnham , A. 1989 . Believability and syllogistic reasoning . Cognition , 31 : 117 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , M. W. 1985 . Text type and reader ability: The effects on paraphrase and text‐based inference questions . Journal of Reading Behavior , 17 : 199 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omanson , R. C. , Warren , W. H. and Trabasso , T. 1978 . Goals, inferential comprehension, and recall of stories by children . Discourse Processes , 1 : 337 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , P. D. , Hansen , J. and Gordon , C. 1979 . The effect of background knowledge on young children's comprehension of explicit and implicit information . Journal of Reading Behavior , 11 : 201 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , W. I. 1968 . Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Pitts , M. M. and Thompson , B. 1984 . Cognitive styles as mediating variables in inferential comprehension . Reading Research Quarterly , 19 : 426 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , G. E. and Meyer , B. J. F. 1985 . Reading behavior and prose recall performance of young and older adults with high and average verbal ability . Educational Gerontology , 11 : 57 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumain , B. , Connell , J. and Braine , M. D. S. 1983 . Conversational comprehension processes are responsible for reasoning fallacies in children as well as adults: IF is not the biconditional . Developmental Psychology , 19 : 471 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1990 . Working memory as a processing resource in cognitive . aging. Developmental Review , 10 : 101 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. and Strother , C. R. 1968 . A cross‐sequential study of age changes in cognitive behavior . Psychological Bulletin , 70 : 671 – 680 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , C. R. and Paris , S. R. 1983 . Children's use of successive clues to generate and monitor inferences . Child Development , 54 : 742 – 759 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , C. R. , Schmidt , S. R. and Tomalis , S. M. 1984 . Children's constructive processing and monitoring of stories containing anomalous information . Child Development , 55 : 2056 – 2071 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , L. 1994 . Working memory and reading: A life‐span perspective . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 17 : 109 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. C. 1993 . “ Change in reading ability and attitudes from childhood to adulthood: A life span perspective ” . In Reading across the life span , Edited by: Yussen , S. R. and Smith , M. C. 273 – 291 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Spilich , G. J. 1983 . Life‐span components of text processing: Structural and procedural differences . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 22 : 231 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and Cunningham , A. E. 1993 . Where does knowledge come from? Specific associations between print exposure and information acquisition . Journal of Educational Psychology , 85 : 211 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensen , M. S. , Joag‐Dev , C. and Anderson , R. C. 1979 . A cross‐cultural perspective on reading comprehension . Reading Research Quarterly , 15 : 10 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taft , M. L. and Leslie , L. 1985 . The effects of prior knowledge and oral reading accuracy on miscues and comprehension . Journal of Reading Behavior , 17 : 163 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taplin , J. E. and Staudenmayer , H. 1973 . Interpretation of abstract conditional sentences in deductive reasoning . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 12 : 530 – 542 .
   Google Scholar
• Taplin , J. E. , Staudenmayer , H. and Taddonio , J. L. 1974 . Developmental changes in conditional reasoning: linguistic or logical? . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 17 : 360 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub , H. A. 1979 . Comprehension and memory of prose by young and old adults . Experimental Aging Research , 2 : 469 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Taub , H. A. and Kline , G. E. 1978 . Recall of prose as a function of age and input modality . Journal of Gerontology , 33 : 725 – 730 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warren , W. H. , Nicholas , D. and Trabasso , T. 1979 . “ Event chains and inferences in understanding narratives ” . In New directions in discourse processing: Vol. 2: Advances in discourse processes , Edited by: Freedle , R. 22 – 52 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• West , R. R. , Stanovich , K. E. and Mitchell , H. R. 1993 . Reading in the real world and its correlates . Reading Research Quarterly , 28 : 34 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabrucky , K. , Moore , D. and Schultz , N. 1987 . Evaluation of comprehension in young and old adults . Developmental Psychology , 23 : 39 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelinski , E. M. , Light , L. L. and Gilewski , M. J. 1984 . Adult age differences in memory for prose: The question of sensitivity to passage structure . Developmental Psychology , 20 : 1181 – 1192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar