444
Views
81
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Re‐thinking instructional immediacy for web courses: A social cognitive exploration

&
Pages 320-338 | Received 27 Jul 1999, Accepted 14 Feb 2000, Published online: 18 May 2009

References

  • Althaus , S. L. 1997 . Computer‐mediated communication in the university classroom: An experiment with on‐line discussions . Communication Education , 46 : 158 – 174 .
  • Andersen , J. F. 1979 . “ Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness ” . In Communication yearbook , Vol. 3 , 543 – 559 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Books .
  • Anderson , A. A. 1996 . Predictors of computer anxiety and performance in information systems . Computers in Human Behavior , 12 : 61 – 77 .
  • Bandura , A. 1977 . Social learning theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Bandura , A. 1997 . Self‐efficacy: The exercise of control , New York : W. H. Freeman .
  • Benbunan‐Fich , R. and Hiltz , S. R. 1998 . Educational Applications of CMC: Solving Case Studies through Asynchronous Learning Networks . Journal of Computer Mediated Communication , 4 Retrieved December 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue3/benbunan‐fich.html
  • Berger , P. and Luckman , T. 1966 . The social construction of reality , New York : Doubleday .
  • Bloom , B. S. 1956 . Taxonomy of educational objectives , New York : McKay .
  • Boshier , R. , Mohapi , M. , Moulton , G. , Quayyum , A. , Sadownik , L. and Wilson , M. 1997 . Best and worst dressed web courses: Strutting into the 21st century in comfort and style . Distance Education , 18 : 327 – 349 .
  • Brock , D. B. and Sulsky , L. M. 1994 . Attitudes toward computers: Construct validation and relations to computer use . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 15 : 17 – 36 .
  • Brophy , J. 1987 . Synthesis of research on strategies for motivating students to learn . Educational Leadership , October : 40 – 48 .
  • Charlton , J. P. and Birkett , P. E. 1995 . The development and validation of the computer apathy and anxiety scale . Journal of Educational Computing Research , 13 : 41 – 59 .
  • Chester , A. and Gwynne , G. 1998 . Online Teaching: Encouraging Collaboration through Anonymity . Journal of Computer Mediated Communication , 4 Retrieved December 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue2/chester.html
  • Clark , R. E. 1985 . Evidence for confounding in computer‐based instruction studies: Analyzing the meta analysis . Education Communication & Technology Journal , 33 : 249 – 262 .
  • Compeau , D. R. and Higgins , C. A. 1995 . Computer self‐efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test . MIS Quarterly , June : 189 – 211 .
  • December , J. 1996 . Units of analysis for Internet communication . Journal of Communication , 46 : 14 – 38 .
  • Frymier , A. B. 1994 . A model of immediacy in the classroom . Communication Quarterly , 42 : 133 – 144 .
  • Gorham , J. 1988 . The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and learning: Monitoring processes and product . Communication Education , 39 : 354 – 368 .
  • Gubernick , L. and Ebeling , A. 1997 . I got my degree through e‐mail . Forbes , June 16 : 84 – 86 .
  • Guerrero , L. K. and Miller , T. A. 1998 . Associations between nonverbal behaviors and initial impressions of instructor competence and course content in videotaped distance education courses . Communication Education , 47 : 30 – 42 .
  • Hackman , M. Z. and Walker , K. B. 1990 . Instructional communication in the televised classroom: the effects of system design and teacher immediacy on student learning and satisfaction . Communication Education , 39 : 196 – 206 .
  • Henry , J. W. and Stone , R. W. 1997 . The development and validation of computer self‐efficacy and outcome expectancy scales in a nonvolitional environment . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers , 29 : 519 – 527 .
  • Hiltz , S. R. 1986 . The “virtual classroom”;: Using computer‐mediated communication for university teaching . Journal of Communication , 36 : 95 – 104 .
  • Hiltz , S. R. and Wellman , B. 1997 . Asynchronous learning networks as a virtual classroom . Communications of the ACM , 40 : 44 – 48 .
  • Kernan , M. C. and Howard , G. S. 1990 . Computer anxiety and computer attitudes: An investigation of construct and predictive validity . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 50 : 681 – 690 .
  • Kradiwohl , D. R. , Bloom , B. S. and Masia , B. B. 1964 . Taxonomy of education objectives: Handbook II. Affective domain , New York : McKay .
  • LaRose , R. and Bates , B. 1990 . Virtual social distance and adoption of interactive telecommunication technologies . Southwestern Mass Communication Journal , 6 : 34 – 43 .
  • LaRose , R. , Gregg , J. and Eastin , M. 1998 . Audio telecourses for the Web: An experiment . Journal of Computer Mediated Communication , 4 Retrieved December 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue2/larose.html
  • LaRose , R. and Whitten , P. 1999 . “ WebSection: Building Web Courses with Instructional Immediacy ” . Retrieved December 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.telecommunication.msu.edu/faculty/larose/websectionlite.htm
  • McComb , M. 1994 . Benefits of computer‐mediated communication in college courses . Communication Education , 43 : 159 – 170 .
  • Mehrabian , A. 1981 . Silent messages: Implicit communication of emotions and attitudes , (2nd Edition) , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
  • Morrison , G. R. , Ross , S. M. , Gpalkrishnan , M. and Casey , J. 1995 . The effect of feedback and incentives on achievement in computer‐based instruction . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 20 : 32 – 50 .
  • Nahl , D. 1996 . Affective monitoring of Internet learners: Perceived self‐efficacy and success . Proceedings of the ASIS , 33 : 100 – 109 .
  • Parks , M. R. and Floyd , K. 1996 . Making friends in cyberspace . Journal of Communication , 46 : 80 – 88 .
  • Peterson . 1999 . “ Lifelonglearning.com: The online data base of distance learning courses ” . Available at: lifelonglearning.com
  • Pipes , R. B. and Wilson , J. M. 1996 . A multimedia model for undergraduate education . Technology in Society , 18 : 387 – 401 .
  • Rainer , R. K. and Miller , M. D. 1996 . An assessment of the psychometric properties of the computer attitude scale . Computers in Human Behavior , 12 : 93 – 105 .
  • Ragsdale , R. G. and Kassam , A. 1994 . “ The magic of multimedia in education: Promises of the 21st Century ” . In Multimedia computing: Preparing for the 21st Century , Edited by: Reisman , S. Harrisburg, PA : Idea Group .
  • Reeves , B. and Nass , C. 1996 . The media equation , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Richards , C. N. and Ridley , D. R. 1997 . Factors affecting college students’ persistence in on‐line computer‐managed instruction . College Student Journal , 31 : 490 – 95 .
  • Rodriguez , J. I. , Plax , T. G. and Kearney , P. 1996 . Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator . Communication Education , 45 : 293 – 305 .
  • Rosen , L. D. , Sears , D. C. and Weil , M. M. 1993 . Treating technophobia: A longitudinal evaluation of the computer phobia reduction program . Computers in Human Behavior , 9 : 27 – 50 .
  • Schutte , J. G. 1997 . “ Virtual teaching in higher education: The new intellectual superhighway or just another traffic jam? ” . Retrieved December 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.csun.edu/sociology/virexp.htm
  • Shein , E. 1997 . Anytime, anywhere . PC Week , 14 March 10 : 115 – 116 .
  • Sproull , L. and Kiesler , S. 1991 . Connections: New ways of working in the networked organization , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Turkle , S. 1984 . The second self , New York : Simon & Schuster .
  • Turkle , S. 1997 . Computational technologies and images of the self . Social Research , 64 : 1093 – 1111 .
  • University of Minnesota . 1998 . “ Streaming Video Program ” . Retrieved December 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.unite.umn.edu/streaming‐video/
  • Walther , J. B. 1996 . Computer‐Mediated Communication . Communication Research , 23 : 3 – 43 .
  • Webster , J. and Hackley , P. 1997 . Teaching effectiveness in technology‐mediated distance learning . Academy of Management Journal , 40 : 1282 – 1309 .
  • Woolsey , K. H. 1994 . “ Multimedia opportunities ” . In Interactive multimedia in university education: Designing for change in teaching and learning , Edited by: Beattie , K. and McNaught , C. 93 – 97 . Amsterdam, , Netherlands : Elsevier Science .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.