Publication Cover
Experimental Aging Research
An International Journal Devoted to the Scientific Study of the Aging Process
Volume 47, 2021 - Issue 5
986
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Workplace Age Discrimination and Affecting Factors in Turkey: A Validation Study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 436-450 | Received 04 Dec 2020, Accepted 24 Mar 2021, Published online: 08 Apr 2021

References

  • Abrams, D., Swift, H. J., & Drury, L. (2016). Old and unemployable? How age-based stereotypes affect willingness to hire job candidates. Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 105–121. doi:10.1111/josi.12158
  • The Australian Human Rights Commission. (2015). National prevalence survey of age discrimination in the workplace. Sydney, Australia: Avustralia.
  • Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139–161. doi:10.1016/0167-8116(95)00038-0
  • Bayl-Smith, P. H., & Griffin, B. (2014). Age discrimination in the workplace: Identifying as a late career worker and its relationship with engagement and intended retirement age. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(9), 588–599. doi:10.1111/jasp.12251
  • Bentler, P. M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31(1), 419–456. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.31.020180.002223
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
  • Bratt, C., Abrams, D., Swift, H. J., Vauclair, C. M., & Marques, S. (2018). Perceived age discrimination across age in Europe: From an ageing society to a society for all ages. Developmental Psychology, 54(1), 167–180. doi:10.1037/dev0000398
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Brownell, P. (2014). “Ageism in the Workplace” in Encyclopedia of Social Work. Online publication. https://oxfordre.com/socialwork/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.001.0001/acrefore-9780199975839-e-844?print=pdf
  • Butler, R. N. (1969). Age-ism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 9(4 Part 1), 243–246. doi:10.1093/geront/9.4_Part_1.243
  • Charles, S. T. (2010). Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1068–1091. doi:10.1037/a0021232
  • Choi, E., Ospina, J., Steger, M. F., & Orsi, R. (2018). Understanding work enjoyment among older workers: The significance of flexible work options and age discrimination in the workplace. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 61(8), 867–886. doi:10.1080/01634372.2018.1515140
  • Çokluk, Ö. S., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, S. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: Spss ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Ankara, Turkey: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Duncan, C., & Loretto, W. (2004). Never the right age? Gender and age-based discrimination in employment. Gender, Work and Organization, 11(1), 95–115. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2004.00222.x
  • European Commission (2015). Discrimination in the EU in 2015 Report.
  • European Commission. (2019). Discrimination in the European Union May 2019 Report.
  • Finkelstein, L. M., Ryan, K. M., & King, E. B. (2013). What do the young (old) people think of me? Content and accuracy of age-based metastereotypes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(6), 633–657. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2012.673279
  • Furunes, T., & Mykletun, R. J. (2010). Age discrimination in the workplace: Validation of the Nordic Age Discrimination Scale (NADS). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(1), 23–30. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00738.x
  • Gee, G. C., Pavalko, E. K., & Long, J. S. (2007). Age, cohort and perceived age discrimination: Using the life course to assess selfreported perceived age discrimination. Social Forces, 86(1), 265–290. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0098
  • General Directorate of Disabled and Elderly Services. (2020). Disability and elderly statistics bulletin 2020-May. Ankara, Turkey: General Directorate of Disabled and Elderly Services
  • Gonzales, E., Gonzales, E., Lee, Y. J., Jung, L. S., & Marchiondo, L. (2018). Discrimination and its effect on health and work: A longitudinal population-based study of older workers in the us. Innovation in Aging, 2(Suppl suppl_1), 442. doi:10.1093/geroni/igy023.1654
  • Gonzales, E., Marchiondo, L., Ran, S., Brown, C., & Goettge, K. (2015b). Age discrimination in workplace and its association with health and work: Implications for social policy. Boston, MA: Boston University, Research Brief, 201502, 4.
  • Gordon, S. (2020). Ageism and age discrimination in the family: Applying an intergenerational critical consciousness approach. Clinical Social Work Journal, 48(2), 169–178. doi:10.1007/s10615-020-00753-0
  • Griffin, B., Bayl-Smith, P., & Hesketh, B. (2016). The longitudinal effects of perceived age discrimination on the job satisfaction and work withdrawal of older employees. Work, Aging and Retirement, 2(4), 415–427. doi:10.1093/workar/waw014
  • Gül, İ. I., Yeşiladalı, B., & Karan, U. (2012). Ayrımcılık Yasağı Eğitimi El Kitabı: Türkiye’ye İlişkin Arka Plan. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi İnsan Hakları Hukuku Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.
  • ILO. (2019). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2019. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office.
  • Iversen, T. N., Larsen, L., & Solem, P. E. (2009). A conceptual analysis of ageism. Nordic Psychology, 61(3), 4–22. doi:10.1027/1901-2276.61.3.4
  • Johnson, R. W., & Neumark, D. (1997). Age discrimination, job separations, and employment status of older workers: Evidence from selfreports. The Journal of Human Resources, 32(4), 779. doi:10.2307/146428
  • Loretto, W., Duncan, C., & White, P. J. (2000). Ageism and employment: Controversies, ambiguities and younger people’s perceptions. Ageing and Society, 20(3), 279–302. doi:10.1017/S0144686X00007741
  • Macdonald, J. L., & Levy, S. R. (2016). Ageism in the workplace: The role of psychosocial factors in predicting job satisfaction, commitment, and engagement. Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 169–190. doi:10.1111/josi.12161
  • March, A., & Sahin-Dikmen, M. (2003). Discrimination in Europe. London, England: The European Opinion Research Group (EEIG).
  • Marchiondo, L., Gonzales, E., & Ran, S. (2016). Development and validation of the workplace age discrimination scale (WADS). Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(4), 493–513. doi:10.1007/s10869-015-9425-6
  • Marchiondo, L., Gonzales, E., & Williams, L. (2017). Workplace age discrimination: Long-term relationships with health and retirement intentions. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(4), 655–663. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx095
  • Marchiondo, L. A., Fisher, G. G., Cortina, L. M., & Matthews, R. A. (2020). Disrespect at work, distress at home: A longitudinal investigation of incivility spillover and crossover among older workers. Work, Aging and Retirement, 6(3), 153–164. doi:10.1093/workar/waaa007
  • Marchiondo, L. A., Gonzales, E., & Williams, L. J. (2019). Trajectories of perceived workplace age discrimination and long-term associations with mental, self-rated, and occupational health. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(4), 655–663. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx095
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J. L. (2006). OECD’s brief self-report measure of educational psychology’s most useful affective constructs: Cross-cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311–360. doi:10.1207/s15327574ijt0604_1
  • Ministry of Development (2019). 11th Development Plan 2019-2023. Ankara. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/OnbirinciKalkinmaPlani.pdf
  • Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Services (2012). Intergenerational solidarity and active aging symposium proceedings. Ankara. https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/5653/kusaklararasi-dayanisma-ve-aktif-yaslanma-sempozyumu-bildirileri.pdf
  • Morrow-Howell, N., Gonzales, E. G., Harootyan, R. A., Lee, Y., & Lindberg, B. W. (2017). Approaches, policies, and practices to support the productive engagement of older adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 60(3), 193–200. doi:10.1080/01634372.2016.1275912
  • O’Loughlin, K., Kendig, H., Hussain, R., & Cannon, L. (2017). Age discrimination in the workplace: The more things change …. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 36(2), 98–101. doi:10.1111/ajag.12429
  • OECD (2020). Labour Force Statistics by Sex and Age. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R
  • Palmore, E. (2015). Ageism comes of age. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(6), 873–875. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv079
  • Perron, R., & McCann, L. (2018). 50 years after ADEA: Perspectives of age discrimination in the workplace. Innovation in Aging, 2(Suppl suppl_1), 319. doi:10.1093/geroni/igy023.1166
  • Perry, E. L., & Finkelstein, L. M. (1999). Toward a broader view of age discrimination in employment-related decisions: A joint consideration of organizational factors and cognitive processes. Human Resource Management Review, 9(1), 21–49. doi:10.1016/S1053-4822(99)00010-8
  • Posthuma, R., & Campion, M. (2009). Age stereotypes in the workplace: Common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions. Journal Management, 35(1), 158–188.
  • Redman, T., & Snape, E. (2006). The consequences of perceived age discrimination amongst older police officers: Is social support a buffer? British Journal of Management, 17(2), 167–175. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00492.x
  • Shippee, T. P., Wilkinson, L. R., Schafer, M. H., & Shippee, N. D. (2019). Long-term effects of age discrimination on mental health: The role of perceived financial strain. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(4), 664–674. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx017
  • Snellman, F., Nygård, M., & Jungerstam, S. (2013). Conceptions and tendencies of age discrimination and attitudes towards older people in selected regions in Finland and Sweden. Nordic Journal of Social Research, 4, 115–138. doi:10.7577/njsr.2070
  • Solem, P. E. (2016). Ageism and age discrimination in working life. Nordic Psychology, 68(3), 160–175. doi:10.1080/19012276.2015.1095650
  • Stokes, J. E., & Moorman, S. M. (2020). Sticks and stones: Perceived age discrimination, well-being, and health over a 20-year period. Research on Aging, 42(3–4), 115–125. doi:10.1177/0164027519894875
  • Stypinska, J., & Nikander, P. (2018). Ageism and age discrimination in the labour market: A macrostructural perspective. In L. Ayalon, C. Tesch-Römer (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on ageism (pp. 91–108). Cham, Germany and Finland: Springer.
  • Stypinska, J., & Turek, K. (2017). Hard and soft age discrimination: The dual nature of workplace discrimination. European Journal of Ageing, 14(1), 49–61. doi:10.1007/s10433-016-0407-y
  • Taylor, P., & McLoughlin, C. (2017). Gendered ageism and micro aggressions in the workplace. Innovation in Aging, 1(Suppl suppl_1), 116. doi:10.1093/geroni/igx004.479
  • Taylor, P., Mcloughlin, C., Meyer, D., & Brooke, E. (2013). Everyday discrimination in the workplace, job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing: Age differences and moderating variables. Ageing and Society, 33(7), 1105–1138. doi:10.1017/S0144686X12000438
  • TIHEK (2020). Elderly rights workshop. Ankara. https://www.tihek.gov.tr/upload/file_editor/2020/10/1601546033.pdf
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) (2020a). Elderly Statistics 2019, 33712.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) (2020b). Labor Statistics 2020, 33791.
  • United Nations (UN) (2019). World population aging 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SERA/430).
  • Von Schrader, S., & Nazarov, Z. E. (2016). Trends and patterns in age discrimination in employment act (ADEA) charges. Research on Aging, 38(5), 580–601. doi:10.1177/0164027515593989
  • Waltz, C. F., Strcikland, O. L., & Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research. New York, USA: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Structural equation modeling: Applications using mplus: Methods and applications. West Susex, China: John Wiley & Sons.
  • WHO (2020). Decade of healthy ageing: Plan of action 2020-2030. World Health Organization.
  • Wilson, D. M., Errasti-Ibarrondo, B., & Low, G. (2019). Where are we now in relation to determining the prevalence of ageism in this era of escalating population ageing? Ageing Research Reviews, 51, 78–84. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.03.001
  • Yang, Y., & Green, S. B. (2011). Coefficient alpha: A reliability coefficient for the 21st century? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 377–392. doi:10.1177/0734282911406668

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.