Formulation and Evaluation of Secnidazole or Doxycycline Dento-Oral Gels

REFERENCES

• S. M. Abdel-Hamid, S. E. Abdel-Hady, A. A. El-Shamy, and H. F. El-Dessouky. (2006). Formulation of an antispasmodic drug as a topical local anesthetic. Int. J. Pharm. 326:107–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Andrews. (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48:5–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Behra-Miellet, L. Calvet, and L. Dubreuil. (2003). Activity of linezolid against anaerobic bacteria. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 22:28–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Bonacucina, S. Martelli, and G. F. Palmieri. (2004). Rheological, mucoadhesive and release properties of Carbopol gels in hydrophilic cosolvents. Int. J. Pharm. 282:115–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Bonacucina, M. Cespi, M. Misici-Falzi, and G. F. Palmieri. (2006). Rheological, adhesive and release characterization of semisolid Carbopol/tetraglycol systems. Int. J. Pharm. 307:129–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. L. Bruschi, and O. De Freitas. (2005). Oral bioadhesive drug delivery systems. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 31:293–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. S. Ch'Ng, H. Park, P. Kelly, and J. R. Robinson. (1985). Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral controlled drug delivery: II. Synthesis and evaluation of some swelling, water-insoluble bioadhesive polymers. J. Pharm. Sci. 74:399–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. G. H Desai, T. M. P. Kumar. (2004). Preparation and evaluation of a novel buccal adhesive system. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech., 5(3), article 35. http://www.aapspharmscitech.org.
   Google Scholar
• M. Dolz, M. Herraez, F. Gozalez, and O. Diez. (1998). Flow behavior of Carbopol 940 hydrogels, the influence of concentration and agitation time. Pharmazie 53 (2):126–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Eick, W. Pfister, and E. Straube. (1999). Antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic and capnophilic bacteria isolated from odontogenic abscesses and rapidly progressive periodontitis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 12:41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Eouani, P. Piccerellea, P. Prinderrea, E. Bourret, and J. Joachim. (2001). In-vitro comparative study of buccal mucoadhesive performance of different polymeric films. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 52:45–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. J. C. Fresno, A. D. Ramirez, and M. M. Jimenez. (2002). Systematic study of the flow behavior and mechanical properties of Carbopol Ultrez 10 hydroalcoholic gels. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 54:329–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. R. Friesen, K. B. Williams, L. S. Krause, and W. J. Killoy. (2002). Controlled local delivery of tetracyclines with polymer strips in the treatment of periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 73:13–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Gillis, and L. R. Wiseman. (1996). Secnidazole: A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in the management of protozoal infections and bacterial vaginosis. Drugs 51:621–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. M. Golub, T. Sorsa, H. M. Lee, S. Ciancio, D. Sorbi, N. S. Ramamurthy, B. Gruber, T. Salo, and Y. T. Konttinen. (1995). Doxycycline inhibites neutrophil (PMN)-type matrix metalloproteinases in human adult periodontitis gingival. J. Clin. Periodontol. 22:100–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Goodson. (1994). Antimicrobial strategies for treatment of the periodontal diseases. Periodontol. 2000 5:142–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• S. Goto, M. Kawata, T. Suzuki, N. Kim, and C. Ito. (1991). Preparation and evaluation of Eudragit gels. I: Eudragit Organogels containing drugs as rectal sustained-release preparations. J. Pharm. Sci. 80:958–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. D. Haffajee, and S. S. Socransky. (1994). Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal disease. Periodontol. 2000 5:78–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D. S. Jones, A. D. Woolfson, and A. F. Brown. (1997a). Textural, viscoelastic and mucoadhesive properties of pharmaceutical gels composed of cellulose polymers. Int. J. Pharm. 151:223–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. S. Jones, A. D. Woolfson, and A. F. Brown. (1997b). Textural analysis and flow rheometry of novel, bioadhesive antimicrobial oral gels. Pharm. Res. 14:450–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. S. Jones, A. D. Woolfson, A. F. Brown, and M. J. O'Neill. (1997). Mucoadhesive, syringeable drug delivery systems for controlled application of metronidazole to the periodontal pocket: in vitro release kinetics, syringeability, mechanical and mucoadhesive properties. J. Control. Rel. 49:71–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. S. Jones, A. D. Woolfson, A. F. Brown, W. A. Coulter, C. McClelland, and C. R. Irwin. (2000). Design, characterization and preliminary clinical evaluation of a novel mucoadhesive topical formulation containing tetracycline for the treatment of periodontal disease. J. Control. Release 67:357–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. S. Jones, A. D. Woolfson, J. Djokic, and W. A. Coulter. (1996). Development and mechanical characterization of bioadhesive semi-solid, polymeric systems containing tetracycline for the treatment of periodontal diseases. Pharm. Res. 13:1734–1738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. F. Kinane, and J. Lindhe. (1997). Pathogenesis of periodontitis. In J. Lindhe, T. Karring, and N. P. Lang. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry, (pp. 189–225). Copenhagen: Munksgaard Intl Pub.
