Barack Obama as the Great Man: Communicative Constructions of Racial Transcendence in White-Male Elite Discourses

References

• Allen , B. J. 2007 . Theorizing communication and race . Communication Monographs , 74 , 259 – 264 . doi: doi:10.1080/03637750701393055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asante , M. 2007 . Barack Obama and the dilemma of power: An Africological observation . Journal of Black Studies , 38 , 105 – 115 . doi: doi:10.1177/0021934707304957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwater , D. 2007 . Senator Barack Obama: The rhetoric of hope and the American dream . Journal of Black Studies , 38 , 121 – 129 . doi: doi:10.1177/0021934707305431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobo , L. , & Charles , C. 2009 . Race in the American mind from the Moynihan report to the Obama candidacy . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 621 , 243 – 259 . doi: doi:10.1177/0002716208324759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silvia , E. 2003 . Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States , Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silvia , E. , & Forman , T. 2000 . “I am not a racist, but …:” Mapping white college students’ racial ideology in the USA . Discourse and Society , 11 , 50 – 85 . doi: doi:10.1177/0957926500011001003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , C. 2009 . WWW.HATE.COM: White supremacist discourse on the Internet and the construction of whiteness ideology . Howard Journal of Communications , 20 , 189 – 208 . doi: doi:10.1080/10646170902869544
   Google Scholar
• Carlyle , T. 1841 . On heroes, hero-worship, and heroic history , Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Clayton , D. 2007 . The audacity of hope . Journal of Black Studies , 38 , 51 – 63 . doi: doi:10.1177/0021934707305057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloud , D. 1996 . Hegemony or concordance? The rhetoric of tokenism in Oprah Winfrey's rags-to-riches biography . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 13 : 115 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , R. T. 2007 . Issue from introduction: Cultural bias in communication theory . Communication Monographs , 74 , 256 – 258 . doi: doi:10.1080/03637750701390101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw , K. 1997 . Color-blind dreams and racial nightmares: Reconfiguring racism in the post-civil-rights era . In T. Morrision & C. B. Lacour Birth of a nation' hood (pp. 97 – 168 ). New York, NY : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , A. 1998 . Race and criminalization: Black Americans and the punishment industry . In J. James The Angela Y. Davis reader (p. 66–73 ). Malden, MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Dyson , M. E. 1993 . Be like Mike? Michael Jordan and the pedagogy of desire . Cultural Studies , 7 : 64 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyson , M. E. 1997 . Race rules: Navigating the color line , New York, NY : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Essed , P. 1991 . Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Feagin , J. and O'Brien , E. 2003 . White men on race: Power, privilege, and the shaping of cultural consciousness , Boston, MA : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Garner , J. T. , & Poole , M. S. 2009 . Opposites attract: Leadership endorsement as a function of interaction between a leader and a foil . Western Journal of Communication , 73 , 227 – 247 . doi: doi:10.1080/10570310903082057
   Google Scholar
• Giroux , H. A. 2003 . Spectacles of race and pedagogies of denial: Anti-Black racist pedagogy under the reign of neoliberalism . Communication Education , 52 , 191 – 211 . doi: doi:10.1080/0363452032000156190
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. 1996 . Gramsci's relevance for the study of race and ethnicity . In D. Morley & K. Chen Stuart Hall (pp. 411 – 440 ). London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Haney Lopez , I. 2006 . Colorblind to the reality of race in America . Chronicle of Higher Education: The Chronicle Review , 53 , B6 .
   Google Scholar
• Harrell , W. J. Jr. 2009 . “The reality of American life has strayed from its myths.” Barack Obama's The Audacity of Hope and the discourse of the American reclamation jeremiad . Journal of Black Studies Online First , 1 , 1 – 19 . Retrieved from http://jbs.sagepub.com/cgi/rapidpdf/0021934709338003 . doi: doi:10.177/0021934709338003
   Google Scholar
• Harter , N. 2003 . Between great men and leadership: William James on the importance of individuals . Journal of Leadership Education , 2 : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Ifill , G. 2009 . The break-through: Politics and race in the age of Obama , New York, NY : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Inniss , L. B. and Feagin , J. R. 1995 . The Cosby Show: The view from the Black middle class . Journal of Black Studies , 25 : 692 – 711 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivie , R. L. , & Giner , O. 2009 . American exceptionalism in democratic idiom: Transacting the mythos of change in the 2008 presidential campaign . Communication Studies , 60 , 359 – 375 . doi: doi:10.1080/10510970903109961
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , R. and Crawley , R. 2003 . White student confessions about a black male professor: A cultural contracts theory approach to intimate conversations about race and worldview . Journal of Men's Studies , 12 : 25 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , R. and Heckman , S. 2002 . Perceptions of white identity and white liability: An analysis of white student responses to a college campus racial hate crime . Journal of Communication , 52 : 434 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W. 1880 . Great men, great thoughts and their environment . Atlantic Monthly , 46 : 441 – 459 .
   Google Scholar
• Jennings , E. 1960 . An anatomy of leadership—Princes, heroes and supermen , New York, NY : Harper & Brothers .
   Google Scholar
• Jhally , S. and Lewis , J. 1992 . Enlightened racism: The Cosby Show, audiences, and the myth of the American dream , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , K. 2008 . Black, white, and a survivor of the real world: Constructions of race on reality TV . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 25 , 353 – 372 . doi: doi:10.1080/15295030802327725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim , K. , Bailey , M. and Tunna , K. 2000 . Nonwhite ethnicity and the provision of specialist palliative care services: Factors affecting doctors' referral patterns . Palliative Medicine , 14 : 471 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder , D. R. , & McConnaughy , C. M. 2006 . Military triumph, racial transcendence, and Colin Powell . Public Opinion Quarterly , 70 , 139 – 165 . doi: doi:10.1093/poq/nfj018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. 2004 . Don't think of an elephant: Know your values and frame the debate , White River Junction, VT : Chelsea Green Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Leonardo , Z. 2005 . Though the multicultural glass: Althusser, ideology and race relations in post-civil rights America . Policy Futures in Education , 3 , 400 – 412 . doi: doi:10.2304/pfie.2005.3.4.400
   Google Scholar
• Lu , L. W. , & Ahrens , K. 2008 . Ideological influence of BUILDING metaphors in Taiwanese presidential speeches . Discourse and Society , 19 , 383 – 408 . doi: doi:10.1177/0957926508088966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , J. N. , Krizek , R. L. , Nakayama , T. L. , & Bradford , L. 1996 . What do white people want to be called? A study of self-labels for white Americans . In T. K. Nakayama & J. N. Martin Whiteness: The communication of social identity (pp. 27 – 50 ). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Moon , D. 1999 . “ White enculturation and bourgeois ideology: The discursive production of “good white girls.” . In Whiteness: The communication of social identity , Edited by: Nakayama , T. K. and Martin , J. N. 177 – 197 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Mullins , L. 1999 . Management and organizational behavior (5th ed.) . Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Nakayama , T. K. and Krizek , R. L. 1995 . Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 81 : 291 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novkov , J. 2008 . Rethinking race in American politics . Political Research Quarterly , 61 , 649 – 659 . doi: doi:10.1177/1065912908324145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obama , B. 2006 . The audacity of hope: Thoughts on reclaiming the American dream , New York, NY : Crown Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Orbe , M. 1998 . Constructions of reality on MTV's “The Real World”: An analysis of the restrictive coding of black masculinity . Southern Communication Journal , 64 : 32 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Toole , J. 2001 . “ When leadership is an organizational trait ” . In Building leadership bridges , Edited by: Wilsey , S. , Matusak , L. and Cherrey , C. 18 – 31 . College Park, MD : International Leadership Association .
   Google Scholar
• Ott , B. L. and Aoki , E. 2001 . Popular imagination and identity politics: Reading the future in Star Trek: The Next Generation . Western Journal of Communication , 65 : 392 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parameswaran , R. 2009 . Facing Barack Hussein Obama: Race, globalization, and transnational America . Journal of Communication Inquiry , 33 , 195 – 205 . doi: doi:10.1177/0196859909333896
   Google Scholar
• Parker , P. 2001 . African American women executives’ leadership communication within dominant-culture organizations: (Re)conceptualizing notions of collaboration and instrumentality . Management Communication Quarterly , 15 , 42 – 82 . doi: doi:10.1177/0893318901151002
   Google Scholar
• Peck , J. 1994 . Talk about racism: Framing a popular discourse of race on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Cultural Critique , 27 : 89 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck , J. 2002 . The Oprah effect: Texts, readers, and the dialectic of signification . Communication Review , 5 , 143 – 178 . doi: doi:10.1080/10714420290099435
   Google Scholar
• Pinkard , T. 2000 . Hegel: A biography , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Remnick , D. 2010 . The bridge: The life and rise of Barack Obama , New York, NY : Knopf, Borzoi Books .
   Google Scholar
• Shome , R. 1999 . “ Whiteness and the politics of location: Postcolonial reflections ” . In Whiteness: The communication of social identity , Edited by: Nakayama , T. K. and Martin , J. N. 107 – 128 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair-Chapman , V. , & Price , M. 2008 . Black politics, the 2008 election, and the (im)possibility of race transcendence . PS: Political Science and Politics , 41 , 739 – 745 . doi: doi:10.1017/S1049096508080992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. C. 2008 . Critiquing reality-based televisual black fatherhood: A critical analysis of Run's house and Snoop Dogg's fatherhood . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 25 , 393 – 412 . doi: doi:10.1080/15295030802328020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squires , C. 1997 . “ Empowering women? The Oprah Winfrey Show ” . In Feminist television criticism: A reader , Edited by: Brunsdon , C. , Acci , J. D. and Spigel , L. 98 – 113 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stogdill , R. and Bass , B. 1981 . Stogdill's handbook of leadership—a survey of theory and research , New York, NY : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , A. and Corbin , J. 1998 . Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory , 2nd ed. , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , T. 1992 . Discourse and the denial of racism . Discourse and Society , 3 : 87 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , T. 1993 . Elite discourses and racism , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , R. 2007 . Barack Obama and the politics of blackness . Journal of Black Studies , 38 , 7 – 29 . doi: doi:10.1177/0021934707305214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wander , P. C. , Martin , J. N. and Nakayama , T. K. 1999 . “ Whiteness and beyond: Sociohistorical foundations of whiteness and contemporary challenges ” . In Whiteness: The communication of social identity , Edited by: Nakayama , T. K. and Martin , J. N. 13 – 26 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , M. 1947 . Max Weber: The theory of social and economic organization ( A. M. Henderson & T. Parsons, trans .). New York, NY : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• West , C. 1993 . Race matters , New York, NY : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. and Gerber , L. E. 2008 . How generational theory can improve teaching: Strategies for working with the “millennials.” . Teaching and Learning , 1 : 29 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Wise , T. 2010 . Colorblind: The rise of post-racial politics , San Francisco, CA : City Lights Books .
   Google Scholar
• Wodak , R. and van Dijk , T. A. 2000 . Racism at the top: Parliamentary discourses on ethnic issues in six European states , Klagenfurt : Drava Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Wolffe , R. 2009 . Renegade: The making of a president. Based on exclusive interviews with Barack Obama , New York, NY : Crown .
   Google Scholar
• Wren , T. 1995 . The leader's companion: Insights on leadership through the ages , New York, NY : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wrightsman , L. S. 1977 . Social psychology , 2nd ed. , Monterey, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar