Publication Cover
Experimental Aging Research
An International Journal Devoted to the Scientific Study of the Aging Process
Volume 40, 2014 - Issue 4
1,028
Views
70
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Spatial Abilities and Aging: A Meta-Analysis

, &
Pages 395-425 | Received 18 Jan 2013, Accepted 07 Jun 2013, Published online: 23 Jul 2014

REFERENCES

  • *References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis.
  • *Adduri, C. A., & Marotta, J. J. (2009). Mental rotation of faces in healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS ONE, 4, e120. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006120
  • *Aizpurua, A., & Koutstaal, W. (2010). Aging and flexible remembering: Contributions of conceptual span, fluid intelligence, and frontal functioning. Psychology and Aging, 25, 193–207. doi:10.1037/a0018198
  • Akiyama, M. M., Akiyama, H., & Goodrich, C. C. (1985). Spatial development across the life span. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 21, 175–185.
  • American Psychological Association. (2008). Reporting standards for research in psychology: Why do we need them? what might they be? American Psychologist, 63, 839–851.
  • *Arbuckle, T. Y., Cooney, R., Milne, J., & Melchior, A. (1994). Memory for spatial layouts in relation to age and schema typicality. Psychology & Aging, 9, 467–480.
  • *Axelrod, S., & Cohen, L. D. (1961). Senescence and embedded-figure performance in vision and touch. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 12, 283–288.
  • *Ball, L. J., & Pollack, R. H. (1989). The effects of color and preretinal aging on embedded figures test performance: A failure to replicate. Experimental Aging Research, 15, 177–180.
  • *Band, G. P. H., & Kok, A. (2000). Age effects on response monitoring in a mental-rotation task. Biological Psychology, 51, 201–221.
  • *Beer, J., Beer, J., Markley, R. P., & Camp, C. J. (1989). Age and living conditions as related to perceptions of ambiguous figures. Psychological Reports, 64 (3 Pt 2), 1027–1033.
  • *Berg, C., Hertzog, C., & Hunt, E. (1982). Age differences in the speed of mental rotation. Developmental Psychology, 18, 95–107. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.1.95
  • *Blackburn, J. A. (1984). The influence of personality, curriculum, and memory correlates on formal reasoning in young adults and elderly persons. The Journal of Gerontology, 39, 207–209.
  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
  • *Bugg, J. M., Zook, N. A., DeLosh, E. L., Davalos, D. B., & Davis, H. P. (2006). Age differences in fluid intelligence: Contributions of general slowing and frontal decline. Brain & Cognition, 62, 9–16.
  • Cerella, J. (1990). Pigeon pattern perception: Limits on perspective invariance. Perception, 19, 141–159. doi:10.1068/p190141
  • Cerella, J. (1991). Age effects may be global, not local: Comment on Fisk and Rogers (1991). Journal Of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 215–223. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.120.2.215
  • *Cerella, J., Poon, L. W., & Fozard, J. L. (1981). Mental rotation and age reconsidered. Journal of Gerontology, 16, 620–624.
  • Cerella, J., Poon, L. W., & Williams, D. M. (1980). Age and the complexity hypothesis. In L. W. Poon ( Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 332–340). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10050-024
  • *Clark, J. W. (1960). The aging dimension: A factorial analysis of individual differences with age on psychological and physiological measurements. Journal of Gerontology, 15, 183–187.
  • *Clarkson-Smith, L., & Halpern, D. F. (1983). Can age-related deficits in spatial memory be attenuated through the use of verbal coding? Experimental Aging Research, 9, 179–184.
  • Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
  • *Cohen, G., & Faulkner, D. (1983). Age differences in performance on two information-processing tasks: Strategy selection and processing efficiency. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 447–454.
  • *Comalli, P. E., Wapner, S., & Werner, H. (1959). Perception of verticality in middle and old age. The Journal of Psychology, 47, 259–266.
  • *Crosson, C. W. (1984). Age and field independence among women. Experimental Aging Research, 10, 165–170.
  • *Czaja, S. J., Charness, N., Fisk, A. D., Hertzog, C., Nair, S. N., Rogers, W. A., & Sharit, J. (2006). Factors predicting the use of technology: Findings from the center for research and education on aging and technology enhancement (create). Psychology And Aging, 21, 333–352. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.333
  • *De Beni, R., Pazzaglia, F., & Gardini, S. (2006). The role of mental rotation and age in spatial perspective-taking tasks: When age does not impair perspective-taking performance. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 807–821. doi:10.1002/acp.1229
  • *Devlin, A. L., & Wilson, P. H. (2010). Adult age differences in the ability to mentally transform object and body stimuli. Aging Neuropsychology & Cognition, 17, 709–729.
  • *Dollinger, S. M. (1995). Mental rotation performance: Age, sex, and visual field differences. Developmental Neuropsychology, 11, 215–222.
  • *Driscoll, I., Hamilton, D. A., Yeo, R. A., Brooks, W. M., & Sutherland, R. J. (2005). Virtual navigation in humans: The impact of age, sex and hormones on place learning. Hormones and Behavior, 47, 326–335. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.11.013
  • *Dror, I. E., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1994). Mental imagery and aging. Psychology and Aging, 9, 90–102. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.1.90
  • Elgamal, S. A., Roy, E. A., & Sharratt, M. T. (2011). Age and verbal fluency: The mediating effect of speed of processing. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 14, 66–72. doi:10.5770/cgj.v14i3.17
  • *Facon, B. (2008). How does the strength of the relationships between cognitive abilities evolve over the life span for low-IQ vs high-IQ adults? Intelligence, 36, 339–349. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.11.004
  • Finkel, D., Reynolds, C. A., McArdle, J. J., & Pedersen, N. L. (2007). Cohort differences in trajectories of cognitive aging. The Journals Of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62B, P286–P294. doi:10.1093/geronb/62.5.P286
  • Forstmann, B. U., Tittgemeyer, M., Wagenmakers, E., Derrfuss, J., Imperati, D., & Brown, S. (2011). The speed-accuracy tradeoff in the elderly brain: A structural model-based approach. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 17242–17249. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0309-11.2011
  • *Gaylord, S., & Marsh, G. (1975). Age differences in the speed of a spatial cognitive process. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 674–678.
  • *Gilmore, G. C., Wenk, H. E., Naylor, L. A., & Stove, T. A. (1992). Motion perception and aging. Psychology and Aging, 7, 654–660. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.7.4.654
  • Goldstein, D., Haldane, D., & Mitchell, C. (1990). Sex differences in visual-spatial ability: The role of performance factors. Memory & Cognition, 18, 546–550. doi:10.3758/BF03198487
  • *Gruenfeld, L. W., & MacEachron, A. E. (1975). Relationship between age, socioeconomic status and field independence. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41, 449–450.
  • *Hale, S., Lima S. D., & Myerson, J. (1991). General cognitive slowing in the nonlexical domain: An experimental validation. Psychology and Aging, 6, 512–521. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.4.512
  • *Hale, S., Myerson, J., Faust, M., & Fristoe, N. (1995). Converging evidence for domain-specific slowing from multiple nonlexical tasks and multiple analytic methods. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50, 202–212.
  • *Hambrick, D. Z., Salthouse, T. A., & Meinz, E. J. (1999). Predictors of crossword puzzle proficiency and moderators of age-cognition relations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 131–164. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.2.131
  • Harris, I. M., Harris, J. A., & Caine, D. (2002). Mental-rotation deficits following damage to the right basal ganglia. Neuropsychology, 16, 524–537. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.4.524
  • Hedges, L.V., & Becker, B. J. (1986). Statistical methods in the meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
  • *Herman, J. F., & Bruce, P. R. (1983). Adults’ mental rotation of spatial information: Effects of age sex and cerebral laterality. Experimental Aging Research, 9, 83–85.
  • *Hertzog, C. (1989). Influences of cognitive slowing on age differences in intelligence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 636–651. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.636
  • *Hertzog, C., & Rypma, B. (1991). Age differences in components of mental-rotation task performance. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 29, 209–212.
  • *Hertzog, C., Vernon, M. C., & Rypma, B. (1993). Age differences in mental rotation task performance: The influence of speed/accuracy tradeoffs. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48, 150–156.
  • Hox, J. J. (2008). Accomodating measurement errors. In E. D. de Leeuw, J. J. Hox, & D. A. Dillman ( Eds.), The international handbook of survey methodology (pp. 387–402). New York/London: Erlbaum/Taylor & Francis.
  • Hox, J. J., & De Leeuw, E. D. (2003). Multilevel models for meta-analysis. In S. P. Reise & N. Duan ( Eds.), Multilevel modeling. methodological advances, issues, and applications (pp. 90–111). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Hoyer, W. J., Stawski, R. S., Wasylyshyn, C., & Verhaeghen, P. (2004). Adult age and digit symbol substitution performance: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 19, 211–214. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.211
  • *Jacewicz, M. M., & Hartley, A. A. (1987). Age differences in the speed of cognitive operations: Resolution of inconsistent findings. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 86–88.
  • *Jansen, P., & Heil, M. (2010). Gender differences in mental rotation across adulthood. Experimental Aging Research, 36, 94–104.
  • *Kaufman, S. B. (2007). Sex differences in mental rotation and spatial visualization ability: Can they be accounted for by differences in working memory? Intelligence, 35, 211–223.
  • *Kemps, E., & Newson, R. (2005). Patterns and predictors of adult age differences in mental imagery. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 12, 99–128. doi:10.1080/13825580590925152
  • *Klodin, V. M. (1976). The relationship of scoring treatment and age in perceptual-integrative performance. Experimental Aging Research, 2, 303–313. doi:10.1080/03610737608257988
  • *Koss, E., Haxby, J. V., DeCarli, C., Schapiro, M. B., Friedland, R. P., & Rapaport, S. I. (1991). Patterns of performance preservation and loss in healthy aging. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 99–113. doi:10.1080/87565649109540479
  • *Lee, J., & Pollack, R. (1978). The effects of age on perceptual problem-solving strategies. Experimental Aging Research, 4, 37–54. doi:10.1080/03610737808257125
  • *Lindenberger, U., Kliegl, R., & Baltes, P. B. (1992). Professional expertise does not eliminate age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood. Psychology & Aging, 7, 585–593.
  • Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C. (1985). Emergence and characterisation of gender differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 56, 1479–1498. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1130467
  • Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Lohman, D. F. (1986). The effect of speed-accuracy tradeoff on sex differences in mental rotation. Perception and Psychophysics, 39, 427–436.
  • Lord, S. R., & Webster, I. W. (1990). Visual field dependence in elderly fallers and non-fallers. The International Journal Of Aging & Human Development, 31, 267–277. doi:10.2190/38MH-2EF1-E36Q-75T2
  • *Lövdén, M., Schaefer, S., Noack, H., Bodammer, N.C., Kühn, S., Heinze, H.-J., Lindenberger, U. (2011). Spatial navigation training protects the hippocampus against age-related changes during early and late adulthood. Neurobiology of Aging, doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2001.02.013
  • Mapstone, M., Steffenella, T. M., & Duffy, C. J. (2003). A visuospatial variant of mild cognitive impairment: Getting lost between aging and AD. Neurology, 60, 802–808. doi:10.1001/archneur.60.6.802
  • Marsh, H. W., Bornmann, L., Mutz, R., Daniel, H.-D., & O’Mara, A. (2009). Gender effects in the peer reviews of grant proposals: A comprehensive meta-analysis comparing traditional and multilevel approaches. Review of Educational Research, 79, 1290–1326. doi:10.3102/0034654309334143
  • *McDowell, C. L., Harrison, D. W., & Demaree, H. A. (1994). Is right hemisphere decline in the perception of emotion a function of aging? International Journal of Neuroscience, 79, 1–11.
  • Meinz, E. J., & Salthouse, T. A. (1998). Is age kinder to females than to males? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 56–70. doi:10.3758/BF03209457
  • *Norman, J. F., & Wiesemann, E. Y. (2007). Aging and the perception of local surface orientation from optical patterns of shading and specular highlights. Perception & Psychophysics, 69, 23–31.
  • Old, S. R., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2008). Differential effects of age on item and associative measures of memory: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 23, 104–118. doi:10.1037/0882.7974.1.104
  • Orwin, R. G (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8, 157–159. doi:10.2307/1164923
  • Pachella, R. G. (1974). The interpretation of reaction time in information processing research. In B. H. Kantowitz ( Ed.), Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cognition (pp. 41–82). New York: Wiley.
  • *Pak, R., Czaja, S. J., Sharit, J., Rogers, W. A., & Fisk, A. D. (2008). The role of spatial abilities and age in performance in an auditory computer navigation task. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 3045–3051. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.010
  • *Pak, R., Price, M. M., & Thatcher, J. (2009). Age-sensitive design of online health information: Comparative usability study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11, e45.
  • *Panek, P. E. (1985). Age differences in field-dependence/independence. Experimental Aging Research, 11, 97–99.
  • *Pannek, P. E., Barrett, G.V., Sterns, H. L., & Alexander, R. A. (1978). Age differences in perceptual style, selective attention and perceptual motor reaction time. Experimental Aging Research, 4, 377–387.
  • Park, D. C., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2009). The adaptive brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 21.1–21.24.
  • *Parks, C. W., Jr, Mitchell, D. B., & Perlmutter, M. (1986). Cognitive and social functioning across adulthood: Age or student status differences? Psychology & Aging, 1, 248–254.
  • *Perlmutter, M., & Nyquist, L. (1990). Relationships between self-reported physical and mental health and intelligence performance across adulthood. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 45, 145–155.
  • *Peters, M., Manning, J. T., & Reimers, S. (2007). The effects of sex, sexual orientation, and digit ratio (2D:4D) on mental rotation performance. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 251–260. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9166-8
  • Pfütze, E.-M., Sommer, W., & Schweinberg, S. R. (2002). Age-related slowing in face and name recognition: Evidence frome vent-related potential. Psychology and Aging, 17, 140–160. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.140
  • *Prohaska, T. R., Parham, I. A., & Teitelman, J. (1984). Age differences in attributions to causality: Implications for intellectual assessment. Experimental Aging Research, 10, 111–117.
  • *Puglisi, J. T., & Morrell, R. W. (1986). Age-related slowing in mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Experimental Aging Research, 12, 217–219.
  • Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • *Riege, W. H., & Inman, V. (1981). Age differences in nonverbal memory tasks. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 51–58.
  • *Riege, W. H., Kelly, K., & Klane, L. T. (1981). Aged and error differences on memory-for-designs. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 52, 507–513.
  • Robert, M., & Tanguay, M. (1990). Perception and representation of the Euclidean coordinates in mature and elderly men and women. Experimental Aging Research, 16, 123–131.
  • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The “file drawer problem” and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638–641. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638
  • *Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., Black, S. R., & McCown, S. M. (2008). Age-related changes in creative thinking. Journal of Creative Behavior, 42, 33–59.
  • *Royer, F. L., Gilmore, G. C., & Gruhn, J. J. (1984). Stimulus parameters that produce age differences in block design performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 1474–1485.
  • *Ruggiero, G., Sergi, I., & Iachini, T. (2008). Gender differences in remembering and inferring spatial distances. Memory, 16, 821–835. doi:10.1080/09658210802307695
  • *Saimpont, A., Pozzo, T., & Papaxanthis, C. (2009). Aging affects the mental rotation of left and right hands. PLoS ONE, 4, e6714.
  • Salthouse, T. A. (1979). Adult age and the speed–accuracy trade-off. Ergonomics, 22, 811–821. doi:10.1080/00140137908924659
  • Salthouse, T. A. (1985). Speed of behavior and its implications for cognition. In J. E. Birren & K. Schaie ( Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed.; pp. 400–426). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Age and experience effects on the interpretation of orthographic drawings of three dimensional objects. Psychology and Aging, 6, 426–433. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.3.426
  • *Salthouse, T. A. (1992). Why do adult age difference increase with task complexity? Developmental Psychology, 28, 905–918.
  • *Salthouse, T. A. (1994). The nature of the influence of speed on adult age differences in cognition. Developmental Psychology, 30, 240–259. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.2.240
  • Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition Psychological Review, 103, 403–428.
  • Salthouse, T. A. (2000). Aging and measures of processing speed. Biological Psychology, 54, 35–54.
  • *Salthouse, T. A. (2001). Structural models of the relations between age and measures of cognitive functioning. Intelligence, 29, 93–115. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(00)00040-4
  • *Salthouse, T. A., Babcock, R. L., Skovronek, E., Mitchell, D. R. D., & Palmon, R. (1990). Age and experience effects in spatial visualization. Developmental Psychology, 26, 128–136. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.128
  • *Salthouse, T. A., & Ferrer-Caja, E. (2003). What needs to be explained to account for age-related effects on multiple cognitive variables? Psychology and Aging, 18, 91–110. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.1.91
  • *Salthouse, T. A., Fristoe, N., McGuthry, K. E., & Hambrick, D. Z. (1998). Relation of task switching to speed, age, and fluid intelligence. Psychology & Aging, 13, 445–461.
  • *Salthouse, T. A., Fristoe, N., & Rhee, S. H. (1996). How localized are age-related effects on neuropsychological measures?
  • *Salthouse, T. A., Hambrick, D. Z., & McGuthry, K. E. (1998). Shared age-related influences on cognitive and noncognitive variables. Psychology & Aging, 13, 486–500.
  • *Salthouse, T. A., Kausler, D., & Saults, J. S. (1988). Investigation of student status, background variables, and feasibility of standard tasks in cognitive aging research. Psychology and Aging, 3, 29–37. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.3.1.29
  • *Salthouse, T. A., & Mitchell, D. R. D. (1990). Effects of age and naturally occurring experience on spatial visualization performance. Developmental Psychology, 26, 845–854. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.5.845
  • *Salthouse, T. A., Mitchell, D. R. D., Skovronek, E., & Babcock, R. L. (1989). Effects of adult age and working memory on reasoning and spatial abilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 507–516. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.3.507
  • *Schaie, K. W. (1958). Rigidity-flexibility and intelligence: A cross-sectional study of the adult life span from 20 to 70 years. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 72, 1–26. doi:10.1037/h0093788
  • Schaie, K. W. (1994). The course of adult intellectual development. American Psychologist, 49, 304–313. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.4.304
  • *Schwartz. D. W., & Karp, S. A. (1967). Field dependence in a geriatric population. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 24, 495–504.
  • *Sharps, M. J., & Gollin, E. S. (1987). Speed and accuracy of mental image rotation in young and elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 342–344.
  • Sliwinski, M. J., & Hall, C. B. (1998). Constraints on general slowing: A meta-analysis using hierarchical linear models with random coefficients. Psychology And Aging, 13, 164–175. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.13.1.164
  • Starns, J. J., & Ratcliff, R. (2010). The effects of aging on the speed–accuracy compromise: Boundary optimality in the diffusion model. Psychology and Aging, 25, 377–390. doi:10.1037/a0018022
  • Titz, C., & Verhaeghen, P. (2010). Aging and directed forgetting in episodic memory: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 25, 405–411. doi:10.1037/a0017225
  • Touron, D. R., & Hertzog, C. (2009). Age differences in strategic behavior during a computation-based skill acquisition task. Psychology and Aging, 24, 574–585. doi:10.1037/a0015966
  • Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 352–402. doi:10.1037/a0028446
  • Vandenberg, S. G., & Kuse, A. R. (1978). Mental rotation, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47, 599–604.
  • Verhaeghen, P. (2003). Aging and vocabulary scores: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging 18, 332–339. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.332
  • Verhaeghen, P., & Cerella, J. (2008).Everything we know about aging and response times: A meta-analytic integration. In S. M. Hofer & D. F. Alwin ( Eds.), Handbook of cognitive aging: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 134–150). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
  • Verhaegen, P., Cerella, J., & Basak, C. (2006). Aging, task complexity, and efficiency modes: The influence of working memory involvement on age differences in response time for verbal and visuospatial tasks. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13, 254–280.
  • Verhaeghen, P., & Salthouse, T. (1997). Meta-analysis of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 231–249. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.231
  • *Villardita, C., Cultrera, S., Cupone, V., & Mejia, R. (1985). Neuropsychological test performances and normal aging. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 4, 311–319.
  • Voyer, D. (2011). Time limits and gender differences on paper-and-pencil tests of mental rotation: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18, 267–277. doi:10.3758/s13423-010-0042-0
  • Voyer, D., Boudreau. V. G., & Russell, A. M. (2006). Reliability and magnitude of laterality effects in a dichotic listening task: Influence of the testing procedure. In J. R. Dupri ( Ed.), Focus on neuropsychology research (pp. 141–161). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
  • Voyer, D., & Sullivan, A. M. (2003). The relation between spatial and mathematical abilities: Potential factors underlying suppression. International Journal of Psychology, 38, 11–23. doi:10.1080/00207590244000241
  • Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 250–270. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.250
  • Wiener, J. M., Kmecova, H., & de Condappa, O. (2012). Route repetition and route retracing: Effects of cognitive aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 4:7 doi:10.3389/fnagi.2012.00007
  • Yamamoto, N., & DeGirolamo, G. J. (2012). Differential effects of aging on spatial learning through exploratory navigation and map reading. Frontiers In Aging Neuroscience, 4:14 doi:10.3389/fnagi.2012.00014

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.