Social support messages and the management of uncertainty in the experience of breast cancer: An application of problematic integration theory

References

• Aaronson , L.S. 1989 . Perceived and received support: Effects on health behavior during pregnancy . Nursing Research , 38 : 4 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson , L.Y. , Garber , J. and Seligman , M.E.P. 1980 . “ Learned helplessness in humans: An attributional analysis ” . In Human helplessness: Theory and applications , Edited by: Garber , J. and Seligman , M.E.P. 3 – 57 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Abramson , L.Y. , Seligman , M.E.P. and Teasdale , J.D. 1978 . Learned helplessness in humans: A critique and reformulation . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 87 : 49 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht , T.A. and Adelman , M.B. 1984 . Social support and life stress: New directions for communication research . Human Communication Research , 11 : 3 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht , T.A. and Adelman , M.B. 1987 . “ Communicating social support: A theoretical perspective ” . In Communicating social support , Edited by: Albrecht , T.L. and Adelman , M.L. 18 – 39 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Babrow , A.S. 1991 . Tensions between health beliefs and desires: Implications for a health communication campaign to promote a smoking cessation program . Health Communication , 3 : 93 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Babrow , A.S. 1992 . Communication and problematic integration: Understanding diverging probability and value, ambiguity, ambivalence, and impossibility . Communication Theory , 2 : 95 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Babrow , A.S. 1995 . “ Communication and problematic integration: Milan Kundera's “Lost Letters” . In The Book of Laughter and Forgetting , Communication Monographs Vol. 62 , 283 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1982 . Self‐efficacy mechanism in human agency . American Psychologist , 37 : 122 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger , C.R. 1987 . “ Communicating under uncertainty ” . In Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication , Edited by: Roloff , M.R. and Miller , G.R. 39 – 62 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Berger , C.R. and Calabrese , R.J. 1975 . Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication . Human Communication Research , 7 : 99 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Bloom , J.R. 1986 . “ Social support and adjustment to breast cancer ” . In Women with cancer: Psychological perspectives , Edited by: Anderson , B.L. 204 – 229 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Brashers , D.E. . Communication and the management of uncertainty: The case of AIDS and HIV‐infection . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association . Albuquerque, NM. May ,
   Google Scholar
• Brenders , D.A. 1987 . “ Perceived control: Foundations and directions for communication research ” . In Communication yearbook , Edited by: McLaughlin , M. Vol. 10 , 86 – 116 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Brockriede , W. and Ehninger , D. 1960 . Toulmin on argument: An interpretation and application . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 46 : 44 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burish , T.G. , Meyerowitz , B. , Carey , M.P. and Morrow , G.R. 1987 . “ The stressful effects of cancer in adults ” . In Handbook of psychology and health , Edited by: Baum , A. and Singer , J.E. 137 – 173 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Bursztajn , H.J. , Feinbloom , R.I. , Hamm , R.M. and Brodsky , A. 1990 . Medical choices, medical chances: How patients, families, and physicians can cope with uncertainty , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , M.H. 1993 . The unknown and the unknowable: Managing sustained uncertainty . Western Journal of Nursing Research , 15 : 77 – 95 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coyne , J.C. , Ellard , J.H. and Smith , D.A.F. 1990 . “ Social support, interdependence, and the dilemmas of helping ” . In Social support: An interactional view , Edited by: Sarason , B.R. , Sarason , I.G. and Pierce , G.R. 129 – 172 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Cutrona , C.E. and Russell , D.W. 1990 . “ Types of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching ” . In Social support: An interactional view , Edited by: Sarason , B.R, , Sarason , I.G. and Pierce , G.R. 319 – 366 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Dakof , G.A. and Taylor , S.E. 1990 . Victims’ perceptions of support attempts: What is helpful for whom? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 80 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkel‐Schetter , C. and Wortman , C.B. 1982 . Social support and cancer: Findings based on patient interviews and their implications . Journal of Social Issues , 40 : 77 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Einhorn , H.J. and Hogarth , R.M. 1987 . “ Decision making under ambiguity ” . In Rational choice: The contrast between economics and psychology , Edited by: Hogarth , R.M. and Reder , M.W. 41 – 66 . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , G.R. and Eisdorfer , C. , eds. 1982 . Stress and human health: Analysis and implications of research , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Fienberg , S.E. 1980 . The analysis of cross‐classified categorical data , (2nd ed.) , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , L.A. 1993 . The role of context certainty and value in the communication of social support: An analysis of breast cancer patients’ support messages , West Lafayette, IN : Purdue University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Forsythe , D.R. 1991 . “ Change in therapeutic groups ” . In Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective , Edited by: Snyder , C.R. and Forsythe , D.R. 664 – 680 . New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glaser , B.G. and Strauss , A.L. 1967 . The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research , New York : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Gotay , C.C. 1984 . The experience of cancer during early and advanced stages: The views of patients and their mates . Social Science and Medicine , 18 : 605 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsti , O.R. 1969 . Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , D.E. 1986 . Types and timing of social support . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 27 : 250 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson , P.B. and Holland , J.C. 1991 . “ The stress of cancer: Psychological responses to diagnosis and treatment ” . In Cancer and stress: Psychological, biological, and coping studies , Edited by: Cooper , C.L. and Watson , M. 147 – 169 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Jung , J. 1984 . Social support and its relation to health: A critical evaluation . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 5 : 143 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , A.H. 1981 . Self‐help and mutual aid: An emerging social movement? . American Sociological Review , 7 : 129 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , J. 1984 . The silent world of doctor and patient , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R.S. 1983 . “ The costs and benefits of denial ” . In Stress and coping , Edited by: Monat , A. and Lazarus , R.S. 154 – 173 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R.S. and Folkman , S. 1984 . “ Coping and adaptation ” . In The handbook of behavioral medicine , Edited by: Gentry , W.D. 282 – 325 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Lehman , D.R. , Ellard , J.H. and Wortman , C.B. 1986 . Social support for the bereaved: Recipients’ and providers’ perspectives on what is helpful . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 54 : 438 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman , D.R. and Hemphill , K.J. 1990 . Recipients’ perceptions of support attempts and support attempts that fail . Journal of Personality and Social Relationships , 7 : 563 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtman , R.R. and Taylor , S.E. 1986 . “ Close relationships and the female cancer patient ” . In Women with cancer: Psychological perspectives , Edited by: Anderson , B.L. 172 – 203 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Lowenthal , M.F. and Haven , C. 1968 . Interaction and adaptation: Intimacy as a critical variable . American Sociological Review , 33 : 20 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan , G.W. 1980 . Factors that affect Type I and Type II error rates in the analysis of multidimensional contingency tables . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 238 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Mishel , M.H. 1988 . Uncertainty in illness . Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship , 20 : 225 – 232 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mishel , M.H. 1990 . Reconceptualization of the uncertainty in illness theory . Image: Journal of Nursing Research , 22 : 256 – 262 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Cancer Institute . 1984 . The breast cancer digest , Bethesda, MD : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . NIH Publication No. 841691
   Google Scholar
• Norusis , M.J. 1990 . SPSS advanced statistics guide , Chicago, IL : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Nuland , S.B. 1993 . How we die: Reflections on life's final chapter , New York : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Parkes , C.M. 1971 . Psychosocial transitions: A field for study . Social Science and Medicine , 5 : 101 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlin , L.I. 1985 . “ Social structure and processes of social support ” . In Social support and health , Edited by: Cohen , S. and Syme , L. 43 – 60 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , P.P. 1984 . Support groups: A special therapeutic entity . Small Group Behavior , 15 : 173 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , S. and Cohen , L. 1986 . Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress . American Psychologist , 41 : 813 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum , F.M. , Weisz , J.R. and Snyder , S.S. 1982 . Changing the world and changing the self: A two process model of perceived control . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 : 5 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarason , B.R. , Sarason , I.G. and Pierce , G.R. 1990 . “ Traditional view of social support and their impact on assessment ” . In Social support: An interactional view , Edited by: Sarason , B.R. , Sarason , I.G. and Pierce , G.R. 9 – 25 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , A. and Corbin , J. 1990 . Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnik , B.G. and Fidell , L.S. 1989 . Using multivariate statistics , (2nd ed.) , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S.E. 1983 . Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation . American Psychologist , 38 : 1161 – 1173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitz , R. 1989 . Uncertainty and the lives of persons with AIDS . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 30 : 270 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wethington , E. and Kessler , R.C. 1986 . Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful lifeevents . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 27 : 78 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar