Lower Extremity Motor Function and Disability in Mild Cognitive Impairment

REFERENCES

• Abbott , R. D. , White , L. R. , Ross , G. W. , Masaki , K. H. , Curb , J. D. , & Petrovitch , H. ( 2004 ). Walking and dementia in physically capable elderly men . Journal of the American Medical Association , 292 , 1447 – 1453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal , N. T. , Wilson , R. S. , Beck , T. L. , Bienias , J. L. , & Bennett , D. A. ( 2005 ). Mild cognitive impairment in different functional domains and incident Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 76 , 479 – 484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Agostino , R. B. , Wolf , P. A. , Belanger , A. J. , & Kannel , W. B. ( 1994 ). Stroke risk profile: adjustment for antihypertensive medication. The Framingham study . Stroke , 25 ( 1 ), 40 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert , M. , Smith , L. , Scherr , P. , Taylor , J. , Evans , D. , & Funkenstein , H. ( 1991 ). Use of brief cognitive tests to identify individuals in the community with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease . International Journal of Neuroscience , 57 , 167 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , D. A. , Beckett , L. A. , Murray , A. M. , Shannon , K. M. , Goetz , C. G. , Pilgrim , D. M. , & Evans , D. A. ( 1996 ). Prevalence of Parkinsonian signs and associated mortality in a community population of older people . New England Journal of Medicine , 334 , 71 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , D. A. , Beckett , L. A. , Wilson , R. S. , Murray , A. M. , & Evans , D. A. ( 1998 ). Parkinsonian signs and mortality from Alzheimer's disease . Lancet , 51 , 1631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , D. A. , Schneider , J. A. , Bienias , J. L. , Evans , D. A. , & Wilson , R. S. ( 2005a ). Mild cognitive impairment is related to Alzheimer disease pathology and cerebral infarctions . Neurology , 64 , 834 – 841 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , D. A. , Schneider , J. A. , Buchman , A. S. , Mendes de Leon , C. , Bienias , J. L. , & Wilson , R. S. ( 2005b ). The rush memory and aging project: Study design and baseline characteristics of the study cohort . Neuroepidemiology , 25 , 163 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , D. A. , Wilson , R. S. , Schneider , J. A. , Evans , D. A. , Beckett , L. A. , Aggarwal , N. T. , Barnes , L. L. , Fox , J. H. , & Bach , J. ( 2002 ). Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons . Neurology , 59 , 198 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. , Sivan , A. B. , Hamsher , K. , Varney , N. R. , & Spreen , O. ( 1994 ). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment () , 2nd Ed. . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boyle , P. A. , Wilson , R. S. , Aggarwal , N. T. , Arvanitakis , Z. , Kelly , J. F. , Bienias , J. L. , & Bennett , D. A. (2005). Parkinsonian signs in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology , 65, 1901–1906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camicioli . R. , Howieson , D. , Oken , B. , Sexton , G. , & Kaye , J. ( 1998 ). Motor slowing precedes cognitive impairment in the oldest old . Neurology , 50 , 1496 – 1498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , J. A. & Sagar , H. J. ( 1993 ). Incidental and intentional recall in Parkinson's disease: An account based on diminished attentional resources . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 15 , 713 – 731 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrom , R. B. , French , J. W. , Harman , H. H. , & Kermen , D. ( 1976 ). Manual for kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests . Princeton , NJ : Educational Testing Service .
   Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. , Folstein , S. , & McHugh , P. ( 1975 ). Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the mental state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatry Research , 12 , 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franssen , E. H. , Souren , L. E. , Torossian , C. L. , & Reisberg , B. ( 1999 ). Equilibrium and limb coordination in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 47 , 463 – 469 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisoni , G. B. , Galluzzi , S. , Bresciani , L. , Zanetti , O. , & Geroldi , C. ( 2002 ). Mild cognitive impairment with subcortical vascular features: Clinical characteristics and outcome . Journal of Neurology , 249 , 1423 – 1432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geroldi , C. , Ferrucci , L. , Bandinelli , S. , Cavazzini , C. , Zanetti , O. , Guralnik , J. M. , & Frisoni , G. B. ( 2003 ). Mild cognitive deterioration with subcortical features: Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and association with cardiovascular risk factors in community-dwelling older persons (The InCHIANTI Study) . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 51 , 1064 – 1071 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman , W. P. , Baty , J. D. , Buckles , V. D. , Sahrmann , S. , & Morris , J. C. ( 1999 ). Motor dysfunction in mildly demented AD individuals without extrapyramidal signs . Neurology , 53 , 956 – 962 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodglass , H. & Kaplan , E. ( 1972 ). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Guralnik , J. M. , Ferrucci , L. , Simonsick , E. , Salive , M. E. , & Wallace , R. B. ( 1995 ). Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability . New England Journal of Medicine , 332 , 556 – 561 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik , J. M. , Ferrucci , L. , Simonsick , E. , Salive , M. E. , & Wallace , R. B. ( 1994 ). A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: Association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission . Journal of Gerontology , 49 , M85 – M94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho , S. C. , Woo , J. , Yuen , Y. K. , Sham , A. , & Chan , S. G. ( 1997 ). Predictors of mobility decline: The Hong Kong old-old study . Journal of Gerontology, Biological and Medical Sciences , 52 , M356 – M362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge , J. O. , Schechtman , K. , & Cress , E. ( 1996 ). The relationship between physical performance measures and independence in instrumental activities of daily living. The FICSIT group. Frailty and injury: Cooperative studies of intervention trials . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 44 , 1332 – 1341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , E. F. , Goodglass , H. , & Weintraub , S. ( 1983 ). The Boston Naming Test . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , S. & Akpom , C. (1976). A measure of primary sociobiological functions. International Journal of Health Services , 6, 493–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. , Stern , Y. , Chun , M. , Jacobs , D. , Yau , P. , & Goldman , J. ( 1997 ). Pathological correlates of extrapyramidal signs in Alzheimer's disease . Annals of Neurology , 41 , 368 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquis , S. , Moore , M. M. , Howieson , D. B. , Sexton , G. , Payami , H. , Kaye , J. A. , & Camicioli , R. ( 2002 ). Independent predictors of cognitive decline in healthy elderly persons . Archives of Neurology , 59 , 601 – 606 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann , G. , Drachman , D. , Folstein , M. , Katzman , R. , Price , D. , & Standlan , E. ( 1984 ). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS/ADRDA work group under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 34 , 939 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medi-Span ( 1995 ). Medi-Span: Master drug data base documentation manual . Indianapolis , IN : Author
   Google Scholar
• Morris , J. , Heyman , A. , Mohs , R. , Mohs , R. C. , Hughes , J. P. , van Belle , G. , Fillenbaum , G. , Mellits , E. D. , & Clark , C. ( 1989 ). The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 39 , 1159 – 1165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onen , F. , Feugeas , M. C. , Baran , G. , De Marco , G. , Godon-Hardy , S. , Peretti , I. I. , Ravaud , P. , Legrain , S. , Moretti , J. L. , & Claeys , E. S. ( 2004 ). Leukoaraiosis and mobility decline: A high resolution magnetic resonance imaging study in older people with mild cognitive impairment . Neuroscience Letters , 355 , 185 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrault , A. , Wolfson , C. , Egan , M. , Rockwood , K. , & Hogan , D. B. ( 2002 ). Prognostic factors for functional independence in older adults with mild dementia: Results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging . Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders , 16 , 239 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Doody , R. , & Kurz , A. ( 2001 ). Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment . Archives of Neurology , 58 , 1985 – 1992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson , A. F. , Olsson , E. , & Wahlund , L. O. ( 2005 ). Motor function in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease . Dementia, Geriatrics, and Cognitive Disorders , 19 , 299 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. , Court , J. H. , & Raven , J. ( 1992 ). Manual for Raven's progressive matrices and vocabulary: Standard progressive matrices . Oxford : Oxford Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc . ( 2000 ). SAS/STAT user's guide (version 8) . Cary , NC : SAS Institute Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Scarmeas , N. , Albert , M. , Brandt , J. , Blacker , D. , Hadjigeorgiou , G. , Papadimitriou , A. , Dubois , B. , Sarazin , M. , Wegesin , D. , Marder , K. , Bell , K. , Honig , L. , & Stern , Y. ( 2005 ). Motor signs predict poor outcomes in Alzheimer disease . Neurology , 64 , 1696 – 1703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarmeas , N. , Hadjigeorgiou , G. M. , Papadimitriou , A. , Dubois , B. , Sarazin , M. , Brandt , J. , Albert , M. , Marder , K. , Bell , K. , Honig , L. S. , Wegesin , D. , & Stern , Y. ( 2004 ). Motor signs during the course of Alzheimer disease . Neurology , 63 , 975 – 982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsick , E. M. , Guralnik , J. M. , Volpato , S. , Balfour , J. , & Fried , L. P. ( 2005 ). Just get out the door! Importance of walking outside the home for maintaining mobility: Findings from the women's health and aging study . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 53 , 198 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. (1992). Symbol digit modalities test manual—revised . Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Trenerry , M. R. , Crosson , B. , DeBoe , J. , & Leber , W. R. ( 1989 ). The stroop neuropsychological screening test . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Verghese , J. , Lipton , R. B. , Hall , C. B. , Kuslansky , G. , Katz , M. J. , & Buschke , H. ( 2002 ). Abnormality of gait as a predictor of non-Alzheimer's dementia . New England Journal of Medicine , 347 , 1761 – 1768 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waite , L. M. , Grayson , D. A. , Piguet , O. , Creasey , H. , Bennett , H. P. , & Broe , G. A. ( 2005 ). Gait slowing as a predictor of incident dementia: 6-year longitudinal data from the Sydney Older Persons Study . Journal of Neurological Sciences , 229–230 , 89 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , C. Y. , Olson , S. L. & Protas , E. J. ( 2002 ). Test-retest reliability: Hand-held dynamometry in community-dwelling fallers . Archives of Physical medicine and rehabilitation , 83 , 811 – 815 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1987 ). Wechsler memory scale—revised manual . San Antonio , TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. S. , Barnes , L. L. , & Bennett , D. A. ( 2003 ). Assessment of lifetime participation in cognitively stimulating activities . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychology , 25 , 634 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. S. , Barnes , L. L. , Krueger , K. R. , Hoganson , G. , Bienias , J. L. , & Bennett , D. A. ( 2005 ). Early and late life cognitive activity and cognitive systems in old age . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 , 400 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. S. , Bennett , D. A. , Gilley , D. W. , Beckett , L. A, Schneider , J. A. , & Evans , D. A. ( 2000 ). Progression of Parkinsonian signs in Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 54 , 1284 – 1289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. S. , Schneider , J. A. , Beckett , L. A. , Evans , D. A. , & Bennett , D. A. ( 2002 ). Progression of gait disorder and rigidity and risk of death in older persons . Neurology , 58 , 1815 – 1819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. S. , Schneider , J. A. , Bienias , J. L. , Evans , D. A. , & Bennett , D. A. ( 2003 ). Parkinsonian-like signs and risk of incident Alzheimer's disease in older persons . Archives of Neurology , 60 , 539 – 544 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woo , J. , Ho , S. C. , & Yu , A. L. ( 1999 ). Walking speed and stride length predicts 36 months dependency, mortality, and institutionalization in Chinese aged 70 and older . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 47 , 1257 – 1260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar