Intercropping with alfalfa and co-inoculation of AMF and PGPR improve growth, yield, grain bioactive quality, and soil fertility of barley

References

• Anli M, Baslam M, Tahiri A, Raklami A, Symanczik S, Boutasknit A, Ait-ElMokhtar M, Ben-Laouane R, Toubali S, Ait-Rahou Y, et al. 2020. Biofertilizers as strategies to improve photosynthetic apparatus, growth, and drought stress tolerance in the date palm. Front Plant Sci. 11:1–21. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.516818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aruwa CE, Amoo SO, Kudanga T. 2019. Extractable and macromolecular antioxidants of Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes: phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. S Afr J Bot. 125:402–410. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubert G. 1978. Méthodes D’analyses des Sols; Centre National de documentation Pédagogique, Centre Régional de Documentation Pédagogique. Marseille, France: p. 191.
   Google Scholar
• Avio L, Sbrana C, Giovannetti M, Frassinetti S 2017. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect total phenolics content and antioxidant activity in leaves of oak leaf lettuce varieties. Sci Hortic. 224:265–271. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargaz A, Noyce GL, Fulthorpe R, Carlsson G, Furze JR, Jensen ES, Dhiba D, Isaac ME. 2017. Species interactions enhance root allocation, microbial diversity and P acquisition in intercropped wheat and soybean under P deficiency. Appl Soil Ecol. 120:179–188. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.08.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Laouane R, Baslam M, Ait-El-Mokhtar M, Anli M, Boutasknit A, Ait-Rahou Y, Toubali S, Mitsui T, Oufdou K, Wahbi S, et al. 2020. Potential of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia, and/or green compost as alfalfa (Medicago sativa) enhancers under salinity. Microorganisms. 8(11):1695. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonoli M, Verardo V, Marconi E, Caboni MF. 2004. Antioxidant phenols in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) flour: comparative spectrophotometric study among extraction methods of free and bound phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 52(16):5195–5200. doi: 10.1021/jf040075c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutasknit A, Baslam M, Ait-El-Mokhtar M, Anli M, Ben-Laouane R, Douira A et al, 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate drought tolerance and recovery in two contrasting carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) ecotypes by regulating stomatal, water relations, and (in) organic adjustments. Plants. 9(1):80. doi:10.3390/plants9010080‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72(1–2):248–254. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahim N, Karbout N, Dhaouadi L, Bouajila A. 2021. Global landscape of organic carbon and total nitrogen in the soils of oasis ecosystems in Southern Tunisia. Agronomy. 11(10):1903. doi: 10.3390/agronomy11101903.
   Google Scholar
• Cai K, Chen X, Han Z, Wu X, Zhang S, Li Q, Nazir MM, Zhang G, Zeng F. 2020. Screening of worldwide barley collection for drought tolerance: the assessment of various physiological measures as the selection criteria. Front Plant Sci. 11:1159.‏. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.01159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamkhi I, Cheto S, Geistlinger J, Zeroual Y, Kouisni L, Bargaz A, Ghoulam C. 2022. Legume-based intercropping systems promote beneficial rhizobacterial community and crop yield under stressing conditions. Ind Crops Prod. 183:114958. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai J, Qiu W, Wang NQ, Wang TQ, Hiromi N, Zuo YM. 2019. From Leguminosae/Gramineae intercropping systems to see benefits of intercropping on iron nutrition. Front Plant Sci. 10:605. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PT, Smith F. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem. 28(3):350–356.‏. doi: 10.1021/ac60111a017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO 2017. The future of food and agriculture: trends and challenges. [Accessed 2023 March 30]. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Farag MA, Xiao J, Abdallah HM. 2020. Nutritional value of barley cereal and better opportunities for its processing as a value-added food: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 62(4):1092–1104.‏. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1835817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Z, Zhou L, Chen P, Du Q, Pang T, Song C, Wang XC, Liu WG, Yang WY, Yong TW 2019. Effects of maize-soybean relay intercropping on crop nutrient uptake and soil bacterial community. J Integr Agric. 18(9):2006–2018. doi: 10.1016/S2095-31191862114-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingraffia R, Amato G, Frenda AS, Giambalvo D, Aroca R. 2019. Impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nutrient uptake, N2 fixation, N transfer, and growth in a wheat/faba bean intercropping system. PLoS One. 14(3):e0213672. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur S, Suseela V. 2020. Unraveling arbuscular mycorrhiza-induced changes in plant primary and secondary metabolome. Metabolites. 10(8):335. doi: 10.3390/metabo10080335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldahl C. 1883. Neue Methode zur Bestimmung des Stickstoffs in organischen Körpern. Fresenius J Anal Chem. 22(1):366–382. doi: 10.1007/BF01338151.
   Google Scholar
• Lahbouki S, Anli M, El Gabardi S, Ait-ElMokhtar M, Ben-Laouane R, Boutasknit A, Ait- Rahou Y, Outzourhit A, Wahbi S, Douira A, et al. 2021. Evaluation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and vermicompost supplementation on growth, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica). Plant Biosyst. 156(4):882–892. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2021.1947408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YC, Qin XM, Xiao JX, Tang L, Wei CZ, Wei JJ, Zheng Y. 2017. Intercropping influences component and content change of flavonoids in root exudates and nodulation of Faba bean. J Plant Interact. 12(1):187–192. doi: 10.1080/17429145.2017.1308569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meddich A. 2022. Biostimulants for Resilient Agriculture—Improving Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress: A Concise Review. Gesunde Pflanz. 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10343-022-00784-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouradi M, Farissi M, Makoudi B, Bouizgaren A, Ghoulam C. 2018. Effect of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)–rhizobia symbiosis on barley’s growth, phosphorus uptake and acid phosphatase activity in the intercropping system. Annals Agrarian Sci. 16:297–303. doi:10.1016/j.aasci.2018.05.003.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen SR, Sommers LE. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties of phosphorus. ASA Monograp. 9:403–430.
   Google Scholar
• Ouhaddou R, Ben-Laouane R, Lahlali R, Anli M, Ikan C, Boutasknit A, Slimani A, Oufdou K, Baslam M, Ait Barka E, et al. 2022. Application of indigenous rhizospheric microorganisms and local compost as enhancers of lettuce growth, development, and salt stress tolerance. Microorganisms. 10:1625. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10081625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips JM, Hayman DS. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans Br Mycol Soc. 55(1):158–IN18. doi: 10.1016/S0007-1536(70)80110-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raklami A, Bechtaoui N, Tahiri A, Slimani A, Bargaz A, Meddich A, Oufdou K. 2021. Co- inoculation with rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae can improve wheat/faba bean intercrop performance under field conditions. Front Agron. 3:734923. doi:10.3389/fagro.2021.734923.
   Google Scholar
• Rezaei-Chiyaneh E, Mahdavikia H, Battaglia ML, Thomason WE, Caruso G. 2021. Intercropping and fertilizer type impact seed productivity and secondary metabolites of dragon’s head and fenugreek. Sci Hortic (Amsterdam). 287:110277. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sammama H, Mazri MA, Ouahmane L, Sammama A, Hsissou D, El Kaoua M, Alfeddy MN. 2022. Microbial inoculation improves soil properties, nutrient uptake, and plant growth in soft wheat-faba bean intercropping. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 22(4):5159–5173. doi: 10.1007/s42729-022-00991-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Zheng B. 2019. Response of phenylpropanoid pathway and the role of polyphenols in plants under abiotic stress. Molecules. 24(13):2452. doi: 10.3390/molecules24132452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slimani A, Raklami A, Oufdou K, Meddich A. 2022. Isolation and characterization of pgpr and their potential for drought alleviation in barley plants. Gesunde Pflanz. 75(2):377–391. doi: 10.1007/s10343-022-00709-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Ricardo da Silva J, Spranger I. 1998. Critical factors of the vanillin assay for catechins and proanthocyanidins. J Agric Food Chem. 46(10):4267–4274. doi: 10.1021/jf980366j.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahiri AI, Meddich A, Raklami A, Alahmad A, Bechtaoui N, Anli M, Göttfert M, Heulin T, Achouak W, Oufdou K. 2022. Assessing the potential role of compost, PGPR, and AMF in improving tomato plant growth, yield, fruit quality, and water stress tolerance. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 22(1):743–764. doi: 10.1007/s42729-021-00684-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohidi B, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A. 2017. Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chem. 220:153–161. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trouvelot A, Kough JL, Gianinazzi-Pearson V 1986. Mesure du taux de mycorhization VA d’un système radiculaire. Recherche De Méthode D’estimation Ayant Une Signification Fonctionnelle. In Physiological and Genetical Aspects of Mycorrhizae: Proceedings of the 1st European Symposium on Mycorrhizae; Dijon, p. 217–221.
   Google Scholar
• Vacheron J, Desbrosses G, Renoud S, Padilla R, Walker V, Muller D, Prigent-Combaret C. 2018. Differential contribution of plant-beneficial functions from Pseudomonas kilonensis F113 to root system architecture alterations in Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact. 31(2):212–223. doi:10.1094/MPMI-07-17-0185-R.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin W, Chai Q, Zhao C, Yu A, Fan Z, Hu F, Fan H, Guo Y, Coulter JA. 2020. Water utilization in intercropping: A review. Agric Water Manage. 241:13. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar