A cross‐cultural comparison of instructor communication in American and German classrooms

References

• Andersen , J. F. 1979 . “ Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness ” . In Communication yearbook , Edited by: Nimmo , D. Vol. 3 , 543 – 559 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , R. A. and Daly , J. A. 1984 . The affinity‐seeking function of communication . Communication Monographs , 51 : 91 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chory , R. M. and McCroskey , J. C. 1999 . The relationship between teacher management style and affective learning . Communication Quarterly , 47 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. M. 1990 . The relationship among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning . Communication Education , 39 : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French , J. R. P. Jr. and Raven , B. 1959 . “ The bases for social power ” . In Studies in social power , Edited by: Cartwright , D. 150 – 167 . Ann Arbor, MI : Institute for Social Research .
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. 1994 . A model of immediacy in the classroom . Communication Quarterly , 42 : 133 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. and Thompson , C. A. 1992 . Perceived teacher affinity‐seeking in relation to perceived teacher credibility . Communication Education , 41 : 388 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham , J. 1988 . The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning . Communication Education , 37 : 40 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham , J. , Kelley , D. H. and McCroskey , J. C. 1989 . The affinity‐seeking of classroom teachers: A second perspective . Communication Quarterly , 37 : 16 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , E. T. and Hall , M. R. 1987 . Hidden differences: Doing business with the Japanese , New York : Anchor Books/Doubleday Dell Publishing, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , E. T. and Hall , M. R. 1990 . Understanding cultural differences , Yarmouth, Maine : Intercultural Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. 1984 . Culture's consequences: International differences in work‐related values , London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Infante , D. A. and Gorden , W. I. 1987 . Superior and subordinate communication profiles: Implications for independent‐mindedness and upward effectiveness . Central Slates Speech Journal , 38 : 73 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. and Plax , T. 1987 . Situational and individual determinants of teachers’ reported use of behavior alteration techniques . Human Communication Research , 14 : 145 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , Sorensen , G. and Smith , V. R. 1988 . Experienced and prospective teachers’ selections of compliance‐gaining messages for “common”; student misbehaviors . Communication Education , 37 : 150 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , D. H. and Gorham , J. 1988 . Effects of immediacy on recall of information . Communication Education , 37 : 198 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , S. 1997 . Culture and compliance‐gaining in the classroom: A preliminary investigation of Chinese college teachers’ use of behavior alteration techniques . Communication Education , 46 : 10 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Fayer , J. M. , Richmond , V. P. , Sallinen , A. and Barraclough , R. A. 1996 . A multi‐cultural examination of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and affective learning . Communication Quarterly , 44 : 297 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. and Richmond , V. P. 1983 . Power in the classroom I: Teacher and student perceptions . Communication Education , 32 : 175 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. and Richmond , V. P. 1990 . Willingness to communicate: differing cultural perspectives . The Southern Communication Journal , 56 : 72 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Richmond , V. P. , Plax , T. G. and Kearney , P. 1985 . Power in the classroom V: Behavior alteration techniques, communication training, and learning . Communication Education , 34 : 214 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Richmond , V. P. , Sallinen , A. , Fayer , J. M. and Barraclough , R. A. 1995 . A cross‐cultural and multi‐behavioral analysis of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and teacher evaluation . Communication Education , 44 : 281 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Sallinen , A. , Fayer , J. M. , Richmond , V. P. and Barraclough , R. A. 1996 . Nonverbal immediacy and cognitive learning: A cross‐cultural investigation . Communication Education , 45 : 200 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. 1971 . Silent messages , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , A. , Masterson , J. T. , Christophel , D. M. and Shea , K. A. 1996 . College teacher immediacy and student ratings of instruction . Communication Education , 45 : 29 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , S. A. 1995 . Student perceptions of teacher affinity‐seeking and classroom climate . Communication Research Reports , 12 : 192 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , S. A. , Zhong , M. and Guan , S. 1998 . Instructor immediacy in the Chinese college classroom . Communication Studies , 49 : 240 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Plax , T. G. , Kearney , P. and Sorensen , G. 1990 . The strategy selection‐construction controversy II: Comparing pre‐and experienced teachers’ compliance‐gaining message constructions . Communication Education , 39 : 128 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , R. G. and Harville , B. 1990 . The effects of teacher immediacy and clarity on instructional outcomes: An intercultural assessment . Communication Education , 39 : 369 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prisbell , M. 1994 . Students’ perceptions of teachers’ use of affinity‐seeking and its relationship to teachers’ competence . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 78 : 641 – 642 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. 1990 . Communication in the classroom: Power and motivation . Communication Education , 39 : 181 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , Gorham , J. and McCroskey , J. C. 1987 . “ The relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learning ” . In Communication yearbook , Edited by: McLaughlin , M. Vol. 10 , 574 – 590 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 1984 . Power in the classroom II: Power and learning . Communication Education , 33 : 125 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , McCroskey , J. C , Kearney , P. and Plax , T. G. 1987 . Power in the classroom VII: linking behavior alteration techniques to cognitive learning . Communication Education , 36 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roach , K. D. 1991a . Graduate teaching assistants’ use of behavior alteration techniques in the university classroom . Communication Quarterly , 39 : 178 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Roach , K. D. 1991b . The influence and effects of gender and status on university instructor affinity‐seeking behavior . The Southern Communication Journal , 57 : 73 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Roach , K. D. 1994 . Temporal patterns and effects of perceived instructor compliance‐gaining use . Communication Education , 43 : 236 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roach , K. D. 1995 . Teaching assistant argumentativeness and perceptions of power use in the classroom . Communication Research Reports , 12 : 94 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Roach , K. D. 1997 . Effects of graduate teaching assistant attire on student learning, misbehaviors, and ratings of instruction . Communication Quarterly , 45 : 125 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Roach , K. D. 1999 . The influence of teaching assistant willingness to communicate and communication anxiety in the classroom . Communication Quarterly , 47 : 166 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Rocca , K. A. and McCroskey , J. C. 1999 . The interrelationship of student ratings of instructors’ immediacy, verbal aggressiveness, homophily, and interpersonal attraction . Communication Education , 48 : 308 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , J. I. , Plax , T. G. and Kearney , P. 1996 . Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator . Communication Education , 45 : 293 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , M. D. and Wheeless , L. R. 1977 . Communication apprehension, student attitudes, and levels of satisfaction . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 41 : 188 – 198 .
   Google Scholar