754
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Changing Food Patterns across the Seasons in Rural Pakistan: Analysis of Food Variety, Dietary Diversity and Calorie Intake

, &

REFERENCES

  • Altman , D. G. 1991 . Practical statistics for medical research , London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Armitage , P. and Berry , G. 1994 . Statistical methods in medical research , 3rd , London : Blackwell .
  • Arimond , M. and Ruel , M. 2002 . Summary indicators for infant and child feeding practices: An example from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2000. Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper , Washington , DC : International Food Policy Research Institute .
  • Bernstein , M. A. , Tucker , K. L. , Ryan , N. D. , O'Neill , E. F. , Clements , K. M. , Nelson , M. E. , Evans , W. J. and Fiatarone Singh , M. A. 2002 . Higher dietary variety is associated with better nutritional status in frail elderly people . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 102 ( 8 ) : 1096 – 1104 .
  • Blaylock , J. 1991 . The impact of equivalence scales on the analysis of income and food spending distributions . Western Journal of Agricultural Economics , 16 ( 1 ) : 11 – 20 .
  • Bouis , H. and Hunt , J. 1999 . Linking food and nutrition security: Past lessons and future opportunities . Asian Development Review , 17 ( 1-2 ) : 168 – 213 .
  • Brown , K. H. , Peerson , J. M. , Kimmons , J. E. and Hotz , C. 2002 . “ Options for achieving adequate intake from home-prepared complementary foods in low income countries ” . In Public health issues in infant and child nutrition , Edited by: Black , R. E. and Fleischer , M. K. Vol. 48 , New York : Vevey/Lipincott; Nestec, Williams and Wilkins . InNestlé Nutrition Workshop Series, Pediatric Programed
  • Burgess, A.P. Glasauer. 2004. Family nutrition guide. Biodiversity hotspots: Eastern Afromontaneaccessed July 21, 2012). http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/afromontane/Pages/default.aspx (http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/afromontane/Pages/default.aspx)
  • Deaton , A. and Muellbauer , J. 1986 . On measuring child costs: With applications to poor countries . Journal of Political Economy , 94 ( 4 ) : 720 – 744 .
  • DOIP . 2009 . Pre-investment study on Toba Tek Singh District 2009. Punjab Lahore: Directorate of Industries , Pakistan : Government of Punjab .
  • Drewnowski , A. and Darmon , N. 2005 . The economics of obesity: Dietary energy density and energy cost . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 82 : 265S – 273S .
  • Drewnowski , A. , Darmon , N. and Briend , A. 2004 . Replacing fats and sweets with vegetables and fruits: A question of cost . American Journal of Public Health , 94 ( 9 ) : 1555 – 1559 .
  • Engler-Stringer , R. 2010 . Food selection and preparation practices in a group of young low-income women in Montreal . Appetite , 56 ( 2011 ) : 118 – 121 .
  • FAO . 2001 . Food balance sheet: A handbook , Rome : FAO .
  • FAO . 2003 . Trade reforms and food security conceptualizing the linkages , Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations .
  • FAO . 1970 . Food composition tables for use in Africa , Rome : FAO .
  • FAO . 2007 . Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity , Vol. Version 2 , Rome : FAO .
  • FAO . 2009 . Indigenous people's food systems: The many dimensions of culture, diversity and environment for nutrition and health , Rome: FAO Center for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment .
  • Frongillo , E. A. and Nanma , S. 2006 . Development and validation of an experience-based measure of household food insecurity within and across seasons in Northern Burkina Faso . Journal of Nutrition , 136 : 1409S – 1419S .
  • FSA . 2003 . “ Food security analysis ” . In Food insecurity in rural Pakistan 2003 , World Food Program, Sustainable Development Policy Institute .
  • FSA . 2009 . Food insecurity in Pakistan: Food security analysis 2009 , Joint work of Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Sustainable Development Policy Institute and World Food Program Pakistan .
  • Giskes , K. , Van Lenthe , F. J. , Brug , J. , Mackenbach , J. P. and Turrell , G. 2007 . Socioeconomic inequalities in food purchasing: The contribution of respondent perceived and actual (objectively measured) price and availability of foods . Preventive Medicine , 45 ( 1 ) : 41 – 48 .
