Publication Cover
Experimental Aging Research
An International Journal Devoted to the Scientific Study of the Aging Process
Volume 38, 2012 - Issue 3
697
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Aging, Health Behaviors, and the Diurnal Rhythm and Awakening Response of Salivary Cortisol

, &
Pages 295-314 | Received 21 Jul 2010, Accepted 13 Feb 2011, Published online: 27 Apr 2012

REFERENCES

  • Ahn , R. S. , Lee , Y. J. , Choi , J. Y. , Kwon , H. B. , & Chun , S. I. ( 2007 ). Salivary cortisol and DHEA levels in the Korean population: Age-related differences, diurnal rhythm, and correlations with serum levels . Yonsei Medical Journal , 48 , 379 – 388 .
  • Badrick , E. , Bobak , M. , Britton , A. , Kirschbaum , C. , Marmot , M. , & Kumari , M. (2008). The relationship between alcohol consumption and cortisol secretion in an aging cohort. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , 93, 750–757.
  • Badrick , E. , Kirschbaum , C. , & Kumari , M. ( 2007 ). The relationship between smoking status and cortisol secretion . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , 92 , 819 – 824 .
  • Brunner , E. , Stallone , D. , Juneja , M. , Bingham , S. , & Marmot , M. ( 2001 ). Dietary assessment in Whitehall II: Comparison of 7 d diet diary and food-frequency questionnaire and validity against biomarkers . British Journal of Nutrition , 86 , 405 – 414 .
  • Buchanan , T. W. , Kern , S. , Allen , J. S. , Tranel , D. , & Kirschbaum , C. ( 2004 ). Circadian regulation of cortisol after hippocampal damage in humans . Biological Psychiatry , 56 , 651 – 656 .
  • Burns , V. E. , Carroll , D. , Ring , C. , Harrison , L. K. , & Drayson , M. ( 2002 ). Stress, coping, and hepatitis B antibody status . Psychosomatic Medicine , 64 , 287 – 293 .
  • Chida , Y. , & Steptoe , A. ( 2009 ). Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Biological Psychology , 80 , 265 – 278 .
  • Classification of Occupations . ( 1980 ). Registrar General's Classification of Occupations . London : HMSO .
  • Clow , A. , Thorn , L. , Evans , P. , & Hucklebridge , F. ( 2004 ). The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance . Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress , 7 , 29 – 37 .
  • Cohen , S. , Schwartz , J. E. , Epel , E. , Kirschbaum , C. , Sidney , S. , & Seeman , T. ( 2006 ). Socioeconomic status, race, and diurnal cortisol decline in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study . Psychosomatic Medicine , 68 , 41 – 50 .
  • Dahlgren , A. , Kecklund , G. , Theorell , T. , & Akerstedt , T. ( 2009 ). Day-to-day variation in saliva cortisol—Relation with sleep, stress and self-rated health . Biological Psychology , 82 , 149 – 155 .
  • Deuschle , M. , Gotthardt , U. , Schweiger , U. , Weber , B. , Körner , A. , et al. . ( 1997 ). With aging in humans the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system increases and its diurnal amplitude flattens . Life Sciences , 61 , 2239 – 2246 .
  • Edwards , S. , Evans , P. , Hucklebridge , F. , & Clow , A. ( 2001 ). Association between time of awakening and diurnal cortisol secretory activity . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 26 , 613 – 622 .
  • Fries , E. , Dettenborn , L. , & Kirschbaum , C. ( 2009 ). The cortisol awakening response (CAR): Facts and future directions . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 72 , 67 – 73 .
  • Garcia-Prieto , M. D. , Tebar , F. J. , Nicolas , F. , Larque , E. , Zamora , S. , & Garaulet , M. ( 2007 ). Cortisol secretary pattern and glucocorticoid feedback sensitivity in women from a Mediterranean area: Relationship with anthropometric characteristics, dietary intake and plasma fatty acid profile . Clinical Endocrinology , 66 , 185 – 191 .
  • Hellhammer , J. , Fries , E. , Schweisthal , O. W. , Schlotz , W. , Stone , A. A. , & Hagemann , D. (2007). Several daily measurements are necessary to reliably assess the cortisol rise after awakening: State and trait components. Psychoneuroendocrinology , 32, 80–86.
  • Hucklebridge , F. , Hussain , T. , Evans , P. , & Clow , A. ( 2005 ). The diurnal patterns of the adrenal steroids cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in relation to awakening . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 30 , 51 – 57 .
  • Ice , G. H. , Katz-Stein , A. , Himes , J. , & Kane , R. L. ( 2004 ). Diurnal cycles of salivary cortisol in older adults . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 29 , 355 – 370 .
  • Kirschbaum , C. , & Hellhammer , D. H. ( 1989 ). Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research—An overview . Neuropsychobiology , 22 , 150 – 169 .
  • Kraemer , H. C. , Giese-Davis , J. , Yutsis , M. , Neri , E. , Gallagher-Thompson , D. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Design decisions to optimize reliability of daytime cortisol slopes in an older population . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 14 , 325 – 333 .
  • Kudielka , B. M. , & Kirschbaum , C. ( 2003 ). Awakening cortisol responses are influenced by health status and awakening time but not by menstrual cycle phase . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 28 , 35 – 47 .
  • Kunz-Ebrecht , S. R. , Kirschbaum , C. , Marmot , M. , & Steptoe , A. ( 2004 ). Differences in cortisol awakening response on work days and weekends in women and men from the Whitehall II cohort . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 29 , 516 – 528 .
  • Lasikiewicz , N. , Hendrickx , H. , Talbot , D. , & Dye , L. ( 2008 ). Exploration of basal diurnal salivary cortisol profiles in middle-aged adults: Associations with sleep quality and metabolic parameters . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 33 , 143 – 151 .
  • Lupien , S. , de Leon , M. , de Santi , S. , Convit , A. , Tarshish , C. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Cortisol levels during human ageing predict hippocampal . Nature Neuroscience , 1 , 69 – 73 .
  • Lupien , S. , Lecours , A. , Schwartz , G. , Sharma , S. , Hauger , R. L. , et al. . ( 1996 ). Longitudinal study of basal cortisol levels in healthy elderly subjects: Evidence for subgroups . Neurobiology of Aging , 17 , 95 – 105 .
  • Luz , C. , Dornelles , F. , Preissler , T. , Collaziol , D. , Da Cruz , I. M. , & Bauer , M. E. ( 2003 ). Impact of psychological and endocrine factors on cytokine production of healthy elderly people . Mechanisms of Ageing and Development , 124 , 887 – 895 .
  • Maes , M. , Calabrese , J. , Lee , M. , & Meltzer , H. Y. ( 1994 ). Effects of age on spontaneous cortisolaemia of normal volunteers and depressed patients . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 19 , 79 – 84 .
  • Magri , F. , Locatelli , M. , Balza , G. , Molla , G. , Cuzzoni , G. , et al. . ( 1997 ). Changes in endocrine circadian rhythms as markers of physiological and pathological brain aging . Chronobiology International , 14 , 385 – 396 .
  • Mårin , P. , Darin , N. , Amemiya , T. , Andersson , B. , Jern , S. , & Björntorp , P. ( 1992 ). Cortisol secretion in relation to body fat distribution in obese premenopausal women . Metabolism , 41 , 882 – 886 .
  • Marmot , M. G. , Smith , G. D. , Stansfeld , S. , Patel , C. , North , F. , et al. . ( 1991 ). Health inequalities amoung British civil-servants—The Whitehall-II study . Lancet , 337 , 1387 – 1393 .
  • Petrovsky , N. , & Harrison , L. C. ( 1997 ). Diurnal rhythmicity of human cytokine production—A dynamic disequilibrium in T helper cell type 1/T helper cell type 2 balance? Journal of Immunology , 158 , 5163 – 5168 .
  • Pruessner , J. C. , Kirschbaum , C. , Meinlschmid , G. , & Hellhammer , D. H. (2003). Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology , 28, 916–931.
  • Pruessner , J. C. , Wolf , O. T. , Hellhammer , D. H. , Buske-Kirschbaum , A. , von Auer , K. , et al. . ( 1997 ). Free cortisol levels after awakening: A reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity . Life Sciences , 61 , 2539 – 2549 .
  • Rosmond , R. , Wallerius , S. , Wanger , P. , Martin , L. , Holm , G. , & Bjorntorp , P. ( 2003 ). A 5-year follow-up study of disease incidence in men with an abnormal hormone pattern . Journal of Internal Medicine , 254 , 386 – 390 .
  • Schürmeyer , T. H. , & Wickings , E. J. ( 1999 ). Principles of endocrinology . In M. Schedlowski & U. Tewes (Eds.), Psychoneuroimmunology: An interdisciplinary introduction (pp. 63 – 92 ). New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers .
  • Sephton , S. E. , Sapolsky , R. M. , Kraemer , H. C. , & Spiegel , D. ( 2000 ). Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of breast cancer survival . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 92 , 994 – 1000 .
  • Sjogren , E. , Leanderson , P. , & Kristenson , M. ( 2006 ). Diurnal saliva cortisol levels and relations to psychosocial factors in a population sample of middle-aged Swedish men and women . International Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 13 , 193 – 200 .
  • Smyth , J. M. , Ockenfels , M. C. , Gorin , A. A. , Catley , D. , Porter , L. S. , et al. . ( 1997 ). Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of cortisol . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 22 , 89 – 105 .
  • Stalder , T. , Hucklebridge , F. , Evans , P. , & Clow , A. ( 2009 ). Use of a single case study design to examine state variation in the cortisol awakening response: Relationship with time of awakening . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 34 , 607 – 614 .
  • Steptoe , A. , & Ussher , M. ( 2006 ). Smoking, cortisol and nicotine . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 59 , 228 – 235 .
  • Stimson , R. H. , Johnstone , A. M. , Homer , N. Z. M. , Wake , D. J. , Morton , N. M. , et al. . ( 2007 ). Dietary macronutrient content alters cortsiol metabolism independently of body weight changes in obese men . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , 92 , 4480 – 4484 .
  • Strain , G. W. , Zumoff , B. , Strain , J. J. , Levin , J. , & Fukushima , D. K. ( 1980 ). Cortisol production in obesity . Metabolism , 29 , 980 – 985 .
  • Straub , R. H. , Cutolo , M. , Zietz , B. , & Schölmerich , J. ( 2001 ). The process of aging changes the interplay of the immune, endocrine and nervous systems . Mechanisms of Ageing and Development , 122 , 1591 – 1611 .
  • Thorn , L. , Hucklebridge , F. , Evans , P. , & Clow , A. ( 2009 ). The cortisol awakening response, seasonality, stress and arousal: A study of trait and state influences . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 34 , 299 – 306 .
  • Turner-Cobb , J. M. , Sephton , S. E. , Koopman , C. , Blake-Mortimer , J. , & Spiegel , D. ( 2000 ). Social support and salivary cortisol in women with metastatic breast cancer . Psychosomatic Medicine , 62 , 337 – 345 .
  • VanCauter , E. , Leproult , R. , & Kupfer , D. J. ( 1996 ). Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , 81 , 2468 – 2473 .
  • Vreeburg , S. A. , Kruijtzer , B. P. , van Pelt , J. , van Dyck , R. , DeRijk , R. H. , et al.. (2009). Associations between sociodemographic, sampling and health factors and various salivary cortisol indicators in a large sample without psychopathology. Psychoneuroendocrinology , 34, 1109–1120.
  • Wilhelm , I. , Born , J. , Kudielka , B. M. , Schlotz , W. , & Wüst , S. ( 2007 ). Is the cortisol awakening rise a response to awakening? Psychoneuroendocrinology , 32 , 358 – 366 .
  • Wolf , O. T. , Convit , A. , Thorn , E. , & de Leon , M. J. ( 2002 ). Salivary cortisol day profiles in elderly with mild cognitive impairment . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 27 , 777 – 789 .
  • Wurst , O. T. , Wolf , J. , Hellhammer , D. H. , Federenko , I. , Sapolsky , R. M. , & Kirschbaum , C. ( 2000 ). The cortisol awakening response—Normal values and confounds . Noise Health , 2 , 79 – 88 .
  • Yen , S. S. C. , & Laughlin , G. A. ( 1998 ). Aging and the adrenal cortex . Experimental Gerontology , 33 , 897 – 910 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.