89
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Potential for Environmentally Sound Development of Marine Deposits of Potassic and Phosphatic Minerals Offshore, Southern Africa

Pages 87-110 | Published online: 30 Nov 2010

References

  • Bremner, J. M. (1992). Brief description of a West Coast Phosphatic Deposit Marine Geoscience Unit internal report
  • Bremner , J. M. and Rickard , R. S. 1977 . On the formation of phosphorite pellets . Proc. Electron Microsc. Soc. S. Afr. , 7 : 83 – 84 .
  • Bremner , J. M. and Willis , J. P. 1975 . Glauconite and phosphorites from South West Africa Proc . Electron Microsc. Soc. S. Afr. , 5 : 127 – 128 .
  • Deer , W. A. , o wie , R. A. H and Zussman , J. 1985 . An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals , Essex, England : Longman Group Limited .
  • De Jager, D. H. (1993). Namibian Offshore phosphate: Potential for commercial recovery. Geological Survey of South Africa, Pretoria Confidential Report 1993-0025.
  • Ehlers , E. G. and Blatt , H. 1982 . Petrology - Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic , San Francisco : W. H. Freeman and Company .
  • Parker , R. J. 1975 . The petrology and origin of some glauconitic and glauco-conglomeratic phosphorites from the South African Continental margin. /. of Sediment . Petrol. , 45 ( l ) : 230 – 242 .
  • Parker , R. J. and Siesser , W. G. 1972 . Petrology and origin of some phosphorites from the South African continental margin . /. Sediment. Petrol. , 42 : 434 – 440 .
  • Parker , R. J. and Simpson , E. S. W. 1972 . South African Agulhas Bank phosphorites . Phospherous and Potassium , 58 : 18 – 27 .
  • Rogers, J. (1977). Sedimentation on the continental margin off the Orange River and the Namib Desert. Unpubl PhD. thesis, University of Cape Town.
  • Selley , R. C. 1982 . An Introduction to Sedimentology , 2nd , London : Academic Press .
  • Siesser , W. G. 1978 . Age of phosphorites on the South African continental margin . Mar. Geol. , 26 : ml7 – m28 .
  • Tankard , A. J. T. 1974a . Petrology of the phosphorite and aluminium phosphate rock of the Langebaanweg-Saldanha area, south-western Cape Province . Annals of the South African Museum. , 65/8 : 217 – 249 .
  • Tankard , A. J. T. 1974b . Chemical composition of the phosphorites from the LangebaanwegSaldanha area, Cape Province . Trans, of the Geol. Soc. of South Africa. , 77 : 185190
  • Tankard , A. J. T. 1975 . The marine Neogene Saldanha Formation . Trans, of the Geol. Soc. of South Africa. , 78 : 257 – 264 .
  • Van ZyI, J. (1999). SA Fertilizer firms fight for survival. Finance Week, 7 May, p 30.
  • Wilson, M. G. C. (1998). Phosphates in the mineral resources of Southern Africa, edited by M. G. C. Wilson and C. R. Anhaeusser. Handbook, Council for Geoscience 16:40-45.
  • Baturin , G. N. 1969 . Authigenic phosphate concentrations in Recent sediments of the South West African shelf . Dokl. Earth Sd. Sect. English Transi. , 189 : 227 – 230 .
  • Birch, G. F. (1971). The glauconite deposits on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa Unpubl M.Sc. thesis, University of Cape Town.
  • Birch, G. F. (1975). The glauconite deposits on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa Unpubl M.Sc. thesis, University of Cape Town.
  • Birch, G. F. (1976). A Short report on the glauconite and phosphate reserves on the margin off Southern Africa. Geological Survey of South Africa Confidential Report Pretoria
  • Birch , G. F. 1977a . Surficial sediments on the continental margin off the west coast of South Africa . Mar. Geol. , 23 : 305 – 337 .
  • Birch , G. F. 1977b . Phosphorites from the Saldanha Bay Region . Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. , 42 ( 3 + 4 ) : 223 – 240 .
  • Birch , G. F. 1978 . The distribution of clay minerals on the continental shelf off the west coast of South Africa . Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. , 81 : 23 – 34 .
  • Bremner , J. M. 1980 . Concretionary phosphorite from S.W . Africa J. Geol. Soc. Land. , 137 : 773 – 786 .
  • Bremner , J. M. 1981 . Shelf morphology and surficial sediment off central and northern South West Africa . Geo-Marine Letters , 1 : 91 – 96 .
  • Bremner, J. M. (1983). Biogenic sediments on the South West African continental margin. In Coastal upwelling: Its sediment record, Part B, Sedimentary records of ancient coastal upwelling, edited by J thiede and E. Suess, pp. 73-103. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Birch , G. F. 1979a . The nature and origin of mixed glauconite/apatite pellets from the continental margin of South Africa . Mar. Geol. , 29 : 313 – 334 .
  • Birch , G. F. 1979b . Phosphatic rocks on the west coast of South Africa / . Sedan. Petrol. , 49 : 93 – 110 .
  • Birch , G. F. 1979c . The association of glauconite and apatite minerals in phosphate rocks from the South African continental margin . Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. , 82 ( l ) : 43 – 53 .
  • Birch , G. F. 1979d . Phosphorite pellets and rock from the western continental margin and adjacent coastal terrace of South Africa . Mar. Geol. , 33 ( 1/2 ) : 91 – 117 .
  • Birch, G. F. (1980). A model of penecontemperaneous phosphatization by diagenetic and authigenic mechanisms from the western margin of southern Africa. SEPM Special Publication No. 29:79-100.
  • Birch, G. F. (1990). Phosphate deposits on the South African continental margin and coastal terrace. In Phosphate deposits of the world, Neogene to modern phosphorites, edited by W.C. Burnett and S.R. Reiggs pp. 153-158. Cambridge University Press.
  • Birch , G. F. and Willis , J. P. 1975 . Phosphorite formation on the continental margin of South Africa . Proc. Electron Microsc. Soc. S. Afr. , 4 : 79 – 80 .
  • Birch, G. F., J. Rogers, and J. Bremner (1986). Texture and composition of surficial sediments of the republics of South Africa, Transkd and Ciskei. Marine Geoscience Series 4, Geological survey of South Africa, Pretoria, Sheets 1-4.
  • Birch , G. F. , Willis , J. P. and Rickard , R. S. 1976a . Electron microprobe investigations of pelletai phosphorite of the west coat of South Africa . Proc. Electron Microsc. Soc. S. Afr. , 6 : 91 – 92 .
  • Birch , G. F. , Willis , J. P. and Rickard , R. S. 1976b . An electron microprobe investigations of glauconites from the continental margin off the west coast of South Africa Mar . Geol. , 22 : 271 – 283 .
  • Blatt , H. , Middleton , G. and Murray , R. 1972 . Origin of Sedimentary Rocks , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Bremner, J. M. (1978). Sediments on the continental margin off South West Africa between Sylvia Hill and the Kunene River. Unpubl PhD. thesis, University of Cape Town.
  • Bremner, J. M. (1985). Evaluation of the phosphorite deposit on the middle shelf off Cape Columbine. Joint Geological survey-University of Cape Town Marine Geo science Unit Technical Report No. 15.
  • Dictionary of Geological Terms, Rev. Ed. (1976). The American Geological Institute. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
  • Dingle , R. V. 1973 . The geology of the continental shelf between Luderitz and Cape Town with special reference to Tertiary Strata . J. of the Geol. Soc. Land. , 129 : 337 – 363 .
  • Emelyanov , E. M. and Senin , K. M. 1969 . Composition of the sediments of the south west African shelf . Lithology and Mineral Resource , 2 : 10 – 25 .
  • Encyclopedia of Rocks and Minerals (1977). London and Sydney: MacDonald and Co.
  • Flemming , B. W. and Hay , R. 1984 . On the bulk density of South African marine sands . Trans of the Geol. Soc. of South Africa , 87 : 233 – 236 .
  • Fuller , A. O. 1979 . Phosphate occurrences on the western and southern coastal areas and continental shelves of southern Africa . Economic Geology , 74 : 221 – 231 .
  • IFA. (1999). International Fertilizer Association. E-mail: ; Website: .
  • Hendey , Q. B. 1974 . The Cenozoic carnivora of the Southwestern Cape Province . Annals of the South African Museum , 63 : 1 – 369 .
  • Keyser, U. (1972). The occurrence of diamonds along the coast between the Orange River estuary and the Port Nolloth Reserve. Geological Survey of South Africa, Pretoria, Bulletin 54.
  • Munzhelele, N. N. (1997). Phosphate rock. In South Africa's Mineral Industry, (1997)/97, (pp 164-170) Minerals Bureau, Department of Minerals and Energy, South Africa.
  • Murray, J., and A. F. Renard. 1891. Report on the deep sea deposits based on specimens collected during the voyage of the HMS Challenger: Report on the scientific results of the exploring voyage of HMS Challenger 1873-1876, pp. 391-400 London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.