  • GOP . 2003 . “ The road ahead. Poverty reduction strategy paper ” . In Accelerating economic growth and reducing poverty , Islamabad , Pakistan : Finance Division, Government of Pakistan .
  • GOP-DOA . 2009 . Crop Reporting Service, Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Punjab Lahore , Pakistan
  • Gupta , K. B. 2009 . “ Report submitted to International Food and Agribusiness Management Association for 19th Annual World Symposium, June 20–21 ” . In Consumer behavior for food products in India , Budapest, Hungary. Lucknow , India : Center of Food and Agribusiness Management, Indian Institute of Management .
  • Hadley , C. and Patil , C. L. 2007 . Seasonal changes in household food insecurity and symptoms of anxiety and depression . American Journal of Physical Anthropology Online First , doi:10.10022/ajpa.20724.
  • Hussain , A. 2010 . Achieving food security in Pakistan: Assessment of current situation and policy issues at national and regional levels , Saarbrücken , Germany : LAP Academic Publishing .
  • Hussain , A. and Routray , J. K. 2012 . Status and factors of food security in Pakistan . International Journal of Development Issues , 11 ( 2 ) : 164 – 185 .
  • Hussain , A. and Thapa , G. B. 2012 . Smallholders’ access to agricultural credit in Pakistan . Food Security , 4 : 73 – 85 .
  • Hatloy , A. , Torheim , L. E. and Oshaug , A. 1998 . Food variety—a good indicator of nutritional adequacy of the diet? A case study from an urban area in Mali, West Africa . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 52 ( 12 ) : 891 – 898 .
  • Hoddinott , J. and Yohannes , Y. 2002 . Dietary diversity as a food security indicator , Washington , DC : International Food Policy Research Institute, Food Consumption and Nutrition Division . Discussion Paper No. 136
  • Iannotti , L. , Cunningham , K. and Ruel , M. T. 2009 . Improving diet quality and micronutrient nutrition: Homestead food production in Bangladesh , Washington , DC : IFPRI .
  • Kant , A. K. , Schatzkin , A. , Harris , T. B. , Ziegler , R. G. and Block , G. 1993 . Dietary diversity and subsequent mortality in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 57 ( 3 ) : 434 – 440 .
  • Keding , G. B. , Msuya , J. M. , Maass , B. L. and Krawinkel , M. B. 2012 . Relating dietary diversity and food variety scores to vegetable production and socioeconomic status of women . Food Security , 4 : 129 – 140 .
  • Kettings , C. , Sinclair , A. J. and Voevodin , M. 2009 . A healthy diet consistent with Australian health recommendations is too expensive for welfare dependent families . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health , 33 ( 6 ) : 566 – 572 .
  • KFSSG . 2011 . The 2011 long rains season assessment report , Nairobi : Kenya Food Security Steering Group. Government of Kenya .
  • Kirkpatrick , S. and Tarasuk , V. 2006 . The relationship between low income and household food expenditure patterns in Canada . Public Health Nutrition , 6 ( 6 ) : 589 – 597 .
  • Koster , E. P. 2007 . Diversity in the determinates of food choice: A psychological perspective . Food Quality and Preference , 20 : 70 – 82 .
  • Lang , T. and Caraher , M. 2001 . Is there a culinary skills transition? Data and debate from the UK about changes in cooking culture . Journal of the HEIA , 8 ( 2 ) : 2 – 14 .
  • Lee , M. S. , Huang , Y. C. , Su , H. H. , Lee , M. Z. and Wahlqvist , M. L. 2011 . A simple food quality index predicts mortality in elderly Taiwanese . Journal of Nutrition and Healthy Aging , 15 ( 10 ) : 815 – 821 .
  • Lilley , J. 1996 . Food choice in later life . Nutrition and Food Science , 96 ( 2 ) : 4 – 7 .
  • Lo , Y. T. , Change , Y. H. , Lee , M. S. and Wahlqvist , M. L. 2012 . Dietary diversity and food expenditures as indicators of food security in older Taiwanese . Appetite , 58 : 180 – 187 .
  • Lazear , E. P. and Michael , R. T. 1980 . Family size and the distribution of real per capita income . American Economic Review , 70 ( 1 ) : 91 – 107 .
  • McIntyre , L. 2003 . Food security: more than a determinant of health . Policy Options , 24 ( 3 ) : 46 – 51 .
  • Monsivais , P. and Drewnowski , A. 2007 . The rising cost of low-energy-density foods . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 107 ( 12 ) : 2071 – 2076 .
  • Mathey , M. F. A. M. , Zandstra , E. H. and de Graaf , C. 2000 . Social and physiological factors affecting food intake in elderly subjects: An experimental comparative study . Food Quality and Preference , 11 : 397 – 403 .
  • Nestle , M. , Di-Sogra , L. and Arbor-MI , A. 1998 . Behavioral and social influences on food choice . Nutrition Reviews , 56 ( 5 ) : 50 – 74 .
  • Olney , D. K. , Talukder , A. , Iannotti , L. L. , Ruel , M. T. and Quinn , V. 2009 . Assessing impact and impact pathways of a homestead food production program on household and child nutrition in Cambodia . Food and Nutrition Bulletin , 30 ( 4 ) : 355 – 369 .
  • PBS . 2011 . Monthly review on price indices, December 2011 (Base 2007-08) , Islamabad : Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .
  • PBS . 2012 . Monthly review on price indices, June 2012 (Base 2007-08). Islamabad: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
  • PCO . 1998 . District statistics of Toba Tek Singh, Population Census Organization , Islamabad : Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .
  • Pollard , J. , Kirk , S. F. L. and Cade , J. E. 2002 . Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: A review . Nutrition Research Reviews , 15 : 373 – 387 .
  • Prescott , J. , Young , O. , Neill , L. O. , Yau , N. J. N. and Stevens , R. 2002 . Motives for food choice: A comparison of consumers from Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia and New Zealand . Food Quality and Preference , 13 : 489 – 495 .
  • PSD . 2006 . “ Pakistan Statistics Division ” . In Pakistan statistical year book 2006 , Islamabad: Pakistan : Bureau of Statistics .
  • Savy , M. , Martin-Prevel , Y. , Sawadogo , P. , Kameli , Y. and Delpeuch , F. 2005 . Use of variety/diversity scores for diet quality measurement: Relation with nutritional status of women in a rural area in Burkina Faso . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 59 ( 5 ) : 703 – 716 .
  • Sabates , R. , Gould , B. W. and Villarreal , H. J. 2001 . Household composition and food expenditures: A cross-country comparison . Food Policy , 26 : 571 – 586 .
  • Steyn , N. P. , Nel , J. H. , Nantel , G. , Kennedy , G. and Labadarios , D. 2006 . Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: Are they good indicators of dietary adequacy? . Public Health Nutrition , 9 ( 5 ) : 644 – 650 .
  • Torheim , L. E. , Ouattara , F. , Diarra , M. M. , Thiam , F. D. , Barikmo , I. Hatloy , A. 2004 . Nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity in rural Mali: Association and determinants . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 58 ( 4 ) : 594 – 604 .
  • USDA. 2011. International food security assessment, 2011-21, GFA-22, July . 2011 . A report from the Economic Research Service , Washington , DC : USDA .
  • USDA-NDSR . 2009 . USDA national nutrient for standard references , Vol. Release 22 , Washington , DC : USDA .
  • Wahlqvist , M. L. , Kouris-Blazos , A. and Savige , G. 2002 . “ Food-based dietary guidelines for older adults: Healthy ageing and prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases ” . In Keep fit for life , 81 – 111 . Geneva : World Health Organization . In
  • West , C. E. , Pepping , F. and Temalilwa , C. R. 1988 . The composition of foods commonly eaten in East Africa , Wageningen : Wageningen Agricultural University .
  • Wu, A. Y. 2009. Why do so few elderly use food stamps?accessed July 13, 2012). http://www.ifigr.org/workshop/fall09/wu.pdf (http://www.ifigr.org/workshop/fall09/wu.pdf)
  • Yamane , T . 1967 . Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd ed. New York: Harper and Row

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.