   Google Scholar
• I. Kinci, S. Senel, H. Akıncıbay, S. Kas, S. Ercis, C. G. Wilson, and A. A. Hıncal. (2002). Effect of chitosan on a periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis G. Int. J. Pharm. 235:121–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. R. Khare, and N. A. Peppas. (1993). Release behavior of bioactive agents from pH-sensitive hydrogels. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 4:275–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. H. Lee, and Y. W. Chien. (1996). Development and evaluation of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system for dual-controlled delivery of Nonoxynol-9. J. Control. Release 39:93–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Z. Liu, M. T. Sheu, C. H. Chen, Y. R. Yang, and H. O. Ho. (2007). Release characteristics of lidocaine from local implant of polyanionic and polycationic hydrogels. J. Control. Release 118 (3):333–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. A. G. McCulloch, P. Birek, C. Overall, and et al (1990). Randomized controlled trial of doxycycline in prevention of recurrent periodontitis in high-risk patients: Antimicrobial activity and collagenase inhibition. J. Clin. Periodontol. 17:616–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. G. Mikos, and N. A. Peppas. (1990). Bioadhesive analysis of controlled release systems: IV. An experimental method for testing the adhesion of microparticles with mucosa. J. Control. Release 12:31–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Mitchell, J. L. Ford, D. J. Armstrong, P. N. C. Elliott, C. Rostron, and J. E. Hogan. (1993a). The influence of concentration on the release of drugs from gels and matrices containing Methocel®. Int. J. Pharm. 100:155–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Mitchell, J. L. Ford, D. J. Armstrong, P. N. C. Elliott, J. E. Hogan, and C. Rostron. (1993b). The influence of drugs on the properties of gels and swelling characteristics of matrices containing methylcellulose or Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Int. J. Pharm. 100:165–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Mombelli, B. Lehmann, M. Tonetti, and N. P. Lang. (1997). Clinical response to local delivery of tetracycline in relation to overall and local periodontal conditions. J. Clin. Periodontol. 24:470–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Muramatsu, K. Kanada, A. Nishida, K. Ouchi, N. Saito, M. Yoshida, A. Shimoaka, T. Ozeki, Yuasa, H. Noriyasu, and Y. Kanaya. (2000). Application of Carbopol® to controlled release preparations I. Carbopol® as a novel coating material. Int. J. Pharm. 199:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (1993). Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria, 3rd ed., Approved standard (M11-A3). Villanova, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; NCCLS.
   Google Scholar
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (1997). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, 4th ed., Approved standard (M7-A4). Wayne, PA: NCCLS.
   Google Scholar
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (2002). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved Standard, 7th ed., (M02-A7). Villanova, PA: NCCLS.
   Google Scholar
• I. G. Needleman, G. P. Martin, and F. C. Smales. (1998). Characterisation of bioadhesives for periodontal and oral mucosal drug delivery. J. Clin. Periodontal. 25:74–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U. Noyan, S. Yilmaz, B. Kuru, T. Kadir, O. Acar, and E. Buget. (1997). A clinical and microbiological evaluation of systemic and local metronidazole delivery in adult periodontitis patients. J. Clin. Periodontol. 24:158–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Paavola, J. Yliruusi, Y. Kajimoto, E. Kalso, T. Wahlström, and P. Rosenberg. (1995). Controlled release of lidocaine from injectable gels and efficacy in rat sciatic nerve block. Pharm. Res. 12 (12):1997–2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. R. Pähkla, T. Koppel, M. Saag, and R. Pähkla. (2005). Metronidazole concentrations in plasma, saliva and periodontal pockets in patients with periodontitis. J. Clin. Peridontol. 32:163–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. E. Pena, B. I. Lee, and J. F. Sternes. (1994). Structural rheology of model ointment. Pharm. Res. 11:875–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. A. Peppas. (1985). Analysis of Fickian and non-Fickian drug release from polymers. Pharm. Acta Helv. 60:110–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• K. Schwach-Abdellaoui, N. Vivien-Castioni, and R. Gurny. (2000). Local delivery of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50:83–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Sorsa, Y. L. Ding, T. Ongmam, and et al (1995). Cellular source, activation and inhibition of dental plaque collagenase. J. Clin. Periodontol. 22:709–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. F. Steffe. (1996). Intoduction to Rheology. In (Ed.). J. F. Steffe. Rheological methods in food process engineering (pp. 1–91). East Lansing, MI: Freeman Press.
   Google Scholar
• M. M. Talukder, I. Vinckier, P. Moldenaers, and R. Kinget. (1996). Rheological characterization of xanthan gum and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose with respect to controlled-release drug delivery. J. Pharm. Sci. 85 (5):537–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Tamburic, and D., Q. M. Craig. (1995). An investigation into the rheological, dielectric and mucoadhesive properties of poly (acrylic acid) gel systems. J. Control. Release 37:59–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. F. Tomazinho, and M. J. Avila-Campos. (2007). Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Prevotella nigrescens in chronic endodontic infection. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 103 (2):285–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. J. Van Winkelhoff, D. Herrera, A. Oteo, and M. Sanz. (2005). Antimicrobial profiles of periodontal pathogens isolated from periodontitis patients in The Netherlands and Spain. J. Clin. Periodontol. 32 (8):891–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. B. Walker, K. C. Godowski, L. Borden, J. Lennon, S. Nango, C. Stone, and S. Garrett. (2000). The effects of sustained release doxycycline on the anaerobic flora and antibiotic–resistant patterns in subgingival plaque and saliva. J. Periodontol. 71:768–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. C. Williams, D. W. Paquette, S. Offenbacher, and et al (2001). Treatment of periodontitis by local administration of minocycline microspheres: a controlled trial. J. Periodontol. 72:1535–1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Wolff, G. Dahlen, and D. Aeppli. (1994). Bacteria as risk marker for periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 64:498–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Won-Jun, and S. M. Bayoumi. (1986). Diffusion model for studying the drug release from semisolid dosage forms. Part 1. Methodology using agar gel as diffusion medium. Drug. Dev. Ind .Pharm. 12 (6):899–914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. H. Yong, J. S. Choi, Q. Z. Quan, J. D. Rhee, C. K. Kim, S. J. Lim, K. M. Kim, P. S. Oh, and H. G. Choi. (2001). Effect of sodium chloride on the gelation temperature, gel strength and bioadhesive force of poloxamer gels containing diclofenac sodium. Int. J. Pharm. 226:195–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar