1,164
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Teacher Immediacy, Confidence Testing, and the Measurement of Cognitive Learning

Pages 110-123 | Published online: 29 Jan 2009

References

  • Aldridge , J. 1993 . Redefining learning for educational practice . Journal of Instructional Technology , 20 : 8 – 15 .
  • Allen , M. , Witt , P. L. and Wheeless , L. R. 2006 . The role of teacher immediacy as a motivational factor in student learning: Using meta-analysis to test a causal model . Communication Education , 55 : 21 – 31 .
  • Andersen , J. F. 1979 . Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness . In D. Nimmo Communication Yearbook 3 (pp. 543 – 559 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Books .
  • Beatty , M. J. , & Behnke , R. R. 1977 . Student attitudes toward confidence testing . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 5 , 53 – 55 .
  • Beatty , M. J. , Behnke , R. R. and Goodyear , F. H. 1979 . Effects of speeded speech presentations on confidence-weighted and traditional comprehension scores . Communication Monographs , 46 : 147 – 151 .
  • Behnke , R. R. and Platt , R. D. 1975 . Evaluating partial knowledge using confidence weighted scores . Speech Teacher , 24 : 381 – 383 .
  • Bloom , B. S. 1956 . A taxonomy of educational objectives , New York : Longmans, Green .
  • Burroughs , N. F. 2007 . A reinvestigation of the relationship of teacher nonverbal immediacy and student compliance–resistance with learning . Communication Education , 56 : 453 – 475 .
  • Chan , C. C. , Tsui , M. S. and Chan , M. Y. C. 2002 . Applying the structure of the observed learning outcomes (SOLO) Taxonomy on student's learning outcomes: An empirical study . Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education , 27 : 511 – 527 .
  • Chesebro , J. L. and McCroskey , J. C. 2000 . The relationship between students’ reports of learning and their actual recall of lecture material: A validity test . Communication Education , 49 : 297 – 301 .
  • Chissom , B. S. and Lanier , D. 1975 . Prediction of first quarter freshman GPA using SAT scores and high school grades . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 35 : 461 – 463 .
  • Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , Hillsdale, NJ : LEA .
  • Comadena , M. E. , Hunt , S. K. and Simonds , C. J. 2007 . The effects of teacher clarity, nonverbal immediacy, and caring on student motivation, affective and cognitive learning . Communication Research Reports , 24 : 241 – 248 .
  • Darnell , D. K. 1978 . Some “basics” to get back to: A transactional perspective on teaching–learning . Communication Education , 27 : 277 – 285 .
  • Frey , L. R. , Botan , C. H. and Kreps , G. L. 2000 . Investigating communication: An introduction to research methods , Needham Heights, MA : Allyn and Bacon .
  • Frymier , A. B. and Houser , M. L. 1998 . Does making content relevant make a difference in learning? . Communication Research Reports , 15 : 121 – 129 .
  • Frymier , A. B. and Houser , M. L. 1999 . The revised learning indicators scale . Communication Studies , 50 : 1 – 12 .
  • Frymier , A. B. and Houser , M. L. 2000 . The teacher–student relationship as an interpersonal relationship . Communication Education , 49 : 207 – 219 .
  • Goodyear , F. H. and Behnke , R. R. 1976 . Improving instructional systems through confidence testing . Communication Education , 25 : 60 – 67 .
  • Gorham , J. and Christophel , D. M. 1990 . The relationship of teachers’ use of humor in the classroom to immediacy and student learning . Communication Education , 39 : 46 – 62 .
  • Hernandez , B. L. M. , Ward , S. and Strickland , G. 2006 . Predicting teacher certification success: The effect of cumulative grade point average and preprofessional academic skills test scores on testing performance . Teacher Education and Practice , 19 : 41 – 54 .
  • Hess , J. A. , Smythe , M. J. and Communication , 451 . 2001 . Is teacher immediacy actually related to student cognitive learning? . Communication Studies , 52 : 197 – 219 .
  • Hopkins , K. D. , Hakstian , R. R. and Hopkins , B. R. 1973 . Validity and reliability consequences of confidence weighting . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 12 : 7 – 10 .
  • Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , Smith , V. R. and Sorensen , G. 1988 . Effects of teacher immediacy and strategy type on college student resistance to on-task demands . Communication Education , 37 : 54 – 67 .
  • Kelley , D. H. and Gorham , J. 1988 . Effects of immediacy on recall of information . Communication Education , 37 : 198 – 208 .
  • Lachman , S. J. 1997 . Learning is a process: Toward an improved definition of learning . The Journal of Psychology , 13 : 477 – 480 .
  • Levine , T. R. , & Asada , K. J. K. 2007, May . Sample sizes and effect sizes are negatively correlated in meta-analyses: Evidence and implications of a publication bias against nonsignificant findings . Paper presented at the meeting of the International Communication Association, San Francisco .
  • Liberman , V. 2004 . Local and global judgments of confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory . and Cognition , 30 : 729 – 732 .
  • McCroskey , J. C. , Sallinen , A. , Fayer , J. M. , Richmond , V. P. and Barraclough , R. A. 1996 . Nonverbal immediacy and cognitive learning: A cross-cultural investigation . Communication Education , 45 : 200 – 211 .
  • Mehrabian , A. 1971 . Silent messages , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
  • Menzel , K. E. and Carrell , L. J. 1994 . The relationship between preparation and performance in public speaking . Communication Education , 43 : 17 – 26 .
  • Moore , D. R. 2007 . Concept acquisition and confidence using a spatial probability measure instrument . Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia , 16 : 25 – 38 .
  • Noble , J. P. and Sawyer , R. L. 2004 . Is high school GPA better than admission test scores for predicting academic success in college? . College and University , 79 : 17 – 22 .
  • Planinic , M. , Boone , W. J. , Krsnik , R. and Beilfuss , M. L. 2006 . Exploring alternative conceptions from Newtonian dynamics and simple DC circuits: Links between item difficulty and item confidence . Journal of Research in Science Teaching. , 43 : 150 – 171 .
  • Reinard , J. C. 2008 . Introduction to communication research , Boston : McGraw-Hill .
  • Richmond , V. P. , McCroskey , J. C. and Johnson , A. D. 2003 . Development of Nonverbal Immediacy scale (NIS): Measures of self- and other-perceived nonverbal immediacy . Communication Quarterly , 51 : 504 – 517 .
  • Richmond , V. P. , McCroskey , J. C. , Kearney , P. and Plax , T. G. 1987 . Power in the classroom VII: Linking behavior alteration techniques to cognitive learning . Communication Education , 36 : 1 – 12 .
  • Roach , K. D. 1995 . Teaching assistant argumentativeness: Effects on affective learning and student perceptions of power use . Communication Education , 44 : 15 – 29 .
  • Roach , K. D. and Byrne , P. R. 2001 . A cross-cultural comparison of instructor communication in American and German classrooms . Communication Education , 50 : 1 – 14 .
  • Rodriguez , J. , Plax , T. G. and Kearney , P. 1996 . Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator . Communication Education , 45 : 293 – 305 .
  • Schrodt , P. and Witt , P. L. 2006 . Students’ attributions of instructor credibility as a function of students’ expectations of instructional technology use and nonverbal immediacy . Communication Education , 55 : 1 – 20 .
  • Kelly , E. , Fox , C. R. and Rottenstreich , Y. S. 2006 . Between ignorance and truth: Partition dependence and learning in judgment under uncertainty . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,and Cognition , 32 : 1385 – 1402 .
  • Smythe , M. J. and Hess , J. A. 2005 . Are student self-reports a valid method for measuring teacher nonverbal immediacy? . Communication Education , 54 : 170 – 179 .
  • Swartz , S. M. 2006 . Acceptance and accuracy of multiple choice, confidence-level, and essay question formats for graduate students . Journal of Education for Business. , 81 : 215 – 220 .
  • Teven , J. J. and McCroskey , J. C. 1996 . The relationship of perceived teacher caring with student learning and teacher evaluation . Communication Education , 46 : 1 – 9 .
  • Weber , K. and Martin , M. M. 2001 . Teacher behavior, student interest and affective learning: Putting theory into practice . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 29 : 71 – 90 .
  • Witt , P. L. and Wheeless , L. R. 2001 . An experimental study of teachers’ verbal and nonverbal immediacy and students’ affective and cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 : 327 – 342 .
  • Witt , P. L. , Wheeless , L. R. and Allen , M. 2004 . A meta-analytical review of the relationship between teacher immediacy and student learning . Communication Monographs , 71 : 184 – 207 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.