Acquisition of message‐production skill by younger and older adults: Effects of age, task complexity, and practice

References

• Anders , T.R. and Fozard , J.L. 1973 . Effects of age upon retrieval from primary and secondary memory . Developmental Psychology , 9 : 411 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders , T.R. , Fozard , J.L. and Lillyquist , T.D. 1972 . Effects of age upon retrieval from short‐term memory . Developmental Psychology , 6 : 214 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , C. , Hertzog , C. and Hunt , E. 1982 . Age differences in the speed of mental rotation . Developmental Psychology , 18 : 95 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger , R.M. and Rose , S.D. 1977 . Interpersonal skill training with institutionalized elderly patients . Journal of Gerontology , 32 : 346 – 353 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilash , I. and Zubek , J.P. 1960 . The effects of age on the factorially “pure” mental abilities . Journal of Gerontology , 15 : 175 – 182 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birren , J.E. 1985 . “ Age, competence, creativity, and wisdom ” . In Productive aging: Enhancing vitality in later life , Edited by: Butler , R.N. and Gleason , H.P. 29 – 36 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Birren , J.E. and Botwinick , J. 1955 . Speed of response as a function of perceptual difficulty and age . Journal of Gerontology , 10 : 433 – 436 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birren , J.E. , Woods , A.M. and Williams , M.V. 1980 . “ Behavioral slowing with age: Causes, organization, and consequences ” . In Aging in the 1980's , Edited by: Poon , L.W. 293 – 308 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Card , S.K. , English , W.K. and Burr , B. 1978 . Evaluation of mouse, rate controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection of a CRT . Ergonomics , 21 : 601 – 613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerella , J. 1990 . “ Aging and information processing rate ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , (3rd ed.) , Edited by: Birren , J.E. and Schaie , K.W. 207 – 221 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cerella , J. and Fozard , J.L. 1984 . Lexical access and age . Developmental Psychology , 20 : 235 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerella , J. , Plude , D.J. and Milberg , W. 1987 . Radial localization in the aged . Psychology and Aging , 2 : 52 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerella , J. , Poon , L.W. and Williams , D.M. 1980 . “ Age and the complexity hypothesis ” . In Aging in the 1980 s , Edited by: Poon , L.W. 332 – 340 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Charness , N. and Campbell , J.I. 1988 . Acquiring skill at mental calculation in adulthood: A task decomposition . Journal of Experimental Psychology‐General , 117 : 115 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , G. 1994 . “ Age‐related problems in the use of proper names in communication ” . In Interpersonal communication in older adulthood , Edited by: Hummert , M.L. , Wiemann , J.M. and Nussbaum , J.F. 40 – 57 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F.I.M. and Jennings , J.M. 1992 . “ Human memory ” . In The handbook of aging and cognition , Edited by: Craik , F.I.M. and Salthouse , T.A. 51 – 110 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Denney , N.W. 1982 . “ Aging and cognitive changes ” . In Handbook of developmental psychology , Edited by: Wolman , B.B. 807 – 827 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen , C.W. , Hamlin , R.M. and Dye , C. 1973 . Aging adults and rate of memory scan . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 1 : 259 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M.W. 1975 . Retrieval from semantic memory as a function of age . Journal of Gerontology , 30 : 174 – 180 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fry , A.F. and Hale , S. 1996 . Processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence: Evidence for a developmental cascade . Psychological Science , 7 : 237 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glendenning , F. 1995 . “ Education for older adults: Lifelong learning, empowerment, and social change ” . In Handbook of communication and aging research , Edited by: Nussbaum , J.F. and Coupland , J. 467 – 490 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , J.O. , Sassi , M.S. , Malek‐Madani , T. and Edwards , C. 1997 . Adult acquisition of message‐production skill . Communication Monographs , 64 : 181 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , L. and Associates . 1981 . Aging in the eighties: American in transition , Washington, DC : National Council on Aging .
   Google Scholar
• Hogg , J.R. and Heller , K. 1990 . A measure of relational competence for community‐dwelling elderly . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 580 – 588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyer , W.J. , Lopez , M.A. and Goldstein , A.P. 1982 . Predicting social skill acquisition and transfer by psychogeriatric inpatients . International Journal of Behavioral Geriatrics , 1 : 43 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Hummert , M.L. , Nussbaum , J.F. and Wiemann , J.M. 1994 . “ Interpersonal communication and older adults ” . In Interpersonal communication in older adulthood , Edited by: Hummert , M.L. , Wiemann , J.M. and Nussbaum , J.F. 1 – 14 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Ivy , G.O. , MacLeod , C.M. , Petit , T.L. and Markus , E.J. 1992 . “ A physiological framework for perceptual and cognitive changes in aging ” . In The handbook of aging and cognition , Edited by: Craik , F.I.M. and Salthouse , T.A. 273 – 314 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Kail , R. 1991 . Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 490 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kail , R. 1992 . Processing speed, speech rate, and memory . Developmental Psychology , 28 : 899 – 904 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kail , R. and Park , Y.S. 1994 . Processing time, articulation time, and memory span . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 57 : 281 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolers , P.A. 1975 . Memorial consequences of automatized encoding . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 1 : 689 – 701 .
   Google Scholar
• Krauss , I.K. and Popkin , S. J. 1989 . “ Competence issues in older adults ” . In Testing older adults: A reference guide for geropsychological assessments , Edited by: Hunt , T. and Lindley , C. J. 277 – 297 . Austin, TX : Pro‐Ed .
   Google Scholar
• Labouvie‐Vief , G. 1982 . Dynamic development and mature autonomy . Human Development , 25 : 161 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane , N.E. 1987 . Skill acquisition rates and patterns: Issues and training implications , New York, NY : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Light , L. 1988 . “ Language and aging: Competence versus performance ” . In Emergent theories of aging , Edited by: Birren , J.E. and Bengston , V.L. 177 – 213 . New York, NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez , M. 1980 . Social‐skills training with institutionalized elderly: Effects of precounseling structuring and overlearning on skill acquisition and transfer . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 27 : 286 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovelace , E.A. 1990 . “ Basic concepts in cognition and aging ” . In Aging and cognition: Mental processes, self‐awareness, and interventions , Edited by: Lovelace , E.A. 1 – 29 . New York, NY : North‐Holland .
   Google Scholar
• MacKay , D.G. and Burke , D.M. 1990 . “ Cognition and aging: A theory of new learning and the use of old connections ” . In Aging and cognition: Knowledge, organization, and utilization , Edited by: Hess , T.M. 213 – 265 . New York, NY : North‐Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , L.T. and Vernon , P.A. 1992 . The general factor in short‐term memory, intelligence, and reaction time . Intelligence , 16 : 5 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minckler , T.M. and Boyd , E. 1968 . “ Physical growth ” . In Pathology of the nervous system , Edited by: Minckler , J. Vol. 1 , 98 – 122 . New York, NY : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Newell , A. and Rosenbloom , P.S. 1981 . “ Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice ” . In Cognitive skills and their acquisition , Edited by: Anderson , J.R. 1 – 55 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Nussbaum , J.F. , Hummert , M.L. , Williams , A. and Harwood , J. 1996 . “ Communication and older adults ” . In Communication Yearbook , Edited by: Burleson , B.R. Vol. 19 , 1 – 47 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Parasuraman , R. and Giambra , L. 1991 . Skill development in vigilance: Effects of event rate and age . Psychology and Aging , 6 : 155 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , E.B. and Cole , R. 1990 . “ Evaluative perceptions of interpersonal communication with elders ” . In Communication, health and the elderly , Edited by: Giles , H. , Coupland , N. and Wiemann , J.M. 172 – 191 . Manchester, , UK : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , E.B. and Laurie , S. 1990 . Evaluations of older and younger adult speakers: The influence of communication effectiveness and noise . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 513 – 518 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , E.B. and Johnston , D. 1987 . The influence of communication effectiveness on evaluations of younger and older adult speakers . Journal of Gerontology , 42 : 163 – 164 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan , E.B. , See , S.K. , Meneer , W.B. and Trovato , D. 1994 . “ Age‐based perceptions of conversational skills among younger and older adults ” . In Interpersonal communication in older adulthood: Interdisciplinary theory and research , Edited by: Hummert , M.L. , Wiemann , J. and Nussbaum , J.F. 15 – 39 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T.A. 1985 . A theory of cognitive aging , New York, NY : North‐Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T.A. 1991 . Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T.A. 1992 . “ Reasoning and spatial abilities ” . In The handbook of aging and cognition , Edited by: Craik , F.I.M. and Salthouse , T.A. 167 – 212 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T.A. , Mitchell , D.R. , Skovronek , E. and Babcock , R.L. 1989 . Effects of adult age and working‐memory on reasoning and spatial abilities . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 507 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T.A. and Somberg , B.L. 1982 . Skilled performance: Effects of adult age and experience on elementary processes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 111 (2) : 176 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassi , M.S. and Greene , J.O. 1998 . The impact of individual differences on message‐production skill acquisition . Communication Research , 25 : 306 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Schaie , K.W. 1979 . “ The primary mental abilities in adulthood: An exploration in the development of psychometric intelligence ” . In Life‐span development and behavior , Edited by: Baltes , P.B. and Brim , O.G. Vol. 2 , 67 – 115 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schaie , K.W. 1980 . “ Intelligence and problem solving ” . In Cognitive functioning and social structure over the life course , Edited by: Birren , J.E. and Sloane , R.B. 142 – 157 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Schaie , K.W. 1987 . “ Applications of psychometric intelligence to the prediction of everyday competence in the elderly ” . In Cognitive functioning and social structure over the life course , Edited by: Schooler , C. and Schaie , K.W. 50 – 58 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Schaie , K.W. 1990 . “ Intellectual development in adulthood ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Birren , J.E. and Schaie , K.W. 291 – 309 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schugens , M.M. , Daum , I. and Spindler , M. 1997 . Differential effects of aging on explicit and implicit memory . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 4 : 33 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segrin , C. 1994 . Social skills and psychosocial problems among the elderly . Research on Aging , 16 : 301 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Seibel , R. 1963 . Discrimination reaction time for a 1,023 alternative task . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 66 : 215 – 226 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegel , J.S. 1993 . A generation of change: A profile of America's older population , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Snoddy , G.S. 1926 . Learning and stability . Journal of Applied Psychology , 10 : 1 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Strayer , D.L. and Kramer , A.F. 1994 . Aging and skill acquisition: Learning and performance distinctions . Psychology and Aging , 9 : 589 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart‐Hamilton , I. 1991 . The psychology of aging , London : Jessica Kingsley .
   Google Scholar
• Twinning , T.C. 1983 . Social skill, psychological disorder, and aging . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 17 : 7 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waugh , N.C. , Thomas , J.C. and Fozard , J.L. 1978 . Retrieval time from different memory stores . Journal of Gerontology , 33 : 718 – 724 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Revised , New York : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar