Cassava (manihot esculent a) in Liberia: History, geography, traditional processing and cyanogenic glycoside levels

References

• Anonymous . 1914 . Dumboy, the national dish of Liberia . National Geographic , 23 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Bahuchet , S. 1990 . “ A historical backgroud of cultivated plants in Central Africa ” . In Food and Nutrition in the African Rain Forest Edited by: Hladik , C.M. , Bahuchet , S. and de Garine , I. 28 – 30 . Paris Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit 263) Museum Brunoy UNESCO/MAB
   Google Scholar
• Bordeaux , P. , Seghers , P. , Mafuta , M. , Vanderpas‐Rivera , J. , Delange , F. and Ermans , A.M. 1982 . “ Cassava products: HCN content and detoxification processes ” . In Nutritional Factors Involved in the Goitrogenic Action of Cassava , Edited by: Delange , F. , Iteke , F.B. and Ermans , A.M. 51 – 58 . Ottawa, , Canada : IDRC‐184e, International Development Research Center (IRDC) .
   Google Scholar
• Browne , H. 1981 . OAU symposium on endemic goiter in Africa . J. Liberian Med. Dent. Assoc. , 9 : 34 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Buffy , J. 1990 . “Sawyer's Men” . West Africa. , 22–28 October 1990, No. 3817: 2700
   Google Scholar
• Burke , M.C. and Pao , E.M. 1976 . Methodology for large‐scale surveys of household and individual diets , Home Economics Research Report No. 40 Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Serivce, US Department of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Cock , J.A. 1982 . Cassava: A basic energy source in the tropics . Science , 218 : 755 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coley , P.D. 1983 . Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest . Ecol. Monographs , 53 : 209 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , R.D. 1979 . Enzymatic Assay for Determining the Cyanide Content of Cassava and Cassava Products , Cali, Colombia : Centro International Agricultura de Tropical .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , D.G. , Asher , C.J. and Wilosn , G.L. Mineral nutrition of cassava and adaptation at low fertility conditions . Symposium of the International Society of Tropical Root Crops . Edited by: Cock , J.H. , Maclntyre , R. and Graham , M. pp. 124 – 130 . Ottawa, Ontario : International Development Research Center (IDRC) .
   Google Scholar
• Ekpechi , O.L. 1967 . Pathogenesis of endemic goiter in eastern Nigeria . Br. J. Nutr. , 21 : 537 – 545 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ezumah , H.C. and Okigbo , B.N. 1980 . “ Cassava planting systems in Africa ” . In Cassava Cultural Practices , Edited by: Weber , E.J. , Toro , J.C. and Graham , M. 44 – 49 . Ottawa, Ontario : International Development Research Center (IDRC) .
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) . 1968 . Food Composition Tables for International Use , Rome : Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Goering , T.J. 1979 . Tropical Root Crops and Rural Development , World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 324 Washington, D.C. : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Hermann , R.K. 1977 . “ Growth and production of tree roots: A review ” . In The Below Ground Ecosystem: A Synthesis of Plant‐associated Processes , Range Science Department Science Series No. 26 Edited by: Marshall , J.K. 7 – 28 . Fort Collins, CO : Colorado State University .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , L.C. 1986 . Sociocultural and ethnohistorical infuences on genetic diversity in Liberia . Am. Anthropol. , 88 : 171 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , L.C. , Bloch , E.F. , Jackson , R.T. , Chandler , J.P. , Kim , Y.L. and Malveaux , F. 1985 . Influence of dietary cyanide on immunoglobulin and thiocyanate levels in the serum of Liberian adults . J. Nat. Med. Assoc. , 77 : 777 – 782 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , R.T. and Jackson , L.C. 1987 . Biological and behavioral contributors to anemia during pregnancy in Liberia, West Africa . Hum. Biol. , 59 (4) : 585 – 597 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordan , C.F. and Herrera , R. 1981 . Tropical rain forests: Are nutrients really critical? . Am. Naturalist , 117 : 167 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowman , M.D. and Box , J.D. 1983 . Variation in leaf toughness and phenolic content among five species of Australian rainforest trees . Australian J. Ecol. , 8 : 17 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masefield , G.B. 1977 . “ Food resources and production ” . In Human ecology in the Tropics , Edited by: Garlick , J.P. and Keay , R.W.J. Vol. XVI , 19 – 26 . London : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Medina , E. and Klinge , H. 1983 . “ Productivity of tropical forests and tropical woodlands ” . In Physiological Plant Ecology, Vol. IV, Ecosystem Processes: Mineral Cycling, Productivity and Man's Influence , Edited by: Long , O.L. , Nobel , P.S. , Osmond , C.B. and Ziegler , M.H. Vol. IV , 281 – 303 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery , R.D. 1965 . The medical significance of cyanogens in plant food stuffs . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 17 : 103 – 113 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moss , R.P. and Morgan , W.P. 1977 . “ Soils, plants and farmers in West Africa. Part 1, Consideration of some aspects of their relationships, with special reference to contiguous areas of forest and savanna in south‐west Nigeria ” . In Human Ecology in the Tropics , Edited by: Garlick , J.P. and Keay , R.W.J. Vol. XVI , 27 – 58 . London : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Oke , O.L. The prophylactic action of cassava . Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops. Edited by: McIntyre , J. and Graham , R. Ottawa, , Canada : International Development Research Center (IDRC) .
   Google Scholar
• Osuntokun , B.O. 1973 . “ A toxic neuropathy associated with high cassava diets in West Africa ” . In Chronic Cassava Toxicity , International Development Research Center, IDRC‐010e Edited by: Nestel , B. and Maclntyre , R. 127 – 138 . Ottawa, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• Peace , W.J.H. and MacDonald , F.D. 1981 . An investigation of the leaf anatomy, foliar mineral levels, and water relations of trees of a Sarawak forest . Biotropica , 13 : 100 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruthenberg , H. 1971 . Farming Systems in the Topics , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schulze , W. 1973 . A New Geography of Liberia , London : Longmans Group .
   Google Scholar
• Stuff , J.E. 1983 . A comparison of dietary methods . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 37 : 300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Breemen , N. and Pons , L.J. 1978 . “ Acid sulfate soils and rice ” . In Soils and Rice , 739 – 761 . Los Banos, , Philippines : International Rice Research Institute, IRRI .
   Google Scholar