“A condom is compulsory”: A qualitative study of condom use and negotiation strategies among female sex workers in Nepal

References

• Alam, N., M. E. Chowdhury, M. K. Mridha, A. Ahmed, L. J. Reichenbach, P. K. Streatfield, and T. Azim. 2013. Factors Associated with Condom Use Negotiation by Female Sex Workers in Bangladesh. International Journal of STD & AIDS 24 (10):813–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral, S., C. Beyrer, K. Muessig, T. Poteat, A. L. Wirtz, M. R. Decker, S. G. Sherman, and D. Kerrigan. 2012. Burden of HIV among Female Sex Workers in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 12 (7):538–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, T. C., C. M. Markham, L. T. H. Tran, R. P. Beasley, and M. W. Ross. 2013. Condom Negotiation and Use among Female Sex Workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. AIDS and Behavior 17 (2):612–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S. Y. P., and E. Holroyd. 2007. The Influence of Power, Poverty and Agency in the Negotiation of Condom Use for Female Sex Workers in Mainland China. Culture, Health & Sexuality 9 (5):489–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., and A. Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd Ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Decker, M. R., H. L. McCauley, D. Phuengsamran, S. Janyam, G. R. Seage, and J. G. Silverman. 2010. Violence Victimisation, Sexual Risk and Sexually Transmitted Infection Symptoms among Female Sex Workers in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Infections 86 (3):236–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker, M. R., E. A. Yam, A. L. Wirtz, S. D. Baral, A. Peryshkina, V. Mogilnyi, and C. Beyrer. 2013. Induced Abortion, Contraceptive Use, and Dual Protection among Female Sex Workers in Moscow, Russia. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 120 (1):27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eller, L. S., and G. Mahat. 2003. Psychological Factors in Nepali Former Commercial Sex Workers with HIV. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 35 (1):53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furber, A. S., J. N. Newell, and M. M. Lubben. 2002. A Systematic Review of Current Knowledge of HIV Epidemiology and of Sexual Behaviour in Nepal. Tropical Medicine and International Health 7 (2):140–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghimire, L., W. C. S. Smith, E. R. van Teijlingen, R. Dahal, and N. P. Luitel. 2011. Reasons for Non-Use of Condoms and Self-Efficacy among Female Sex Workers: A Qualitative Study in Nepal. BMC Women’s Health 11 (1):42–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghimire, L., and E. R. van Teijlingen. 2009. Barriers to Utilisation of Sexual Health Services by Female Sex Workers in Nepal. Global Journal of Health Science 1:1.
   Google Scholar
• Godwin, J. 2012. Sex Work and the Law in Asia and The Pacific. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
   Google Scholar
• HIV AIDS Asia Pacific Research Statistical Data Information Resources AIDS Data Hub. 2016. “National Center for AIDS and STD Control Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) Survey among Female Sex Workers in Pokhara Valley, Round V –2016.” HIV AIDS Asia Pacific Research Statistical Data Information Resources AIDS Data Hub.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, K. J., and S. E. French. 2012. Condom Negotiation Strategy Use and Effectiveness among College Students. Journal of Sex Research 49 (5):443–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, M., J. Harman, L. Menger, and D. K. Shrestha. 2016. Understanding the Experiences and Needs of Female Commercial Sex Workers in Kathmandu, Nepal. 37 (8):872–88.
   Google Scholar
• Kerrigan, D., J. M. Ellen, L. Moreno, S. Rosario, J. Katz, D. D. Celentano, and M. Sweat. 2003. Environmental-Structural Factors Significantly Associated with Consistent Condom Use among Female Sex Workers in the Dominican Republic. AIDS 17 (3):415–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. R., A. Norris Turner, A. Pettifor, K. Van Damme, N. L. Rabenja, N. Ravelomanana, T. Swezey, et al. 2009. Unmet Need for Contraception among Sex Workers in Madagascar. Contraception 79 (3):221–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langen, T. T. 2005. Gender Power Imbalance on Women’s Capacity to Negotiate Self-Protection against HIV/AIDS in Botswana and South Africa. African Health Sciences 5 (3):188–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liechty, M. 2005. Carnal Economies: The Commodification of Food and Sex in Kathmandu. Cultural Anthropology 20 (1):1–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morineau, G., G. Neilsen, S. Heng, C. Phimpachan, and D. E. Mustikawati. 2011. Falling through the Cracks: Contraceptive Needs of Female Sex Workers in Cambodia and Laos. Contraception 84 (2):194–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, L., L. Moreno, S. Rosario, J. Ellen, M. Sweat, and D. Kerrigan. 2007. The Role of Relationship Intimacy in Consistent Condom Use Among Female Sex Workers and their Regular Paying Partners in the Dominican Republic. AIDS and Behavior 11 (3):463–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M. 2008. Behavioral Interventions to Reduce HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behavior: Review and Synthesis of Meta-Analytic Evidence. AIDS and Behavior 12 (3):335–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., P. J. Morokoff, and L. L. Harlow. 2002. Condom Negotiation in Heterosexually Active Men and Women: Development and Validation of a Condom Influence Strategy Questionnaire. Psychology & Health 17 (6):711–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padgett, D. K. 2008. Qualitative Methods in Social Work Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, INC.
   Google Scholar
• Prüss-Ustün, A., J. Wolf, T. Driscoll, L. Degenhardt, M. Neira, and J. M. G. Calleja. 2013. HIV Due to Female Sex Work: Regional and Global Estimates. PloS One 8 (5):e63476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldaña, J. 2013. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., and J. Csete. 2010. Violence, Condom Negotiation, and HIV/STI Risk Among Sex Workers. JAMA 304 (5):573–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., S. A. Strathdee, J. Shoveller, M. Rusch, T. Kerr, and M. W. Tyndall. 2009. Structural and Environmental Barriers to Condom Use Negotiation With Clients Among Female Sex Workers: Implications for HIV-Prevention Strategies and Policy. American Journal of Public Health 99 (4):659–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, E. G., J. Alaii, S. Tsui, S. Luchters, J. Okal, N. King’ola, M. Temmerman, and B. Janowitz. 2011. Contraceptive Needs of Female Sex Workers in Kenya - A Cross-Sectional Study. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 16 (3):173–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, S. Y., and G. J. Melendez-Torres. 2016. A Systematic Review and Metasynthesis of Barriers and Facilitators to Negotiating Consistent Condom Use among Sex Workers in Asia. Culture, Health & Sexuality 18 (3):249–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschann, J. M., E. Flores, C. L. de Groat, J. Deardorff, and C. J. Wibbelsman. 2010. Condom Negotiation Strategies and Actual Condom Use Among Latino Youth. Journal of Adolescent Health 47 (3):254–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2013. “Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2013.” Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Urada, L. A., D. E. Morisky, N. Pimentel-Simbulan, J. G. Silverman, and S. A. Strathdee. 2012. Condom negotiations among female sex workers in the Philippines: Environmental influences. Plos One 7 (3):e33282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar