2,940
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Making a Case for Restorative Rhetoric: Mayor Rudolph Giuliani & Mayor Ray Nagin's Response to Disaster

Pages 376-392 | Published online: 22 Sep 2010

References

  • Arpan , L. M. 2002 . When in Rome? The effects of spokesperson ethnicity on audience evaluation of crisis communication . Journal of Business Communications , 39 ( 3 ) : 314 – 339 .
  • Associated Press . 2005 September 7 . Calling Katrina survivors “refugees” stirs debate . Retrieved from http://www.msnbs.msn.com/id/9232071/print/1/displaymode/1098/
  • Attack on America: September 11, 2001 [Videorecording] . 2001 . New York : NBC Nightly News .
  • Baker , G. F. 2001 . “ Race and reputation: Restoring image beyond the crisis ” . In Handbook of Public Relations , Edited by: Heath , R. L. and Vasquez , G. 513 – 520 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Benoit , W. L. 1995 . Apologies, excuses, and accounts: A theory of image restoration strategies , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
  • Benoit , W. L. and McHale , J. P. 1999 . Kenneth Starr's image repair discourse viewed in 20/20 . Communication Quarterly , 47 ( 3 ) : 265 – 280 .
  • Benoit , W. L. 2000 . Another visit to the theory of image restoration strategies . Communication Quarterly , 48 ( 1 ) : 40 – 44 .
  • Benoit , W. L. 1997 . Image repair discourse and crisis communication . Public Relations Review , 23 ( 2 ) : 177 – 186 .
  • Benson , J. A. 1988 . Crisis revisited: An analysis of strategies used by Tylenol in the second tampering episode . Central States Speech Journal , 39 ( 1 ) : 49 – 66 .
  • Bourne , J. K Jr. 2005 October Gone with the water . National Geographic Magazine .
  • Brinson , S. L. and Benoit , W. L. 1996 . Dow Corning's image repair strategies in the breast implant crisis . Communication Quarterly , 44 ( 1 ) : 29 – 41 .
  • Burton , I. , Kates , R. W. and White , G. F. 1978 . The environment as hazard , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Calling Katrina survivors ‘refugees’ stirs debate: Jessie Jackson, other critics say word carries racist implications . 2005 September 7 . ( http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9232071/ ).
  • CNN 2005a . Larry King Live . ( 2005, September 14 ). Interview with Ray Nagin . Accessed via Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe .
  • CNN 2005b . Newsnight with Aaron Brown . ( 2005, August 30 ). Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath: Interview with New Orleans Mayor . Accessed on 2/2/06 via Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe .
  • Coombs , W. T. 1995 . Choosing the right words: The development of guidelines for the selection of the appropriate crisis-response strategies . Management Communication Quarterly , 8 ( 3 ) : 447 – 476 .
  • Coombs , W. T. 1999 . Information and compassion in crisis responses: A test of their effects . Journal of Public Relations Research , 11 ( 2 ) : 125 – 142 .
  • Coombs , W. T. and Holladay , S. J. 2008 . Comparing apology to equivalent crisis response strategies: Clarifying apology's role and value in crisis communication . Public Relations Review , 34 : 252 – 257 .
  • Elliott , J. R. and Pais , J. 2006 . Race, class and Hurricane Katrina: Social differences in human responses to disaster . Social Science Research , 35 ( 2 ) : 295 – 321 .
  • Fairhurst , G. T. and Sarr , R. A. 1996 . The art of framing: Managing the language of leadership , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
  • Fishman , D. A. 1999 . ValueJet Flight 592: Crisis communication theory blended and extended . Communication Quarterly , 47 : 345 – 375 .
  • Gardner , H. 1996 . Leading Minds , New York : BasicBooks .
  • Goss , D. R. 2002 . A critical exploration of the rhetoric of apologia as applied to the discourse of corporate social legitimacy . Doctoral dissertation, Howard University, Washington, DC .
  • Giroux , H. A. 2006 . Reading Hurricane Katrina: Race, class, and the biopolitics of disposability . College Literature , 33 ( 3 ) : 171 – 196 .
  • Giuliani , R. 2001a . Remarks at the Fire Department Promotions Ceremony . Archives of Rudolph W. Giuliani, 107th Mayor . Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/home.html
  • Giuliani , R. 2001b . Citywide Prayer Services at Yankee Stadium . Archives of Rudolph W. Giuliani, 107th Mayor . Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/home.html
  • Giuliani , R. 2001c . Address to the United Nations General Assembly on Combating Terrorism . Retrieved February 17, 2006 from the Archives of Rudolph W. Giuliani, 107th Mayor . Website: http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/home.html
  • Giuliani , R. 2001d . Farewell Address . Archives of Rudolph W. Giuliani, 107th Mayor . Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/home.html
  • Griffin , D. R. , & Allison , D. 2007 April . Making a case for restorative rhetoric: A comparative analysis of Mayor Ray Nagin and Rudolph Giuliani's response to disaster . Paper presented at the annual conference of the Eastern Communication Association, Providence, RI .
  • Grunwald , M. 2001 September 12 Terrorists hijack 4 airliners, destroy World Trade Center, hit Pentagon; hundred dead; Bush promises retribution; military put on highest alert . The Washington Post , A-1 .
  • Hale , J. E. , Dulek , R. E. and Hale , D. P. 2005 . Crisis response communication challenges: Building theory from qualitative data . Journal of Business Communication , 42 ( 2 ) : 112 – 134 .
  • Hearit , K. M. 1994 . Apologies and public relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo . Public Relations Review , 20 ( 2 ) : 113 – 125 .
  • Hearit , K. M. 2001 . “ Corporate apologia: When an organization speaks in defense of itself ” . In Handbook of public relations , Edited by: Heath , R. L. and Vasquez , G. 501 – 511 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Hoover , J. D. 1989 . Big boys don't cry: The values constraint in apologia . Southern Communication Journal , 54 ( 3 ) : 235 – 252 .
  • Hyde , M. J. 2005 . The rhetor as hero and the pursuit of truth: The case of 9/11 . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 30 .
  • Koesten , J. and Rowland , R. C. 2004 . The rhetoric of atonement . Communication Studies , 55 ( 1 ) : 68 – 87 .
  • Kreps , G. 1984 . “ Sociological inquiry and disaster research ” . In Annual Review of Sociology , Edited by: Turner , R. E. and Short , J. F. 309 – 330 . Palo Alto, CA : Annual Reviews, Inc .
  • Kruse , N. W. 1981 . The scope of apologetic discourse: establishing generic parameters . The Southern Speech Communication Journal , 46 : 278 – 291 .
  • Lachlan , K. , Burke , J. , Spence , P. and Griffin , D. 2009 . Risk perceptions, race and Hurricane Katrina . The Howard Journal of Communications , 20 ( 3 ) : 295 – 309 .
  • Littlefield , R. S. and Quenette , A. M. 2007 . Crisis leadership and Hurricane Katrina: The portrayal of authority by the media in natural disasters . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 35 ( 1 ) : 26 – 47 .
  • Mileti , D. S. 1980 . Human adjustments to the risks of environmental extremes . Sociology and Social Research , 64 : 327 – 348 .
  • Reynolds , B. and Seeger , M. W. 2005 . Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model . Journal of Health Communication , 10 : 43 – 55 .
  • Rowland , R. C. 1991 . On generic categorization . Communication Theory , 1 : 128 – 144 .
  • Schoenberg , A. 2005 Do crisis plans matter? A New perspective on leading during a crisis . Public Relations Quarterly , 2 – 6 .
  • Schultz , P. D. and Seeger , M. W. 1991 . Corporate centered apologia: Iacocca in defense of Chrysler . Speaker and Gavel , 28 ( 1–4 ) : 50 – 60 .
  • Seeger , M. W. and Ulmer , R. R. 2002 . A post-crisis discourse of renewal: The cases of Malden Mills and Cole Hardwood . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 30 ( 2 ) : 126 – 142 .
  • Seeger , M. W. , Sellnow , T. L. and Ulmer , R. R. 2003 . Communication and organizational crisis , Westport, CT : Praeger Publishers .
  • Seeger , M. W. and Griffin-Padgett , D. R. 2010 . From image restoration to renewal: Approaches to understanding post-crisis communication . Review of Communication , 10 ( 2 ) : 127 – 141 .
  • Simmons , H. W. 2000 . A dilemma-centered analysis of Clinton's August 17th apologia: Implications for rhetorical theory and method . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 86 ( 4 ) : 438 – 453 .
  • Slovic , P. 2000 . The perception of risk . London : Earthscan .
  • Smircich , L. and Morgan , G. 1982 . Leadership: The management of meaning . Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , 18 ( 3 ) : 257 – 273 .
  • Stephens , K. K. , Malone , P. C. and Bailey , C. M. 2005 . Communicating with stakeholders during a crisis: Evaluating message strategies . Journal of Business Communication , 42 ( 4 ) : 390 – 419 .
  • Tavuchis , N. 1991 . Mea culpa: “A sociology of apology and reconciliation , Standford, CA : Standford University Press .
  • Voorhees , C. W. , Vick , J. and Perkins , D. D. 2007 . Came hell and high water: The intersection of Hurricane Katrina, the news media, race and poverty . Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology , 17 : 415 – 429 .
  • Ware , B. L. and Linkugel , W. A. 1973 . They spoke in defense of themselves: On the generic criticism of apologia . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 59 : 273 – 283 .
  • Weisman , J. 2005 September 22 In break with tradition, Casinos may get tax breaks, too . The Washington Post , A-1 .
  • Williams , D. E. and Olaniran , B. A. 2002 . Crisis communication in racial issues . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 30 ( 4 ) : 293 – 313 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.