504
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The longitudinal influence of supportive messages on stress reactivity and general well-being for LGBTQ+ recipients of hate speech: Comparing the relative effects of verbal person-centered and autonomy support

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & show all
Pages 225-245 | Received 17 Nov 2021, Accepted 10 Sep 2022, Published online: 14 Feb 2023

References

  • Afifi, T., Davis, S., Merrill, A. F., Coveleski, S., Denes, A., & Afifi, W. (2015). In the wake of the great recession: Economic uncertainty, communication, and biological stress responses in families. Human Communication Research, 41(2), 268–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12048
  • Afifi, T. D., Granger, D. A., Joseph, A., Denes, A., & Aldeis, D. (2015). The influence of divorce and parents’ communication skills on adolescents’ and young adults’ stress reactivity and recovery. Communication Research, 42(7), 1009–1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213509665
  • Ali, N., & Nater, U. M. (2020). Salivary alpha-amylase as a biomarker of stress in behavioral medicine. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27(3), 337–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-019-09843-x
  • Allwood, M. A., Handwerger, K., Kivlighan, K. T., Granger, D. A., & Stroud, L. R. (2011). Direct and moderating links of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol stress-reactivity to youth behavioral and emotional adjustment. Biological Psychology, 88(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.06.008
  • Antebi-Gruszka, N., Mor, Z., & Shilo, G. (2020). Mental distress, well-being, and stress-related growth following an anti-LGBQ hate crime among LGBQ young adults in Israel: The effect of familiarity with the victims and the mediating role of emotional support. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(8), 1145–1163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1607682
  • Austin, S. B., Rosario, M., McLaughlin, K. A., Roberts, A. L., Sarda, V., Yu, K., Missmer, S., Anatale-Tardiff, L., & Scherer, E. A. (2018). Sexual orientation and salivary alpha-amylase diurnal rhythms in a cohort of U.S. young adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 97, 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.006
  • Bodie, G. D. (2012). Task stressfulness moderates the effects of verbal person centeredness on cardiovascular reactivity: A dual-process account of the reactivity hypothesis. Health Communication, 27(6), 569-580. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.618433
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press.
  • Burleson, B. R. (2003). Emotional support skills. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 551–594). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607133
  • Burleson, B. R. (2008). What counts as effective emotional support?: Explorations of situational and individual differences. In M. T. Motley (Eds.), Studies in applied interpersonal communication (1st ed., pp. 207–228). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412990301.d14
  • Burleson, B. R., & Goldsmith, D. J. (1998). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals. In P. A. Andersen, & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 245–280). Academic Press.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Malarkey, W. B., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Sheridan, J. F., Poehlmann, K. M., Burleson, M. H., Ernst, J. M., Hawkley, L. C., & Glaser, R. (1998). Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to psychological stress: The reactivity hypothesis A. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840(1), 664–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09605.x
  • Carroll, D., Phillips, A. C., Der, G., Hunt, K., & Benzeval, M. (2011). Blood pressure reactions to acute mental stress and future blood pressure status: Data from the 12-year follow-up of the West of Scotland study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73(9), 737–742. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182359808
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Behavioral risk factor surveillance system. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/.
  • Cheng, S.-T, & Yim, Y.-K. (2008). Age differences in forgiveness: The role of future time perspective. Psychology and Aging, 23(3), 676–680. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.3.676
  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  • Crowley, J. P. (2014). Expressive writing to cope with hate speech: Assessing psychobiological stress recovery and forgiveness promotion for lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer victims of hate speech. Human Communication Research, 40(2), 238–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12020
  • Deci, E. L., La Guardia, J. G., Moller, A. C., Scheiner, M. J., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: Mutuality in close friendships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205282148
  • Denes, A., Crowley, J.P., Ponivas, A., Cornelius, T., *Allred, R., Gettens, K., Powers, T., & Gorin, A. (2022). Evidence of the associations between individual and partner autonomy support and physiological stress in the context of conversations about weight among couples who are overweight or obese during a 6-month intervention. Health Communication, 37(8), 1013–1021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1880685
  • Dispenza, F., Watson, L. B., Chung, Y. B., & Brack, G. (2012). Experience of career-related discrimination for female-to-male transgender persons: A qualitative study. The Career Development Quarterly, 60(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2012.00006.x
  • Faw, M. H. (2018). Supporting the supporter: Social support and physiological stress among caregivers of children with severe disabilities. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(2), 202–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407516680500
  • Feeney, B. C. (2004). A secure base: Responsive support of goal strivings and exploration in adult intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 631–648. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.631
  • Freelon, D. F. (2017). ReCal for Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Data (OIR). http://dfreelon.org/utils/%20recalfront/recal-oir/
  • Gettings, P. E., Hall, E. D., Wilson, S. R., Kamal, D. M., Inderstrodt-Stephens, J., & Hughes-Kirchubel, L. (2019). Effects of reintegration difficulties, perceived message acceptance and perceived autonomy support on U.S. Military veterans’ evaluations of messages encouraging them to seek behavioral health care. Communication Monographs, 86(2), 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2018.1536828
  • Gismero-González, E., Jódar, R., Martínez, M. P., Carrasco, M. J., Cagigal, V., & Prieto-Ursúa, M. (2020). Interpersonal offenses and psychological well-being: The mediating role of forgiveness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-00070-x
  • Goldsmith, D. J. (2008). Politeness theory. In L. A. Baxter, & D. O. Braithwaite (Eds.), Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 255–267). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Gorin, A. A., Powers, T. A., Gettens, K., Cornelius, T., Koestner, R., Mobley, A. R., Pescatello, L. S., & Huedo-Medina, T. B. (2020). A randomized controlled trial of a theory-based weight-loss program for couples. Health Psychology, 39(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000808
  • Gorin, A. A., Powers, T. A., Gettens, K., Cornelius, T., Koestner, R., Mobley, A. R., Pescatello, L. S., & Medina, T. H. (2017). Project TEAMS (talking about eating, activity, and mutual support): A randomized controlled trial of a theory-based weight loss program for couples. BMC Public Health, 17(1), Article 749. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4732-7
  • High, A. C., & Dillard, J. P. (2012). A review and meta-analysis of person-centered messages and social support outcomes. Communication Studies, 63(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.598208
  • Jackson, S. D. (2017). “Connection is the antidote”: Psychological distress, emotional processing, and virtual community building among LGBTQ students after the Orlando shooting. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(2), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000229
  • Jones, S. M., Bodie, G. D., Youngvorst, L., Navarro, M., & Danielson, C. (2018). Mapping the terrain of person-centered supportive conversations. Communication Monographs, 85(4), 467–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2018.1501503
  • Khan, M., Ilcisin, M., & Saxton, K. (2017). Multifactorial discrimination as a fundamental cause of mental health inequities. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0499-1
  • Koestner, R., Powers, T. A., Carbonneau, N., Milyavskaya, M., & Chua, S. N. (2012). Distinguishing autonomous and directive forms of goal support: Their effects on goal progress, relationship quality, and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(12), 1609–1620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212457075
  • Koestner, R., Powers, T. A., Milyavskaya, M., Carbonneau, N., & Hope, N. (2015). Goal internalization and persistence as a function of autonomous and directive forms of goal support. Journal of Personality, 83(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12093
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410010304
  • Lee, A. A., Piette, J. D., Heisler, M., & Rosland, A. M. (2018). Diabetes distress and glycemic control: The buffering effect of autonomy support from important family members and friends. Diabetes Care, 41(6), 1157–1163. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-2396
  • Leets, L., & Giles, H. (1997). Words as weapons? When do they wound? Investigations of harmful speech. Human Communication Research, 24(2), 260–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00415.x
  • Legate, N., Ryan, R. M., & Weinstein, N. (2012). Is coming out always a “good thing”? Exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611411929
  • McEwen, B. S. (2000). Allostasis and allostatic load: Implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(2), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00129-3
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Keyes, K. M. (2010). Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among Black, Hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. American Journal of Public Health, 100(8), 1477–1484. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181586
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Nater, U. M., & Rohleder, N. (2009). Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(4), 486–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014
  • Ngamaba, K. H., Panagioti, M., & Armitage, C. J. (2017). How strongly related are health status and subjective well-being? Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Public Health, 27(5), 879–885. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx081
  • O’donnell, E., Landolt, K., Hazi, A., Dragano, N., & Wright, B. J. (2015). An experimental study of the job demand-control model with measures of heart rate variability and salivary alpha-amylase: Evidence of increased stress responses to increased break autonomy. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.017
  • Padilla, Y. C., Crisp, C., & Rew, D. L. (2010). Parental acceptance and illegal drug use among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: Results from a national survey. Social Work, 55(3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/55.3.265
  • Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531–554. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059
  • Powers, T. A., Koestner, R., Denes, A., Cornelius, T., & Gorin, A. A. (2022). Autonomy support in a couples weight loss trial: Helping yourself while helping others. Families, Systems, & Health, 40(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000663
  • Priem, J. S., & Solomon, D. H. (2018). What is supportive about supportive conversation? Qualities of interaction that predict emotional and physiological outcomes. Communication Research, 45(3), 443–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215595074
  • Rains, S. A., & High, A. C. (2021). The effects of person-centered social support messages on recipient distress over time within a conversation. Journal of Communication, 71(3), 380–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab010
  • Reeve, J., & Tseng, C. M. (2011). Cortisol reactivity to a teacher’s motivating style: The biology of being controlled versus supporting autonomy. Motivation and Emotion, 35(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-9204-2
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
  • Ryan, W. S., Legate, N., Weinstein, N., & Rahman, Q. (2017). Autonomy support fosters lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity disclosure and wellness, especially for those with internalized homophobia. Journal of Social Issues, 73(2), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12217
  • Serpas, D. G., & García, J. J. (2021). Allostatic load and the wear and tear of the body for LGBTQ PoC. In J. J. García (Ed.), Heart, brain and mental health disparities for LGBTQ people of color (pp. 41–52). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70060-7_4
  • Sieber, V., Schüler, J., & Wegner, M. (2016). The effects of autonomy support on salivary alpha-amylase: The role of individual differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 74, 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.003
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Taylor, S. E. (2006). Tend and befriend: Biobehavioral bases of affiliation under stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00451.x
  • Turner, A. I., Smyth, N., Hall, S. J., Torres, S. J., Hussein, M., Jayasinghe, S. U., Ball, K., & Clow, A. J. (2020). Psychological stress reactivity and future health and disease outcomes: A systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 114, Article 104599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104599
  • Von Dawans, B., Fischbacher, U., Kirschbaum, C., Fehr, E., & Heinrichs, M. (2012). The social dimension of stress reactivity: Acute stress increases prosocial behavior in humans. Psychological Science, 23(6), 651–660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611431576
  • Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2011). A self-determination theory approach to understanding stress incursion and responses. Stress and Health, 27(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1368
  • Winderman, K., Martin, C. E., & Smith, N. G. (2018). Career indecision among LGB college students: The role of minority stress, perceived social support, and community affiliation. Journal of Career Development, 45(6), 536–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317722860
  • Wright, B. J., O’Brien, S., Hazi, A., & Kent, S. (2014). Increased systolic blood pressure reactivity to acute stress is related with better self-reported health. Scientific Reports, 4(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06882
  • Xu, Y., & Burleson, B. R. (2001). Effects of sex, culture, and support type on perceptions of spousal social support: An assessment of the “support gap” hypothesis in early marriage. Human Communication Research, 27(4), 535–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00792.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.