The Irrelevance of Equipoise

REFERENCES

• Ashcroft , R. 1999 . Equipoise, knowledge and ethics in clinical research and practice . Bioethics , 13 ( 3–4 ) : 314 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGrazia , D. 1995 . Value theory and the best interests standard . Bioethics , 9 : 50 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djulbegovic , B. and Clarke , M. 2001 . Scientific and ethical issues in equivalence trials . Journal of the American Medical Association , 285 : 1206 – 1208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , Emily L. and London , Alex J. 2006 . Equipoise and the criteria for Reasonable Action . Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , 34 : 441 – 50 . (No. 2, Summer 2006)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman , B. 1987 . Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research . New England Journal of Medicine , 317 ( 3 ) : 141 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried , C. 1974 . Medical Experimentation: Personal Integrity and Social Policy , New York : American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Gert , B. 1990 . Rationality, human nature, and lists . Ethics , 100 : 279 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford , F. 1995 . Community-equipoise and the ethics of randomized clinical trials . Bioethics , 9 ( 2 ) : 127 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford , F. 2000 . Freedman's clinical equipoise and sliding scale all-dimensions-considered equipoise . Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , 25 : 399 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford , F. 2007 . So called “clinical equipoise” and the argument from design . Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , 32 ( 2 ) : 135 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen , L. A. 2005 . A closer look at the bad deal trial: Beyond clinical equipoise . The Hastings Center Report , 35 ( 5 ) : 29 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , H. , London , A. J. and Mann , J. 2005 . Equipoise in the enhanced suppression of the platelet IIB/IIIB receptor with integrilin trail (ESPRIT): A critical appraisal . Clinical Trials , 2 : 233 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , F. G. and Brody , H. 2003 . A critique of clinical equipoise . The Hastings Center Report , 33 ( 3 ) : 19 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , F. G. and Brody , H. 2007 . Clinical equipoise and the incoherence of research ethics . Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , 32 ( 2 ) : 151 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parfit , D. 1984 . “ What makes someone's life go best ” . In Reasons and Persons , Oxford, UK : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pedroni , J. A. 1998 . Moral Problems in the Monitoring of Clinical Trial Data and Access to Interim Results , Ph.D. dissertation. Washington, DC : Georgetown University .
   Google Scholar
• Veatch , R. M. 1979 . “ Longitudinal studies, sequential design, and grant renewals: What to do with preliminary data ” . In IRB , 3 1– .
   Google Scholar
• Veatch , R. M. 1987 . The Patient as Partner—A Theory of Human-Experimentation Ethics , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Veatch , R. M. 2000 . Doctor does not know best: Why in the new century physicians must stop trying to benefit patients . Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , 25 ( 6 ) : 701 – 721 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veatch , R. M. 2002 . Indifference of subjects: An alternative to equipoise in randomized clinical trials . Social Philosophy & Policy , 19 ( 2 ) : 295 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weijer , C. 2000 . Clinical equipoise and not the uncertainty principle is the moral underpinning of the randomised controlled trial: for . British Medical Journal , 321 : 756 – 757 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar