Publication Cover
Experimental Aging Research
An International Journal Devoted to the Scientific Study of the Aging Process
Volume 39, 2013 - Issue 5
320
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Qualitative Neuropsychological Measures: Normative Data on Executive Functioning Tests from the Framingham Offspring Study

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 515-535 | Received 23 Dec 2011, Accepted 14 Dec 2012, Published online: 23 Oct 2013

REFERENCES

  • American Heart Association . ( 2012 ). Heart disease and stroke statistics 2012 update: A report from the American Heart Association . Circulation , 125 , e2 – e220 .
  • Army Individual Test Battery . ( 1944 ). Manual of directions and scoring . Washington , DC : War Department, Adjutant General's Office .
  • Ardila , A. ( 2007 ). Normal aging increases cognitive heterogeneity: Analysis of dispersion in WAIS-III scores across age . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 , 1003 – 1011 .
  • Au , R. , Seshadri , S. , Wolf , P. A. , Elias , M. F. , Elias , P. K. , Sullivan , L. , … D'Agostino , R. ( 2004 ). New norms for a new generation: Cognitive performance in the Framingham Offspring Cohort . Experimental Aging Research , 30 , 333 – 358 .
  • Benton , A. L. , Hamsher , K. , & Sivan , A. B. ( 1994 ). Multilingual Aphasia Examination () , 3rd ed. . Iowa City , IA : AJA Associates .
  • Braver , T. S. , Barch , D. M. , Keys , B. A. , Carter , C. S. , Cohen , J. D. , Kaye , J. A. , … Reed , B. R. ( 2001 ). Context processing in older adults: Evidence for a theory relating cognitive control to neurobiology in healthy aging . Journal of Experimental psychology: General , 130 , 746 – 763 .
  • Chao , L. , & Knight , R. ( 1997 ). Prefrontal deficits in attention and inhibitory control with aging . Cerebral Cortex , 7 , 63 – 69 .
  • Chen , P. , Ratcliff , G. , Belle , S. H. , Cauley , J. A. , DeKosky , S. T. , & Ganguli , M. ( 2000 ). Cognitive tests that best discriminate between presymptomatic AD and those who remain nondemented . Neurology , 55 , 1847 – 1853 .
  • Debette , S. , Seshadri , S. , Beiser , A. , Au , R. , Himali , J. J. , Palumbo , C. , … DeCarli , C. ( 2011 ). Midlife vascular risk factor exposure accelerates structural brain aging and cognitive decline . Neurology , 77 , 461 – 468 .
  • DeCarli , C. , Massaro , J. , Harvey , D. , Hald , J. , Rullberg , M. , Au , R. , … Wolf , P. A. ( 2005 ). Measures of brain morphology and infarction in the Framingham Heart Study: Establishing what is normal . Neurobiology of Aging , 26 , 491 – 510 .
  • De Santi , S. , Pirraglia , E. , Barr , W. , Babb , J. , Williams , S. , Rogers , K. , … de Leon , M. J. ( 2008 ). Robust and conventional neuropsychological norms: Diagnosis and predictions of age-related cognitive decline . Neuropsychology , 22 , 469 – 484 .
  • Drag , L. L. , & Bieliauskas , L. A. ( 2010 ). Contemporary review 2009: Cognitive aging . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 23 , 74 – 93 .
  • Fjell , A. M. , & Walhovd , K. B. ( 2010 ). Structural brain changes in aging: Courses, causes and cognitive consequences . Reviews in the Neurosciences , 21 , 187 – 221 .
  • Gouw , A. A. , van der Flier , W. M. , Fazekas , F. , van Straaten , E. C. , Pantoni , L. , Poggesi , A. , … Barkhof , F. ( 2008 ). Progression of white matter hyperintensities and incidence of new lacunes over a 3-year period: The leukoaraiosis and disability study . Stroke , 39 , 1414 – 1420 .
  • Hasher , L. , Lustin , C. , & Zacks , R. T. (2007). Inhibitory mechanisms and the control of attention. In A. Conway , C. Jarrold , M. Kane , & J. Towse (Eds.), Variation in working memory (pp. 227–249). New York : Oxford University Press.
  • Hebert , L. E. , Scherr , P. A. , Beckett , L. A. , Albert , M. S. , Pilgrim , D. M. , Chown , M. J. , … Evans , D. A. ( 1995 ). Age-specific incidence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population . Journal of the American Medical Association , 273 , 1354 – 1359 .
  • Houston , W. S. , Delis , D. C. , Lansing , A. , Jacobson , M. W. , Cobell , K. R. , Salmon , D. P. , & Bondi , M. W. ( 2005 ). Executive function asymmetry in older adults genetically at-risk for Alzheimer's disease: Verbal fluency versus design fluency . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 , 863 – 870 .
  • Howieson , D. B. , Carlson , N. E. , Moore , M. M. , Wasserman , D. , Abendroth , C. D. , Payne-Murphy , J. , & Kaye , J. A. ( 2008 ). Trajectory of mild cognitive impairment onset . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 14 , 192 – 198 .
  • Kannel , W. B. , & McGee , D. L. ( 1979 ). Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: The Framingham Study . Circulation , 59 , 8 – 13 .
  • Kaplan , E. ( 1988 ). A process approach to neuropsychological assessment . In T. Boll & B. K. Bryant (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice (pp. 249 – 267 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Kukull , W. A. , Higdon , R. , Bowen , J. D. , McCormick , W. C. , Teri , L. , Schellenberg , G. D. , … Larson , E. B. ( 2002 ). Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence: A prospective cohort study . Archives of Neurology , 59 , 1737 – 1746 .
  • Lezak , M. ( 2004 ). Neuropsychological assessment . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • McDaniel , M. A. , & Einstein , G. O. ( 2011 ). The neuropsychology of prospective memory in normal aging: A componential approach . Neuropsychologia , 49 , 2147 – 2155 .
  • Milberg , W. , & Hebben , N. ( 2006 ). The historical antecedents of the Boston Process Approach . In A. M. Poreh (Ed.), The quantified process approach to neuropsychological assessment (pp. 17 – 26 ). Philadelphia , PA : Taylor & Francis .
  • Peters , R. ( 2006 ). Aging and the brain . Postgraduate Medical Journal , 82 , 84 – 88 .
  • Poreh , A. M. (Ed.) . ( 2006 ). The quantified process approach to neuropsychological assessment . Philadelphia , PA : Taylor & Francis .
  • Rapp , M. A. , & Reischies , F. M. ( 2005 ). Attention and executive control predict Alzheimer disease in late life: Results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE) . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 13 , 134 – 141 .
  • Raz , N. , Gunning , F. M. , Head , D. , Dupuis , J. H. , McQuain , J. , Briggs , S. D. , … Acker , J. D. ( 1997 ). Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter . Cerebral Cortex , 7 , 268 – 282 .
  • Raz , N. , Yang , Y. , Dahle , C. L. , & Land , S. ( 2012 ). Volume of white matter hyperintensities in healthy adults: Contribution of age, vascular risk factors, and inflammation-related genetic variants . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 1822 , 361 – 369 .
  • Ritchie , K. , Artero , S. , & Touchon , J. ( 2001 ). Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: A population-based validation study . Neurology , 56 , 37 – 42 .
  • Sachdev , P. , Chen , X. , & Wen , W. (2008). White matter hyperintensities in mid-adult life. Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 21, 268–274.
  • Sanders , C. , & Schmitter-Edgecombe , M. ( 2012 ). Identifying the nature of impairment in planning ability with normal aging . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 34 , 724 – 737 .
  • Salthouse , T. ( 1996 ). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition . Psychological Review , 103 , 403 – 428 .
  • SAS Institute Inc . ( 2008 ). SAS® 9.2 Enhanced Logging Facilities [computer software] . Cary , NC : SAS Institute Inc .
  • Seshadri , S. , Wolf , P. A. , Beiser , A. , Elias , M. F. , Au , R. , Kase , C. S. , … DeCarli , C. ( 2004 ). Stroke risk profile, brain volume and cognitive function: The Framingham Offspring Study . Neurology , 63 , 1591 – 1599 .
  • Sliwinski , M. , Lipton , R. B. , Buschke , H. , & Stewart , W. ( 1996 ). The effects of preclinical dementia on estimates of normal cognitive functioning in aging . Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 51 , 217 – 225 .
  • Sperling , R. A. , Aisen , P. S. , Beckett , L. A. , Bennett , D. A. , Craft , S. , Fagan , A. M. , … Phelps , C. H. ( 2011 ). Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease . Alzheimer's Dementia , 7 , 280 – 292 .
  • Tan , Z. S. , Beiser , A. S. , Fox , C. S. , Au , R. , Himali , J. J. , Debette , S. , … Seshadri , S. ( 2011 ). Association of metabolic dysregulation with volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive markers of subclinical brain aging in middle-aged adults . Diabetes Care , 34 , 1766 – 1770 .
  • Walhovd , K. B. , Westlye , L. T. , Amlien , I. , Espeseth , T. , Reinvang , I. , Raz , N. , … Fjell , A. M. ( 2011 ). Consistent neuroanatomical age-related volume differences across multiple samples . Neurobiology of Aging , 32 , 916 – 932 .
  • Wechsler , D. ( 1955 ). Manual for the wechsler adult intelligence scale . New York : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Wen , W. , Sachdev , P. S. , Li , J. J. , Chen , X. , & Anstey , K. J. ( 2009 ). White matter hyperintensities in the forties: Their prevalence and topography in an epidemiological sample aged 44–48 . Human Brain Mapping , 30 , 1155 – 1167 .
  • West , R. L. ( 1996 ). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging . Psychological Bulletin , 120 , 272 – 292 .
  • Wetter , S. R. , Delis , D. C. , Houston , W. S. , Jacobson , M. W. , Lansing , A. , Cobell , K. , … Bondi , M. W. ( 2005 ). Deficits in inhibition and flexibility are associated with the APOE-ϵ4 allele in nondemented older adults . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 , 943 – 952 .
  • Wolf , P. A. , D'Agostino , R. B. , Belanger , A. J. , & Kannel , W. B. ( 1991 ). Probability of stroke: A risk profile from the Framingham study . Stroke , 22 , 312 – 318 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.