References
- Ames , B. N. , Magaw , R. and Gold , L. S. 1987 . Ranking possible carcinogenic hazard . Science , 236 April 17 : 271 – 280 .
- Anderson , C. W. and Smith , E. L. 1984 . “ Children's preconceptions and content‐area textbooks ” . In Comprehension instruction , Edited by: Duffy , G. , Roehler , L. and Mason , J. 187 – 201 . New York : Longman .
- Beebe , S. A. and Beebe , S. J. 1994 . Public speaking: An audience‐centered approach , 2nd ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
- Berlin , J. A. 1984 . Writing instruction in nineteenth‐century American colleges , Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois .
- Berlin , J. A. 1987 . Rhetoric and reality: Writing instruction in American colleges, 1900–1985 , Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois .
- Brown , D. E. 1992 . Using examples and analogies to remediate misconceptions in physics: Factors influencing conceptual change . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 29 : 17 – 34 .
- Campbell , G. 1988/1776 . The philosophy of rhetoric , Edited by: Bitzer , L. F. Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois .
- Connors , R. J. 1981 . The rise and fall of the modes of discourse . College Composition and Communication , 22 : 444 – 455 .
- Davison , A. 1984 . “ Readability formulas and comprehension ” . In Comprehension instruction , Edited by: Duffy , G. , Roehler , L. and Mason , J. 128 – 143 . New York : Longman .
- DeVito , J. A. 1990 . The elements of public speaking , 4th ed. , New York : Harper & Row .
- French , C. W. , Powell , E. A. and Angione , H. , eds. 1992 . The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
- Gentner , D. 1988 . “ Are scientific analogies metaphors? ” . In Metaphor: Problems and perspectives , Edited by: Miall , D. S. 106 – 132 . Atlantic Highlands, NJ : Humanities Press .
- Gilbert , J. K. and Osborne , R. J. 1980 . The use of models in science teaching . European Journal of Science Education , 2 : 3 – 13 .
- Golden , J. L. and Corbett , E. P. J. 1968 . The rhetoric of Blair, Campbell, and Whately , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
- Hewson , M. G. and Hewson , P. W. 1983 . Effect of instruction using students’ prior knowledge and conceptual change strategies on science learning . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 20 : 731 – 743 .
- Hewson , P. W. and Hewson , M. G. 1984 . The role of conceptual conflict in conceptual change and the design of science instruction . Instructional Science , 13 : 1 – 13 .
- Howell , W. S. 1971 . Eighteenth‐century British logic and rhetoric , Princeton, NJ : Princeton .
- Howell , W. S. 1973 . “ John Locke and the new rhetoric ” . In Philosophers on rhetoric: Traditional and emerging views , Edited by: Douglas , D. G. 77 – 95 . Skokie, IL : National Textbook .
- Hynd , C. and Alvermann , D. W. 1986 . The role of refutation text in overcoming difficulties with science concepts . Journal of Reading , 29 : 440 – 446 .
- Johnson , N. 1991 . Nineteenth‐century rhetoric in North America , Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois .
- Kinneavy , J. L. 1971 . A theory of discourse , New York : W. W. Norton .
- Loman , N. L. and Mayer , R. E. 1983 . Signalling techniques that increase the understandability of expository prose . Journal of Educational Psychology , 75 : 402 – 412 .
- Lucas , S. E. 1992 . The art of public speaking , 4th ed. , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
- Mayer , R. E. 1983 . What have we learned about increasing the meaningfulness of science prose? . Science Education , 67 : 223 – 237 .
- Mayer , R. E. 1985a . “ Structural analysis of science prose: Can we increase problem‐solving performance? ” . In Understanding expository text: A theoretical and practical handbook for analyzing explanatory text , Edited by: Britton , B. K. and Black , J. B. 65 – 87 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Mayer , R. E. 1985b . “ How to analyze science prose ” . In Understanding expository text: A theoretical and practical handbook for analyzing explantory text , Edited by: Britton , B. K. and Black , J. B. 305 – 313 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Mayer , R. E. 1989 . Systematic thinking fostered by illustrations in scientific text . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 240 – 246 .
- Mayer , R. E. and Anderson , R. B. 1992 . The instructive animation: Helping students build connections between words and pictures in multimedia learning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 84 : 444 – 452 .
- Mayer , R. E. , Dyck , J. L. and Cook , L. K. 1984 . Techniques that help readers build mental models from scientific text: Definitions, pretraining and signalling . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 1089 – 1105 .
- Merrill , M. D. and Tennyson , R. D. 1977 . Teaching concepts: An instructional design guide , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Educational Technology Publications .
- Mims , F. M. 1992 . Experimenting with a Geiger counter . Science Probe , July : 101 – 105 .
- Monroe , A. H. 1945 . Principles of speech , Brief edition , Chicago, IL : Scott, Foresman .
- Monroe , A. H. and Ehninger , D. 1969 . Principles of speech communication , 6th brief ed. , Glenview, IL : Scott, Foresman and Co. .
- Nadeau , R. , Jablonski , C. and Gardner , G. 1993 . Speaking effectively in public settings: A modern rhetoric ‐with a traditional base , Lanham, MD : University Press of America .
- Nelson , P. E. and Pearson , J. C. 1990 . Confidence in public speaking , 4th ed. , Dubuque, IA : W. C. Brown .
- Osborn , M. and Osborn , S. 1994 . Public speaking , 3rd ed. , Boston : Houghton/Mifflin .
- Robins , S. and Mayer , R. E. 1993 . Schema training in analogic reasoning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 85 : 529 – 538 .
- Rowan , K. E. 1988 . A contemporary theory of explanatory writing . Written Communication , 5 : 23 – 56 .
- Rowan , K. E. 1990 . The speech to explain difficult ideas . The Speech Communication Teacher , 4 : 2 – 3 .
- Rowan , K. E. 1991 . When simple language fails: Presenting difficult science to the public . Journal of Technical Writing and Communication , 21 : 369 – 382 .
- Rowan , K. E. 1992 . “ The art of explanation: Strategies for enhancing the comprehension of science ” . In When science meets the public , Edited by: Lewenstein , B. 131 – 143 . Waldorf, MD : American Association for the Advancement of Science .
- Shymansky , J. A. and Kyle , W. C. 1988 . A summary of research in science education—1986 [Special issue] . Science Education , 72 (3)
- Tennyson , R. D. and Cocchiarella , M. J. 1986 . An empirically based instructional design theory for teaching concepts . Review of Educational Psychology , 56 : 40 – 71 .
- Verderber , R. E. 1994 . The challenge of effective speaking , 9th ed. , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
- Watts , M. and Pope , M. 1989 . Thinking about thinking, learning about learning: Constructivism in physics education . Physics Education , 24 : 326 – 331 .