Beliefs About Infant Feeding in China and the United States: Implications for Breastfeeding Promotion

REFERENCES

• American Academy of Pediatrics . 2005 . Breastfeeding and the use of human milk . Pediatrics , 115 ( 2 ) : 496 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blyth , R. , Creedy , D. K. , Dennis , C.-L. , Moyle , W. , Pratt , J. and De Vries , S . 2002 . Effect of maternal confidence on breastfeeding duration: An application of breastfeeding self-efficacy theory . Birth , 29 ( 4 ) : 278 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazelton , T. B. 1992 . Touchpoints: The essential reference , Reading, MA : Addison Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Chabrol , H. , Walburg , V. , Teissedre , F. , Armitage , J. and Santrisse , K. 2004 . Influence of mother's perceptions on the choice to breastfeed or bottle-feed: Perceptions and feeding choice . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 22 ( 3 ) : 189 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers , J. and McInnes , R. 2006 . Measuring factors associated with breastfeeding: A review of breastfeeding publications between 1990–2005 , Edinburgh, , UK : Woodburn House .
   Google Scholar
• Chao , R. K. 2000 . The parenting of immigrant Chinese and European American mothers: Relation between parenting styles, socialization goals, and parental practices . Journal of Applied Development Psychology , 21 ( 2 ) : 233 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzimichael , A. , Tsalkidis , A. , Cassimos , D. , Gardikis , S. , Tripsianis , G. , Deftereos , S. , Ktenidou-Kartali , S. and Tsanakas , I. 2007 . The role of breastfeeding and passive smoking on the development of severe bronchiolitis in infants . Minerva Pediatrica , 59 : 199 – 206 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chezem , J. C. , Friesen , C. and Boettcher , J. 2002 . Breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding confidence, and infant feeding plans: Effects on actual feeding practices . Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing Clinical Research , 32 ( 1 ) : 40 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Darling , N. and Sternberg , L. 1993 . Parenting style as context: An integrative model . Psychological Bulletin , 113 ( 3 ) : 487 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das , U. N. 2007 . Breastfeeding prevents type 2 diabetes mellitus: But, how and why? . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 85 : 1436 – 1437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettwyler , K. A. 1995 . “ Beauty and the breast: The cultural context of breastfeeding in the United States ” . In Breastfeeding: biocultural perspectives , Edited by: Stuart-Macadam , P. and Dettwyler , K. A. 167 – 216 . New York : Aldine De Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Dix , D. 1991 . Why women decide not to breastfeed . Birth , 18 ( 4 ) : 222 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodgson , J. E. , Tarrant , M. , Fong , D. Y. T. , Peng , X.-H. and Hui , W.-H. C. 2003 . Breastfeeding patterns of primiparous mothers in Hong Kong . Birth , 30 ( 3 ) : 195 – 202 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foo , L. L. , Quek , S. J. S. , Ng , S. A. , Lim , M. T. and Deurenberg-Yap , M. 2005 . Breastfeeding prevalence and practices among Singaporean Chinese, Malay and Indian mothers . Health Promotion International , 20 ( 3 ) : 229 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , G. B. , Adams-Curtis , L. E. , Hamm , N. R. and White , K. B. 2003 . Perceptions of the woman who breastfeeds: The role of erotophobia, sexism, and attitudinal variables . Sex Roles , 49 ( 7/8 ) : 379 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuligni , A. J. and Zhang , W. 2004 . Attitudes toward family obligation among adolescents in contemporary urban and rural China . Child Development , 74 ( 1 ) : 180 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• García Coll , C. , Akerman , A. and Cicchetti , D. 2000 . Cultural influences on developmental processes and outcomes: Implications for the study of development and psychopathology . Development and Psychopathology , 12 : 333 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode , W. J. 1971 . World revolution and family patterns . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 33 : 624 – 635 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , J. 1998 . At home: The American Family 1750–1870 , New York : Harry Abrams .
   Google Scholar
• Grossman , L. K. , Harter , C. and Hasbrouck , C. 1990 . Testing mothers' knowledge of breastfeeding: Instrument development and implementation and correlation with infant feeding decision . Journal of Pediatric & Perinatal Nutrition , 2 ( 2 ) : 43 – 63 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gulick , E. E. 1982 . Informational correlates of successful breast-feeding . American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing , 7 ( 6 ) : 370 – 375 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hannan , A. , Li , R. , Benton-Davis , S. and Grummer-Strawn , L. 2005 . Regional variation in public opinion about breastfeeding in the United States . Journal of Human Lactation , 21 ( 3 ) : 284 – 288 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harkness , S. and Super , C. M. 1994 . The developmental niche: A theoretical framework for analyzing the household production of health . Social Science and Medicine , 38 ( 2 ) : 217 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , S. S. , Griffiths , L. J. and Dezateux , C. 2007 . The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Milleninum Cohort Study . Public Health Nutrition , 10 ( 9 ) : 891 – 896 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood , R. L. 1992 . The influence of culturally derived values on Anglo and Puerto Rican mothers' perceptions of attachment behavior . Child Development , 63 : 822 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood , R. J. , Miller , J. G. and Irizarry , N. L. 1995 . Culture and attachment: Perceptions of the child in context , Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Harwood , R. L. , Schölmerich , A. and Schulze , P. A. 2000 . “ Homogeneity and heterogeneity in cultural belief systems ” . In Variability in the social construction of the child , Edited by: Harkness , S. , Raeff , C. and Super , C. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Heinig , M. J. and Dewey , K. G. 1996 . Health advantages of breastfeeding for infants: A critical review . Nutrition Research Reviews , 9 : 89 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , P. D. and Aldag , J. 1991 . Potential indicators of insufficient milk supply syndrome . Research in Nursing and Health , 14 ( 1 ) : 11 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horton , S. , Sanghvi , T. , Phillips , M. , Fiedler , J. , Pérez-Escamilla , R. , Lutter , C. , Rivera , A. and Segall-Correa , A. M. 1996 . Breastfeeding promotion and priority setting in health . Health Policy and Planning , 11 ( 2 ) : 156 – 168 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Host , A. and Halken , S. 2005 . Primary prevention of food allergy in infants who are at risk . Current Opinions in Allergy and Clinical Immunology , 5 : 255 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , K. M. and Nazar , A. M. 2006 . Breastfeeding, the immune response, and long term health . Journal of the American Osteopathic Association , 106 : 203 – 207 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kagitçibasi , C. 1996 . The autonomous-relational self: A new synthesis . European Psychologist , 1 : 180 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelleher , C. M. 2006 . The physical challenges of early breastfeeding . Social Science & Medicine , 63 : 2727 – 2738 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong , S. and Lee , D. 2004 . Issues and innovations in nursing practice: Factors influencing decision to breastfeed . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 46 ( 4 ) : 269 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Knight , G. P. and Kagan , S. 1982 . Siblings, birth order, and cooperative-competitive social behavior . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 13 ( 2 ) : 239 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Koletzko , S. , Sherman , P. , Corey , M. , Griffiths , A. and Smith , C. 1989 . Role of infant feeding practices in development of Crohn's disease in childhood . British Medical Journal , 298 ( 6688 ) : 1617 – 1618 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee , W. , Wong , E. , Liu , S. S. H. , Chan , V. and Lau , J. 2007 . Decision to breastfeed and early cessation of breastfeeding in infants below 6 months old—A population-based study of 3,204 infants in Hong Kong . Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 16 ( 1 ) : 163 – 170 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• La Best Babies Network. 2008. Breastfeeding-friendly workplace policies http://www.breastfeedingtaskforla.org/BF_Policy_Brief_FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 1 May 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• La Leche League International. n.d http://www.llli.org/Law/LawEnact.html (Accessed: 27 November 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Leung , T. , Tam , W. H. , Hung , E. C. W. , Fok , T. F. and Wong , G. W. K. 2003 . Sociodemographic and atopic factors affecting breastfeeding intention in Chinese mothers . Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health , 39 ( 6 ) : 460 – 464 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Libbus , K. , Bush , T. A. and Hockman , N. M. 1997 . Breastfeeding beliefs of low-income primigravidae . International Journal of Nursing Studies , 34 ( 2 ) : 144 – 150 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindberg , L. 1996 . Women's decisions about breastfeeding and maternal employment . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 58 ( 1 ) : 239 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizhu , F. 2003 . Popular religion in contemporary China . Social Compass , 50 ( 4 ) : 449 – 457 .
   Google Scholar
• Long , B. H. , Ziller , R. C. and Henderson , E. H. 1966 . A study of individualism: Some demographic and psychological correlates . Social Forces , 45 ( 1 ) : 96 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald , A. 2003 . Is breast best? Is early solid feeding harmful? . The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health , 123 ( 3 ) : 169 – 174 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madden , N. 2003 . Formula marketer busts myths . Advertising Age , 74 ( 41 ) : 4 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Maher , V. 1992 . “ Breast-feeding and maternal depletion: Natural law or cultural arrangements? ” . In The anthropology of breast-feeding , Edited by: Maher , M. 151 – 180 . Oxford/Washington D.C : Berg .
   Google Scholar
• Manella , J. A. 1997 . A cross-cultural perspective . Nutrition Today , 32 : 144 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Marild , S. , Hansson , S. , Jodal , U. , Odén , A. and Svedburg , K. 2004 . Protective effect of breastfeeding against urinary tract infection . Acta Paediatrica , 93 ( 2 ) : 164 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarter-Spaulding , D. E. and Kearney , M. H. 2001 . Parenting self-efficacy and perception of insufficient breast milk . Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing , 30 : 515 – 522 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFadden , A. and Toole , G. 2006 . Exploring women's views of breastfeeding: A focus group study within an area with high levels of socio-economic deprivation . Maternal and Child Nutrition , 2 : 156 – 168 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McIntire , E. , Hiller , J. E. and Turnbull , D. 2001 . Attitudes towards infant feeding among adults in a low socioeconomic community: What social suppport is there for breastfeeding? . Breastfeeding Review , 9 ( 1 ) : 13 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Mead , M. 1967 . “ Introduction ” . In Childbearing: Its social and psychological aspects , Edited by: Richardson , S. A. and Guttmacher , A. F. 142 – 146 . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkens Co .
   Google Scholar
• Merewood , A. , Mehta , S. D. , Chamberlain , L. B. , Philipp , B. L. and Bauchner , H. 2005 . Breastfeeding rates in US baby-friendly hospitals: Results of a national survey . Pediatrics , 116 ( 3 ) : 628 – 634 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitra , A. K. , Khoury , A. J. , Hinton , A. W. and Carothers , C. 2004 . Predictors of breastfeeding intention among low-income women . Maternal and Child Health Journal , 8 ( 2 ) : 65 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli , G. A. , Oppenheim , D. , Rogoff , B. and Goldsmith , D. 1992 . Cultural variation in infants' sleeping arrangements: Questions of independence . Developmental Psychology , 28 ( 4 ) : 604 – 613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , E. K. , Ricketts , S. and Dellaport , J. 2007 . Hospital practices that increase breastfeeding duration: Results from a population-based study . Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care , 34 ( 3 ) : 202 – 211 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nafstad , P. , Jaakkola , J. J. , Hagen , J. A. , Botten , G. and Kongerud , J. 1996 . Breastfeeding, maternal smoking, and lower respiratory tract infections . European Respiratory Journal , 9 : 2623 – 2629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , A. 2006 . A metasynthesis of qualitative breastfeeding studies . Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health , 51 ( 2 ) : e13 – e20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson , E. A. S. , Chan , C. W. and Yu , C. M. 2004 . Breast milk substitutes in Hong Kong . Journal of Pediatric Child Health , 40 : 350 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• New , R. S. and Richman , A. L. 1996 . “ Maternal beliefs and infant care practices in Italy and the United States ” . In Parents' cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences , Edited by: Harkness , S. and Super , C. M. 385 – 404 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Noble , S. and The ALSPAC Study Team . 2001 . Maternal employment and the initiation of breastfeeding . Acta Paediatrics , 90 : 423 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oddy , W. H. , de Klerk , N. H. , Sly , P. D. and Holt , P. G. 2002 . The effects of respiratory infections, atopy, and breastfeeding on childhood asthma . European Respiratory Journal , 19 : 899 – 905 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman , D. , Coon , H. M. and Kemmerlmeier , M. 2002 . Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses . Psychological Bulletin , 128 ( 1 ) : 3 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachter , L. M. and Dworkin , P. H. 1997 . Maternal expectations about normal child development in 4 cultural groups . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 151 : 1144 – 1150 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parilla-Rodríguez , A. M. and Gorrín-Peralta , J. J. 2008 . Formula labeling violations to the WHO code: A quantitative and qualitative analysis . Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal , 27 ( 2 ) : 49 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Picciano , M. 2001 . Nutrient composition of human milk . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 48 ( 1 ) : 53 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quandt , S. A. 1998 . Ecology of breastfeeding in the United States: An applied perspective . American Journal of Human Biology , 10 : 221 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu , L. , Xie , X. , Lee , A. and Binns , C. W. 2007 . Infants' first feeds in Hangzhou, PR China . Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 16 : 458 – 461 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao , N. , McHale , J. P. and Pearson , E. 2003 . Links between socialization goals and childrearing practices in Chinese and Indian mothers . Infant and Child Development , 12 : 475 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeharju , K. , Knip , M. , Virtanen , S. M. , Savilahti , E. , Tauriainen , S. , Koskela , P. , Akerblom , H. K. , Hyöty , H. and Finnish TRIGR Study Group . 2007 . Maternal antibodies in breast milk protect the child from enterovirus infections . Pediatrics , 119 : 941 – 946 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scariati , P. D. , Grummer-Strawn , L. M. and Fein , S. B. 1997 . A longitudinal analysis of infant morbidity and the extent of breastfeeding in the United States . Pediatrics , 99 ( 6 ) : e5 – e9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze , P. A. 2004 . Filipino mothers' beliefs about parenting: A question of independence . Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, Special Edition on Asia Pacific Issues , 5 ( 3 ) : 391 – 395 .
   Google Scholar
• Schulze , P. A. , Harwood , R. L. and Schölmerich , A. 2001 . Developmental expectations and feeding practices of Puerto Rican and Anglo mothers . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 32 : 397 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze , P. A. , Harwood , R. L. , Schölmerich , A. and Leyendecker , B. 2002 . The cultural structuring of parenting and universal developmental tasks . Parenting: Science and Practice , 2 ( 2 ) : 151 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , J. A. , Binns , C. W. and Aroni , R. A. 1997 . The influence of reported paternal attitudes on the decision to breastfeed . Journal of Paediatric Child Health , 33 : 305 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , J. A. , Landers , M. C. G. , Hughes , R. M. and Binns , C. W. 2001 . Factors associated with breastfeeding at discharge and duration of breastfeeding . Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health , 37 ( 3 ) : 254 – 261 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott , J. A. , Shaker , I. and Reid , M. 2004 . Paternal attitudes towards breastfeeding: Their association with feeding outcome at hospital discharge . Birth , 31 ( 2 ) : 125 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu , X. , Clemens , J. , Zheng , W. , Ying , D. M. , Ji , B. T. and Jin , F. 1995 . Infant breastfeeding and the risk of childhood lymphoma and leukemia . International Journal of Epidemiology , 24 ( 1 ) : 27 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shweder , R. A. 1996 . “ True ethnography: The lore, the law, and the lure ” . In Ethnography and human development: Context and meaning in social inquiry , Edited by: Jessor , R. , Colby , A. and Shweder , R. A. 15 – 52 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Super , C. M. and Harkness , S. 1986 . The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 9 : 545 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrant , M. , Dodgson , J. E. and Fei , S. T. 2002 . Initiating and sustaining breastfeeding in Hong Kong: Contextual influences on new mothers' experiences . Nursing and Health Sciences , 4 : 181 – 191 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UNICEF. n.d. Innocenti Declaration. On the protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding http://www.unicef.org/programme/breastfeeding/innocenti.htm (Accessed: 8 February 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. n.d. Healthy People 2010 http://www.healthypeople.gov/document/html/volume2/16mich.htm#_Toc494699668 (Accessed: 20 October 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• United States Breastfeeding Committee . 2002 . Benefits of breastfeeding , Raleigh, NC : United States Breastfeeding Committee . [issue paper]
   Google Scholar
• Victora , C. G. , Smith , P. G. , Vaughan , J. P. , Nobre , L. C. , Lombardi , C. , Teixeira , A. M. B. , Fuchs , S. C. , Moreira , L. B. , Gigante , L. P. and Barros , F. C. 1989 . Infant feeding and deaths due to diarrhea . American Journal of Epidemiology , 129 ( 5 ) : 1032 – 1041 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang , C. C. and Phinney , J. S. 1998 . Differences in child rearing attitudes between immigrant Chinese mothers and Anglo-American Chinese mothers . Early Development and Parenting , 7 ( 4 ) : 181 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , X. , Wang , Y. and Kang , C. 2005 . Feeding practices in 105 counties of rural China . Child Care, Health and Development , 31 ( 4 ) : 417 – 423 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weimer, J. P. 2001. The economic benefits of breastfeeding: A review and analysis. Food Assistance and Research Report Number 13, Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/fanrr13/fanrr13.pdf (Accessed: 1 December 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg , R. J. , Tipton , G. , Klish , W. J. and Brown , M. R. 1984 . Effects of breast-feeding on morbidity in rotavirus gastroenteritis . Pediatrics , 74 ( 2 ) : 250 – 253 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2003 . Global strategy for infant and young child feeding , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1981 . International code of marketing of breastmilk substitutes , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. n.d. Baby-friendly hospital initiative http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/bfhi/en/print.html (Accessed: 8 February 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Xu , F. , Binns , C. W. , Wu , J. , Yihan , R. , Zhao , Y. and Lee , A. 2007 . Infant feeding practices in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China . Public Health Nutrition , 10 ( 2 ) : 198 – 202 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu , F. , Liu , X. , Binns , C. W. , Xiao , C. , Wu , J. and Lee , A. 2006 . A decade of change in breastfeeding in China's far north-west . International Breastfeeding Journal , 1 : 1 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yehuda , S. , Rabinovitz , S. and Mostofsky , D. 2005 . Essential fatty acids and the brain: From infancy to aging . Neurobiology of Aging , 26 ( 1 ) : 98 – 102 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao , Y. , Niu , A. M. , Xu , G. F. , Garrett , M. J. and Greiner , T. 2003 . Early infant feeding practices in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China . Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 12 ( 1 ) : 104 – 108 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar