Community-Based Virtual Reality Interventions in Older Adults with Dementia and/or Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review

References

• Afifi, T., Collins, N., Rand, K., Otmar, C., Mazur, A., Dunbar, N. E., Fujiwara, K., Harrison, K., & Logsdon, R. (2023). Using virtual reality to improve the quality of life of older adults with cognitive impairments and their family members who live at a distance. Health Communication, 38(9), 1904–1915. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2040170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akeley, K., Watt, S. J., Girshick, A. R., & Banks, M. S. (2004). A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 23(3), 804–813. https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, R. A. (2009). Alzheimer’s disease and the eye. Journal of Optometry, 2(3), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.3921/joptom.2009.103
   Google Scholar
• Bai, H., Li, S., & Shepherd, R. F. (2021). Elastomeric haptic devices for virtual and augmented reality. Advanced Functional Materials, 31(39), 2009364. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202009364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, S., Waycott, J., Robertson, E., Carrasco, R., Neves, B. B., Hampson, R., & Vetere, F. (2020). Evaluating the use of interactive virtual reality technology with older adults living in residential aged care. Information Processing & Management, 57(3), 102105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreiros, J., Claure, H., Peele, B., Shapira, O., Spjut, J., Luebke, D., Jung, M., & Shepherd, R. (2018). Fluidic elastomer actuators for haptic interactions in virtual reality. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 4(2), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2018.2888628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayahya, A. Y., Alhalabi, W., & AlAmri, S. H. (2021). Smart health system to detect dementia disorders using virtual reality. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 9(7), 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070810
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bown, J., White, E., & Boopalan, A. (2017). Looking for the ultimate display: A brief history of virtual reality. In J. Gackenbach & J. Bown (Eds.), Boundaries of self and reality online (pp. 239–259). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804157-4.00012-8
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, J. O., Goodenough, R. R., Crisler, M. C., Klein, N. D., Alley, R. L., Koon, B. L., Logan, W. C., Ogle, J. H., Tyrrell, R. A., & Wills, R. F. (2010). Simulator sickness during driving simulation studies. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(3), 788–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. A. (2019). An exploration of virtual reality use and application among older adult populations. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 5, 2333721419885287. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721419885287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., Lach, J., Lo, B., & Yang, G. Z. (2016). Toward pervasive gait analysis with wearable sensors: A systematic review. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 20(6), 1521–1537. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2016.2608720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, W., & Lee, S. (2019). The effects of virtual kayak paddling exercise on postural balance, muscle performance, and cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled Trial. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 27(6), 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2018-0020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coburn, J. Q., Freeman, I., & Salmon, J. L. (2017). A review of the capabilities of current low-cost virtual reality technology and its potential to enhance the design process. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 17(3), 031013. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho, T., Marques, C., Moreira, D., Soares, M., Portugal, P., Marques, A., Ferreira, A. R., Martins, S., & Fernandes, L. (2020). Promoting reminiscences with virtual reality headsets: A pilot study with people with dementia. Dementia (London, England), 17(24), 9301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249301
   Google Scholar
• Comes, R., & Neamtu, C. (2023). Head-mounted display wearable devices ergonomics and usability. ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS-Series: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS, and ENGINEERING, 65(3S). https://atna-mam.utcluj.ro/index.php/Acta/article/view/1944
   Google Scholar
• Davis, J. C., Bryan, S., Li, L. C., Best, J. R., Hsu, C. L., Gomez, C., Vertes, K. A., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2015). Mobility and cognition are associated with wellbeing and health related quality of life among older adults: A cross-sectional analysis of the Vancouver Falls Prevention Cohort. BMC Geriatrics, 15(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0076-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Cunha, N. M., Isbel, S. T., Frost, J., Fearon, A., McKune, A. J., Naumovski, N., & Kellett, J. (2021). Effects of a virtual group cycling experience on people living with dementia: A mixed method pilot study. Dementia (London England), 20(5), 1518–1535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301220951328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Cunha, N. M., Nguyen, D., Naumovski, N., McKune, A. J., Kellett, J., Georgousopoulou, E. N., Frost, J., & Isbel, S. (2019). A mini-review of virtual reality-based interventions to promote well-being for people living with dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Gerontology, 65(4), 430–440. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delbroek, T., Vermeylen, W., & Spildooren, J. (2017). The effect of cognitive-motor dual task training with the biorescue force platform on cognition, balance and dual task performance in institutionalized older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29(7), 1137–1143. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1137
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duh, H. B. L., Parker, D. E., & Furness, T. A. (2001, March). An “independent visual background” reduced balance disturbance envoked by visual scene motion: Implication for alleviating simulator sickness. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 85–89). https://doi.org/10.1145/365024.365051
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C., Shade, M. Y., Blaskewicz Boron, J., Lyden, E., & Manley, N. A. (2020). Virtual reality for therapeutic recreation in dementia hospice care: A feasibility study. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine®, 37(10), 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909120901525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, S. S., McGreevy, M., Humphries, J., & Robinett, W. (1987, January). Virtual environment display system. Proceedings of the 1986 workshop on Interactive 3D graphics (I3D ’86). Association for Computing Machinery (pp. 77–87). https://doi.org/10.1145/319120.319127
   Google Scholar
• Flavián, C., Ibáñez-Sánchez, S., & Orús, C. (2019). The impact of virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies on the customer experience. Journal of Business Research, 100, 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foloppe, D. A., Richard, P., Yamaguchi, T., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., & Allain, P. (2018). The potential of virtual reality-based training to enhance the functional autonomy of Alzheimer’s disease patients in cooking activities: A single case study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 28(5), 709–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2015.1094394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furness, T. A., III. (1986, September). The super cockpit and its human factors challenges. Proceedings of the human factors’ society annual meeting (Vol. 30. pp. 48–52). https://doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000112
   Google Scholar
• Gusdal, A. K., & Gustafsson, C. (2020). Virtual reality in the care of people with dementia: A single-case research study. Journal of Patient Care and Services, 1(1), 4–31. https://openaccesspub.org/journal/patient-care-and-services/about
   Google Scholar
• Hamad, A., & Jia, B. (2022). How virtual reality technology has changed our lives: An overview of the current and potential applications and limitations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley, D. (2020). Palmer Luckey and the rise of contemporary virtual reality. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 26(5–6), 1144–1158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856519860237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildreth, K. L., & Church, S. (2015). Evaluation and management of the elderly patient presenting with cognitive complaints. The Medical Clinics of North America, 99(2), 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyer, W. D., Kroschke, M., Schmitt, B., Kraume, K., & Shankar, V. (2020). Transforming the customer experience through new technologies. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 51(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2020.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, C. C., Lin, P. S., Hsu, W. C., Wang, J. S., Huang, Y. C., Lim, A. Y., & Hsu, Y. C. (2018). The effectiveness of a virtual reality-based Tai Chi exercise on cognitive and physical function in older adults with cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 46(5–6), 358–370. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L. C., & Yang, Y. H. (2022). The long-term effects of immersive virtual reality reminiscence in people with dementia: Longitudinal Observational Study. JMIR Serious Games, 10(3), e36720. https://doi.org/10.2196/36720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, T. F., Flatt, J. D., Fu, B., Butters, M. A., Chang, C. C. H., & Ganguli, M. (2014). Interactive video gaming compared with health education in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(9), 890–898. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huygelier, H., Schraepen, B., Van Ee, R., Vanden Abeele, V., & Gillebert, C. R. (2019). Acceptance of immersive head-mounted virtual reality in older adults. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 4519. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41200-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, J., & Lee, S. (2017). The effect of virtual reality program on the cognitive function and balance of the people with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29(8), 1283–1286. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1283
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jadhav, S., Kannanda, V., Kang, B., Tolley, M. T., & Schulze, J. P. (2017). Soft robotic glove for kinesthetic haptic feedback in virtual reality environments. Electronic Imaging, 29(3), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2017.3.ERVR-102
   Google Scholar
• Jaul, E., & Menzel, J. (2014). Pressure ulcers in the elderly, as a public health problem. Journal of General Practice, 2(5), 174. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9126.1000174
   Google Scholar
• Jayaram, S., Vance, J., Gadh, R., Jayaram, U., & Srinivasan, H. (2001). Assessment of VR technology and its applications to engineering problems. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 1(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1353846
   Google Scholar
• Kang, J. M., Kim, N., Lee, S. Y., Woo, S. K., Park, G., Yeon, B. K., Park, J. W., Youn, J.-H., Ryu, S.-H., Lee, J.-Y., & Cho, S. J. (2021). Effect of cognitive training in fully immersive virtual reality on visuospatial function and frontal-occipital functional connectivity in predementia: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(5), e24526. https://doi.org/10.2196/24526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawano, N., Iwamoto, K., Ebe, K., Aleksic, B., Noda, A., Umegaki, H., Kuzuya, M., Iidaka, T., & Ozaki, N. (2012). Slower adaptation to driving simulator and simulator sickness in older adults aging clinical and experimental research. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(3), 285–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, R. S., Stanney, K. M., & Dunlap, W. P. (2000). Duration and exposure to virtual environments: Sickness curves during and across sessions. Presence Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 9(5), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474600566952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavarz, B., Novak, A. C., Hettinger, L. J., Stoffregen, T. A., & Campos, J. L. (2017). Passive restraint reduces visually induced motion sickness in older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied, 23(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. H., Park, S., & Lim, H. (2021). Developing a virtual reality for people with dementia in nursing homes based on their psychological needs: A feasibility study. BMC Geriatrics, 21(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02125-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. W., Kim, S. H., Kim, C. S., Yi, K., Kim, J. S., Cho, B. J., & Cha, Y. (2020). Thermal display glove for interacting with virtual reality. Scientific reports, 10(1), 11403. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68362-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A. R., Gerritzen, E. V., McDermott, O., & Orrell, M. (2021). Exploring the role of web-based interventions in the self-management of dementia: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(7), e26551. https://doi.org/10.2196/26551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, G. H. (2016). Effects of virtual reality exercise program on balance, emotion, and quality of life in patients with cognitive decline. The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy, 28(6), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.18857/jkpt.2016.28.6.355
   Google Scholar
• Lee, G. H. (2021). Effect of virtual reality-based training program on patients with mild cognitive Impairment. Asia-pacific. Journal of Convergent Research Interchange (APJCRI), 7(1), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2020.01.07
   Google Scholar
• Leung, D. K., Chan, W. C., Spector, A., & Wong, G. H. (2021). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and apathy symptoms across dementia stages: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(9), 1330–1344. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, Y. Y., Chen, I. H., Lin, Y. J., Chen, Y., & Hsu, W. C. (2019). Effects of virtual reality-based physical and cognitive training on executive function and dual-task gait performance in older adults with mild cognitive Impairment: A randomized control trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11(162), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liao, Y. Y., Tseng, H. Y., Lin, Y. J., Wang, C. J., & Hsu, W. C. (2020). Using virtual reality-based training to improve cognitive function, instrumental activities of daily living and neural efficiency in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 56(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.23736/s1973-9087.19.05899-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippman, A. (1980, July). Movie-maps: An application of the optical videodisc to computer graphics. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH ’80), Acm Siggraph Computer Graphics, 14(3), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1145/965105.807465
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., Wang, Y., Tang, Q., & Liu, Z. (2020). Do you feel the same as i do? Differences in virtual reality technology experience and acceptance between elderly adults and college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(573673), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.573673
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masalkhi, M., Waisberg, E., Ong, J., Zaman, N., Sarker, P., Lee, A. G., & Tavakkoli, A. (2023). Apple vision pro for ophthalmology and medicine. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 51(12), 2643–2646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03283-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsangidou, M., Frangoudes, F., Hadjiaros, M., Schiza, E., Neokleous, K. C., Papayianni, E., Avraamides, M., & Pattichis, C. S. (2022). “Bring me sunshine, bring me (physical) strength”: The case of dementia. Designing and implementing a virtual reality system for physical training during the COVID-19 pandemic. InternationalJournal of Human-Computer Studies, 165(102840), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102840
   Google Scholar
• Mertens, L., Van Cauwenberg, J., Deforche, B., Van de Weghe, N., Matthys, M., & Van Dyck, D. (2021). Using virtual reality to investigate physical environmental factors related to cycling in older adults: A comparison between two methodologies. Journal of Transport & Health, 22(2021), 101136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101136
   Google Scholar
• Moon, H. J., Choi, Y. R., & Lee, S. K. (2014). Effects of virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program on cognitive function, physical function and depression in the elders with dementia. Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research, 5(2), 730–737. https://doi.org/10.5854/JIAPTR.2014.10.31.730
   Google Scholar
• Moyle, W., Jones, C., Dwan, T., & Petrovich, T. (2018). Effectiveness of a virtual reality forest on people with dementia: A mixed methods pilot study. The Gerontologist, 58(3), 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Bowen, D. M., Sims, N. R., Mann, D. M., Benton, J. S., Northen, B., Yates, P. O., & Davison, A. N. (1986). Neuropsychological syndromes in presenile dementia due to cerebral atrophy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 49(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.49.2.163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, J., Gamito, P., Souto, T., Conde, R., Ferreira, M., Corotnean, T., Fernandes, A., Silva, H., & Neto, T. (2021). Virtual reality-based cognitive stimulation on people with mild to moderate dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Optale, G., Urgesi, C., Busato, V., Marin, S., Piron, L., Priftis, K., Gamberini, L., Capodieci, S., & Bordin, A. (2010). Controlling memory impairment in elderly adults using virtual reality memory training: A randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 24(4), 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968309353328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr, N., Yeo, N. L., Dean, S. G., White, M. P., & Garside, R. (2021). “It makes you feel that you are there”: Exploring the acceptability of virtual reality nature environments for people with memory loss. Geriatrics, 6(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6010027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padala, K. P., Padala, P. R., Malloy, T. R., Geske, J. A., Dubbert, P. M., Dennis, R. A., Garner, K. K., Bopp, M. M., Burke, W. J., & Sullivan, D. H. (2012). Wii-fit for improving gait and balance in an assisted living facility: A pilot study. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/597573
   Google Scholar
• Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., & Whiting, P.… Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 105906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, D., Triyason, T., & Funikul, S. (2017, December). Smart homes and quality of life for the elderly: A systematic review. 2017 IEEE international symposium on multimedia (ISM) (pp. 413–419). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISM.2017.83
   Google Scholar
• Park, J. H. (2022a). Does the virtual shopping training improve executive function and instrumental activities of daily living of patients with mild cognitive impairment? Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 69(102977), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102977
   Google Scholar
• Park, J. H. (2022b). Effects of virtual reality-based spatial cognitive training on hippocampal function of older adults with mild cognitive impairment. International Psychogeriatrics, 34(2), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220001131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. H., Liao, Y., Kim, D. R., Song, S., Lim, J. H., Park, H., Park, J.-H., Park, H., Lee, Y., & Park, K. W. (2020). Feasibility and tolerability of a culture-based virtual reality (VR) training program in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J., & Yim, J. (2016). A new approach to improve cognition, muscle strength, and postural balance in community-dwelling elderly with a 3-D virtual reality kayak program. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 238(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.238.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, E., Cotea, C., & Pullman, S. (2014). Using commercial video games for upper limb stroke rehabilitation: Is this the way of the future?. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 21(2), 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1310/tsr2102-152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prothero, J. D., Draper, M. H., Furness, T. A., Parker, D. E., & Wells, M. J. (1999). The use of an independent visual background to reduce simulator side-effects. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 70(3 Pt 1), 277–283. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10102741/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rauschnabel, P. A., Felix, R., Hinsch, C., Shahab, H., & Alt, F. (2022). What is XR? Towards a framework for augmented and virtual reality. Computers in Human Behavior, 133(107289), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107289
   Google Scholar
• Riaz, W., Khan, Z. Y., Jawaid, A., & Shahid, S. (2021). Virtual reality (VR)-based environmental enrichment in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia. Brain Sciences, 11(8), 1103. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, A. R., De Schutter, B., Franks, K., & Radina, M. E. (2019). Older adults’ experiences with audiovisual virtual reality: Perceived usefulness and other factors influencing technology acceptance. Clinical Gerontologist, 42(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2018.1442380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, V., Stewart, I., Jenkins, K. G., Tabbaa, L., Ang, C. S., & Matsangidou, M. (2021). Bringing the outside in: The feasibility of virtual reality with people with dementia in an inpatient psychiatric care setting. Dementia (London England), 20(1), 106–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301219868036
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satter, K., & Butler, A. (2015). Competitive usability analysis of immersive virtual environments in engineering design review. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 15(3), 031001. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwenk, M., Sabbagh, M., Lin, I., Morgan, P., Grewal, G. S., Mohler, J., Coon, D. W., & Najafi, B. (2016). Sensor-based balance training with motion feedback in people with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 53(6), 945. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2015.05.0089
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shin, H. T., Kim, D. Y., Bae, C. R., Kim, H. S., Park, M. J., You, S. B., Kwon, Y. J., & Gwak, K. U. (2023). Fully-immersive virtual reality instrumental activities of daily living training for mild dementia: A feasibility study. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 12(2), 28090–28290. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-22-847
   Google Scholar
• Sinitski, E. H., Thompson, A. A., Godsell, P., Honey, J., & Besemann, M. (2018). Postural stability and simulator sickness after walking on a treadmill in a virtual environment with a curved display. Displays, 52, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2018.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares, B. C., Bacha, J. M. R., Mello, D. D., Moretto, E. G., Fonseca, T., Vieira, K. S., de Lima, A. F., Lange, B., Torriani-Pasin, C., Deus Lopes, R. D., & Pompeu, J. E. (2020). Immersive virtual tasks with motor and cognitive components: A feasibility study with young and older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 29(3), 400–411. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2019-0491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanney, K. M., & Kennedy, R. S. (2010). Simulation sickness. In P. A. Hancock, D. A. Vincenzi, J. A. Wise, & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Human factors in simulation and training (pp. 117–128). CRC Press. https://books.google.gr/books?hl=el&lr=&id=cgT56UW6aPUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA117&dq=Simulation+sickness+KM+Stanney,+RS+Kennedy++2010&ots=8lwHWV2edG&sig=_2h_Wh4j_9VLWItXtPNEwQV-vPs&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
   Google Scholar
• Steuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of communication. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, I. E. (1968). A head-mounted three-dimensional display. Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference, Part I on - AFIPS ’68 (Fall, Part I) (pp. 757–764). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/1476589.1476686
   Google Scholar
• Tarnanas, I., Tsolakis, A., & Tsolaki, M. (2014). Assessing virtual reality environments as cognitive stimulation method for patients with MCI. In A. Brooks, S. Brahnam, & L. Jain (Eds.), Technologies of inclusive well-being. Studies in computational intelligence (pp. 39–74). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45432-5_4
   Google Scholar
• Thapa, N., Park, H. J., Yang, J. G., Son, H., Jang, M., Lee, J., Park, H. J., Kang, S. W., Park, K. W., & Park, H. (2020). The effect of a virtual reality-based intervention program on cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized control trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5), 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tominari, M., Uozumi, R., Becker, C., Kinoshita, A., & Castelnuovo, G. (2021). Reminiscence therapy using virtual reality technology affects cognitive function and subjective well-being in older adults with dementia. Cogent Psychology, 8(1), 1968991, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2021.1968991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torpil, B., Şahin, S., Pekçetin, S., & Uyanık, M. (2021). The effectiveness of a virtual reality-based intervention on cognitive functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Games. Games for Health Journal, 10(2), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2020.0086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschanz, J. T., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Lyketsos, C. G., Corcoran, C., Green, R. C., Hayden, K., Norton, M. C., Zandi, P. P., Toone, L., West, N. A., Breitner, J. C. S., & Cache County Investigators. (2006). Conversion to dementia from mild cognitive disorder: The Cache County study. Neurology, 67(2), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000224748.48011.84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tun, S. Y. Y., Madanian, S., & Mirza, F. (2021). Internet of things (IoT) applications for elderly care: A reflective review. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(4), 855–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01545-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uğur, F., & Sertel, M. (2020). The effect of virtual reality applications on balance and gait speed in individuals with Alzheimer Dementia: A pilot study. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 36(4), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1097/TGR.0000000000000285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., Yang, Z., & Dong, T. (2017). A review of wearable technologies for elderly care that can accurately track indoor position, recognize physical activities and monitor vital signs in real time. Sensors, 17(2), 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, Y., Korchounov, A., Zhukova, T. V., & Bertschi, N. E. (2011). Depression in elderly patients with Alzheimer dementia or vascular dementia and its influence on their quality of life. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 2(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.80087
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2022, October). Ageing and health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization and Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2012, August). Dementia: A public health priority. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/dementia-a-public-health-priority
   Google Scholar
• Wu, J., Ma, Y., & Ren, Z. (2020). Rehabilitative effects of virtual reality technology for mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1811, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H. L., Chu, H., Kao, C. C., Chiu, H. L., Tseng, I. J., Tseng, P., & Chou, K. R. (2019). Development and effectiveness of virtual interactive working memory training for older people with mild cognitive impairment: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Age & Ageing, 48(4), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, T. M., Pai, F. Y., & Jeng, M. Y. (2019). The factors affecting older adults’ intention toward ongoing participation in virtual reality leisure activities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, K., Hsiang, E. L., Zou, J., Li, Y., Yang, Z., Yang, Q., Lai, P.-C., Lin, C.-L., & Wu, S. T. (2022). Advanced liquid crystal devices for augmented reality and virtual reality displays: Principles and applications. Light: Science & Applications, 11(1), 161. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-022-00851-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, D., Li, X., & Lai, F. H. (2023). The effect of virtual reality on executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 27(4), 663–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2076202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, D., Chen, L., Feng, Y., Song, R., Huang, L., Liu, J., & Zhang, L. (2021). Effects of virtual reality cognitive training in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(12), 1829–1847. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, K., Zhang, Q., He, B., Huang, M., Lin, R., & Li, H. (2022). Immersive virtual reality–based cognitive intervention for the improvement of cognitive function, depression, and perceived stress in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia: Pilot pre-post study. JMIR Serious Games, 10(1), e32117. https://doi.org/10.2196/32117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, S., Sui, Y., Shen, Y., Zhu, Y., Ali, N., Guo, C., & Wang, T. (2021). Effects of virtual reality intervention on cognition and motor function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13(586999), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.586999
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, T. G., Lanier, J., Blanchard, C., Bryson, S., & Harvill, Y. (1986). A hand gesture interface device. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 18(4), 189–192. https://doi.org/10.1145/1165387.275628
   Google Scholar