Biodiversity conservation in African inland waters: Lessons of the Lake Victoria region

References

• Balirwa, J. 1998. Lake Victoria wetlands and the ecology of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Linne. Ph.D. dissertation, Wageningen Agricultural University, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Balirwa, J. S. 2007. Ecological, environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the Lake Victoria's introduced Nile perch fishery in relation to the native fisheries and the species cultural potential: lessons to learn. Afr. J. Ecology 45: 120–129.
   Google Scholar
• Balirwa, J. S., C.A. Chapman, L.J. Chapman, I.G. Cowx, K. Geheb. L. Kaufman, R.H. Lowe-Mcconnki I., O. Seehausen, J. H. Wanink, R. L. Welcomme & F. Witte. 2003. Biodiversity and fishery sustainability in the Lake Victoria Basin: An unexpected marriage? Bioscience 53: 703–715.
   Google Scholar
• Batjakas, I.E., R.K. Edgar & L. S. Kaufman. 1997. Comparative feeding efficiency of indigenous and introduced phyto-planktivorcs from Lake Victoria: Experimental studies on Oreochromis esculentus and Oreochromis niloticus. Hydrobiologia 347: 75–82.
   Google Scholar
• Beadle, L.C. & E.M. Lind. 1960. Research on the swamps of Uganda. Uganda J. 24: 84–97.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, R.S.A. 1958. Utilizing the natural resources of Lake Victoria for the benefit of fisheries and agriculture. Nature 181: 1634–1636.
   Google Scholar
• Benstead. J.P., M.M. Douglas & C.M. Pringle. 2003. Relationships of stream invertebrate communities to deforestation in Eastern Madagascar. Ecol. Appl. 13: 1473–1490.
   Google Scholar
• Bwanika, G.N. 2005. Feeding ecology and bioenergetics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in inshore habitats of Lake Nabugabo: predicting the future of Lake Victoria basin Nile tilapia fisheries. Ph.D. dissertation. Makerere Univ., Kampala.
   Google Scholar
• Bwanika, G.N., L.J. Chapman & Y. Kizno, 2006. Cascading effects of introduced Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) on the foraging ecology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Ecol. Freshw. Fish 15: 470–481.
   Google Scholar
• Bwanika, G.N, D. J. Murie & L.J. Chapman. Comparative age and growth of Oreochromis niloticus LINNE (Nile tilapia) in lakes Nabugabo and Wamala, Uganda. Hydrobiologia, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Cadwalladr, D. A. 1965. The declinc in the Labeo victorianus Boulenger (Pisces: Cyprinidac) fishery of Lake Victoria and an associated deterioration in some indigenous fishing methods in the Nzoia River, Kenya. E, Afr. Agr. For. J. 30: 249–256.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, G. S. 1955. The papyrus swamps of Uganda. Heffer, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• [CBD]Convention on Biological Diversify. 1994. Texts and annexes. Interim Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity. Chatelaine, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, L.J. & K.F. Liem. 1995. Papyrus swamps and the respiratory ecology of Barbus neumayeri. Environ. Biol. Fish 44: 183–197.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman. L. J., L.S. Kaufman, C. A. Chapman & F.E. Mckenzie. 1995. Hypoxia tolerance in 12 species of East-African cichlids: Potential for low-oxygen refugia in Lake-Victoria. Conserv. Biol. 9: 1274–1287.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman. L.J., C.A. Chapman & R. Chandler. 1996a, Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes. Biol. Conserv. 78: 263–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, M. Chandler, L. Kaufman & A.E. Keiter. 1996b. Refugia for endangered fishes from an introduced predator in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Conserv. Biol. 10: 554–561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, L. J., C.A. Chapman, T.L. Crisman & F.G. Nordlie. 1998. Dissolved oxygen and thermal regimes of a Ugandan crater lake. Hydrobiologia 385: 201–211.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, L. J., F. Galis & J. Shinn. 2000. Phenotypic plasticity and the possible role of genetic assimilation: hypoxia-induced trade-offs in the morphological traits of an African cichlid. Ecol, Lett: 3: 387–393.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, L.J. 2001, Fishes of African rain forests: Diverse adaptations to environmental challenges, p. 263–290. In W. Weber. L.J.T. White, A. Vedder & L. Naughton-Treves [eds.], African rain forest ecology and conservation. Yale Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, L. J., J. Balirwa, F. W.B. Bugenyi, C. A. Chapman & T.L. Crisman. 2001. Wetlands of East Africa: Biodiversity, exploitation, and policy perspectives, p. 101–132. In B. Gopal [ed.], Wetlands biodiversity. Backhuys Publisher, Leiden.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, F.G. Nordlie, & A.E. Rosenberger. 2002. Physiological refugia: swamps, hypoxia tolerance, and maintenance of fish biodiversity in the Lake Victoria region. Comp. Biochem. Physiol, A 133: 421–437.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, L.J. & C.A, Chapman. 2003. Fishes of the African rain forests: Emerging and potential threats to a little-known fauna, p. 176–209. In T.L. Crisman, L.J. Chapman, C. A. Chapman & L. S. Kaufman [eds], Conservation, ecology, and management of African freshwaters. Univ. Press of Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, L. J., C.A. Chapman, P.J. Schofield, J. P. Olowo, L. Kaufman. O. Seenausen & R. Ogutu-Ohwayo. 2003. Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa. Conserv. Biol. 17: 500–511.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, A., R.C. Bills, C.Z. Cocquyt & A.G. Calsion. 1993, The impact of sediment pollution on biodiversity in Lake Tanganyika. Conserv. Biol. 7: 667–677.
   Google Scholar
• Corbet, P.S. 1961. The food of non-cichlid fishes in the Lake Victoria basin, with remarks on their evolution and adaptation to lacustrine conditions. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 136: 1–101.
   Google Scholar
• Cowx. I.G. & M.J. Collares-Pereira. 2002. Freshwater fish conservation: Options for the future, p.443–452. In M. J. Collares-Pereira, M. M. Coelho & I. G. Cowx [eds.], Fishing News Books. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Dallas. H.F. 1997. A preliminary evaluation of aspects of SASS (South African Scoring System) for the rapid bioas-sessment of water quality in rivers, with particular reference to the incorporation of SASS in a national biomonitoring programme. S. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 23: 79–92.
   Google Scholar
• Denny. P. 1985. The ecology and management of African Wetland vegetation. Dr. W. Junk. Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Dudgeon, D., A.H. Arthington, M.O. Gessner, Z-I. Kawabata, D.J. Knowler, C. Leveque, R.J. Naiman, A-H. Prieur-Richard, D. Solo, M.L.J. Stiassny & C.A. Sullivan. 2005. Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status, and conservation challenges. Biol. Rev. 2005: 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Efitre, J. 2007. Life history variation in tilapia populations within the crater lakes of Western Uganda: The role of size-selective predation, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
   Google Scholar
• Ellery, W.N., K, Ellery, K. H. Rogers & T.S. Mccarthy, 1995. The role of Cyperus papyrus L. in channel blockage and abandonment in the northeastern Okavango Delta, Botswana. Afr. J. Ecol. 33: 25–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [Fao]Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations. 1993. Forest resource assessment, 1990: Tropical countries. FAO, Rome.
   Google Scholar
• [Fao]Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations. 2005a. AQUASTAT: General Summary Africa. http://www.fao.org/ag/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/regions/africa, Accessed August 2007.
   Google Scholar
• [Fao] Food and Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations 2005b. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO, Rome.
   Google Scholar
• [FAO/CIFA] Food And Agriculture Organization Or The United Nations 1985. Introduction of species and conservation of genetic resources. FAO, Rome.
   Google Scholar
• [FIRRI] Fisheries Resources Research Institute Or Uganda. 2005. Annual Report 2004/2005. National Agricultural Research Organization(NARO). Fisheries Resources Research Institute (FIRRI), Kampala.
   Google Scholar
• Fish, T. R. 1955. The food of tilapia in East Africa. Uganda J. 19: 85–89.
   Google Scholar
• Genade, T., M. Benedetti, E. Terzibasi, P. Roncaglia, D.R. Valenzano, A. Cattaneo & A. Cellekino. 2005. Annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius as a model system for aging research. Aging Cell 4: 223–233.
   Google Scholar
• Getabu. A. M. 1992. Growth parameters and total mortality in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) from Nyanza Gulf. Lake Victoria. Hydrobiologia 232: 91–97.
   Google Scholar
• Getabu. A., R. Tumwebaze & D.N. Maclennan. 2003. Spatial distribution and temporal changes in the fish populations of Lake Victoria. Aquat. Liv. Resour. 16: 159–165.
   Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt, T., F. Witit & J. H. Wanink. 1993. Cascading effects of the introduced Nile perch on the detritivorous / phytoplanktivorous spccies in the sublittoral areas ofLake Victoria. Conserv, Biol. 7: 686–700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gophen, M., P. B. O. Ochumba, U. Pollinger & L. S. Kautman. 1993. Nile perch (Lates niloticus) invasion in Lake Victoria (East Africa). Verh. Internat. Verein, Limnol. 25: 856–859.
   Google Scholar
• Goudsviaard, K.P.C., F. Witte & L.J. Chapman. 2002a. Decline of the African lungfish (Protoptenis aethiopicus) in Lake Victoria (East Africa). Afr. J. Ecol. 40: 42–52.
   Google Scholar
• Goudswaard, K. P. C., F. Witte & E. F. B. Katunzi. 2002b. The tilapiine fish stock of Lake Victoria (East Africa) before and after the Nile perch upsurge. J. Fish Biol. 60: 838–856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudswaard. K.P.C. & F. Witte. 1997. The catfish fauna of Lake Victoria after the Nile perch upsurge. Environ. Biol. Fish. 49: 21–43.
   Google Scholar
• Goudswaard, K.P.C., F. Witte & E.F.B. Katunzi. 2006. The invasion of an introduced predator, Nile perch (Lates niloticus L.) in Lake Victoria (East Africa): Chronology and causes. Environ. Biol. Fish. DOI: 10.1007/s10641-006-9180-7.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1966. The fishes of Uganda. The Ugandan Society, Kampala.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P.H. 1974. The cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria, East Africa: the biology and evolution of a species flock. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 6: 1–134.
   Google Scholar
• Hecky, R.E. 1993. The eutrophication of Lake Victoria. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 39–48.
   Google Scholar
• Hecky, R.E., F.W.B. Bugenyt, P. Ocjiumba. J.F. Talling, R. Mugidde, M. Gophen & L. Kaufman. 1994. Deoxygcnation of the deep-water of Lake Victoria, East-Africa. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39: 1476–1481.
   Google Scholar
• Hendry, A. P., T. Farrugia & M.T. Kinntson. Human influences on rates of phenotypic change in wild animal populations. Mol. Ecol. In press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, P.B.N, 2000. Freshwater fishery research organizations in Central and Eastern Africa: A personal recollection. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 55: 1–81.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M. B. & F. M. Muthuri. 1985. The canopy structure and microclimate of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) swamps. J. Ecol. 73: 481–491.
   Google Scholar
• Kasangakl A., D. Babaasa, J. Efitre, A. Mcneilage & R. Bitariho. 2006, Links between anthropogenic perturbations and benthic macroinvcrtebrate assemblages in Afromontane forest streams in Uganda. Hydrobiologia 563: 231–245.
   Google Scholar
• Katunzi. E.F.B., J. Zoutesdijk, T. Goldschmidt, J.H. Wanink & F. Witte. 2003. Lost zooplanktivorous cichlid from Lake Victoria reappears with a new trade. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 12: 237–240.
   Google Scholar
• Katunzi, E.F.B., W.L.T. Van Densen, J. H. Wanink & F. Witte. 2006. Spatial and seasonal patterns in the feeding habits of juvenile Lates niloticus (L.). in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake Victoria. Hydrobiologia 568: 121–133.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, L.S. 1992. Catastrophic change in species-rich freshwater ecosystems: The lessons of Lake Victoria. Bioscience 42: 846–858.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, L. & P. Ochumba. 1993. Evolutionary and conservation biology of cichlid fishes as revealed by faunal remnants in northern Lake Victoria. Conserv. Biol. 7: 719–730.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, L. S., L.J. Chapman & C. A. Chapman. 1997. Evolution in fast forward: Haplochrominc fishes of the Lake Victoria region. Endeavour 21: 23–30.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, L.S. 2003. Evolutionary footprints in ecological time: Fish community structure and water management in African lakes, p. 247–267. In T.L. Crisman, L.J. Chapman & C.A. Chapman [eds.], Conservation, ecology, and management of African freshwaters. Univ. of Florida Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kudhonganla, A. W. & A.J. Cordone, 1974. Batho-spatial distribution patterns and biomass estimates of the major demersal fishes in Lake Victoria. Afr. J. Trop. Hydrobiol. Fish. 3: 15–31.
   Google Scholar
• Lae, R. 1994. Effects of drought, dams and fishing pressure on the fisheries of the Central Delta of the Niger River. Int. J. Ecol. Envir. Sci. 20: 119–128.
   Google Scholar
• Langerhans, R.B., C.A. Layman, A.M. Shokrollahi & T.J. Dewitt. 2004. Predator-driven phenotypic diversification in Gambusia affinis. Evolution 58: 2305–2318.
   Google Scholar
• Lanly. J.P., K.D. Singh & K. Jan. 1991. Fao's 1990 reassessment of tropical forest cover. Nature Resour. 27: 21–26.
   Google Scholar
• LÉVÉQue, C. 1997. Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: The freshwater fish of tropical Africa, Cambridge Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• LÉVÉQue C. 2002. Out of Africa: the success story of tilapia. Environ. Biol. Fish. 64: 461–464.
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, D. A. 2003. A historical view of African inland waters, p. 9–19. In T.L. Crisman, L.J. Chapman, C.A. Chapman & L. Kaufman [eds.], Conservation, ecology, and management of African freshwaters. Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe-Mcconnell, R. H. 1958. Observations on the biology of Tilapia nilotica Linné in East African waters. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 67: 129–170.
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg, J. G., M. Kottelat. G. R. Smith, M. L. J. Stiassny & A.C. Gill. 2000. So many fishes, so little time: An overview of recent ichthyological discovery in continental waters. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 87: 26–62.
   Google Scholar
• [Lvfo] Laine Victoria Fisheries Organization. 2005. The state of the fisheries resources of Lake Victoria and their management. Proceedings of the Entebbe Regional Stakeholders' Conference. Uganda. ISBN: 9970–71.1-10-2.
   Google Scholar
• Martin. C. 1991. The rain forest of West Africa: ecology, threats, and conservation. Borkhauser Verlag. Basel.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuishi, T., L. Mahoozi, O. Mkumbo, Y. Bubeba, M. Njiru, A. Asila. A. A. Othina & I.G. Cowx. 2006. Are the exploitation pressures on the Nile perch fisheries resources of Lake Victoria a cause for concern? Fish. Manage. Ecol. 13: 53–71.
   Google Scholar
• Mayaux, P., P.F. Holmgren, H. Achard, H.J. Eva, A. Stibig & A. Banthomme. 2005. Tropical forest cover change in the 1990s and options for future monitoring. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 360: 373–384.
   Google Scholar
• Mbabazi, D., R. Ogutc-Ohwayo, S.B. Wandera & Y. Kizito. 2004. Fish species and trophic diversity of haplochromine cichlids in the Kyoga satellite lakes (Uganda), Afr. J. Ecol. 42: 59–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcneil, D. L. & G.P. Closs. 2007. Behavioural responses of a south-east Australian floodplain fish community to gradual hypoxia. Freshw. Biol. 52: 412–420.
   Google Scholar
• Mnaya, B., E. Wolanski & Y. Kiwango. 2006. Papyrus wetlands a lunar-modulated refuge for aquatic fauna. Well. Ecol. Manag. 14: 359–363.
   Google Scholar
• Moreau, J., M.L.D. Palomars, F.S.B. Torres & D. Pauly. 1995. Atlas démographique des populations de poisons d'eau douce d'Afrique. ICLARM Technical Report 45.
   Google Scholar
• Moriarity, C. M. & D.J.M. Moriarity. 1973. The assimilation of carbon from phytoplankton by the two herbivorous fishes: Tilapia nilotica and Hapiochromis nigripinnus. J. Zool. 171: 41–56.
   Google Scholar
• Mugidde, R. 1993. The increase in phytoplankton primary productivity and biomass in Lake Victoria (Uganda). Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 846–849.
   Google Scholar
• Muhoozi, L. 2003. Aspects of the commercial exploitation of fish stocks in Lake Victoria. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Hull. United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Mwanja. W. W. 2004. The role of satellite water bodies in the evolution and conservation of Lake Victoria Region fishes. Afr. J. Ecol. 42: 14–20.
   Google Scholar
• [NARO] National Agricultural Research Organization. 2002. Experiences with managing water hyacinth infestation in Uganda. A Technical Report by the Fisheries Resources Research Institute (FIRRI) of NARO. Jinja, Uganda.
   Google Scholar
• Ndaruga, A.M., N.N. Ndiritu, N.N. Gichlki & W.N. Wamichaa. 2004. Impact of water quality on macroinvertebrate assemblages along a tropical stream in Kenya. Afr. J. Ecol. 42: 208–216.
   Google Scholar
• Njiru, M., A. Othina & I.G. Cowx. 2002. Lake Victoria invasion by water hyacinth a blessing for Lake Victoria fisheries, p. 255–264. In I.G. Cowx, [ed.], Management and ecology of lake and reservoir fisheries. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Ochumba, P. B.O. 1990. Massive fish kills within the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 208: 93–99.
   Google Scholar
• Ogutl-Ohwayo, R. 1990. The decline of the native fishes of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa) and the impact of the introduced species, especially the Nile perch. Lates niloticus and the Nile tilapia. Oreochromis niloiicus. Environ. Biol. Fish. 27: 81–96.
   Google Scholar
• Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. & R. E. Hecky. 1991. Fish introductions in Africa and some of their implications. Can, J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. 1993. The impact of predation by Nile perch, Lates niloiicus L. on the fishes of Lake Nabugabo. with suggestions for conservation of endangered endemic cichlids. Conserv, Biol. 7: 701–711.
   Google Scholar
• Ogutu-Ohwayo. R. 1994. Adjustments in fish stocks and in life history characteristics of the Nile perch. Lates niloticus L. in lakes Victoria. Kyoga, and Nabugabo. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Manitoba. Winnipeg.
   Google Scholar
• Ogutl-Ohwayo, R. 2004. Management of the Nile perch, Lates niloticus, fishery in Lake Victoria in light of the changes in its life history characteristics. Afr. J. Ecol. 42: 306–314.
   Google Scholar
• Olowo, J.P. & L.J. Chapman. 1999. Trophic shifts in predatory catfishes following the introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria. Afr. J. Ecol. 37: 457–470.
   Google Scholar
• Pringle, R.M. 2005. The origins of the Nile perch in Lake Victoria. Biosciencc 55: 780–787.
   Google Scholar
• Regier, H.A. & H.F. Henderson. 1973. Toward a broad ecological model of fish communities and fisheries. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 1: 56–72.
   Google Scholar
• Revenga, C., I. Campbell, R. Abell, P. Villiers & M. Bryer. 2005. Prospects for monitoring freshwater ecosystems towards the 2010 targets. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. 360: 397–413.
   Google Scholar
• Revenga, E. & A. Cassar. 2002. Freshwater trends and projections: Focus on Africa. WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature. Washington. D. C.
   Google Scholar
• Ricciardi, A. & J.B. Rasmussen. 1999. Extinction rates of North American freshwater fauna. Conserv. Biol. 13: 1220–1222.
   Google Scholar
• Robb. T. & M.V. Abrahams. 2003. Variation in tolerance to hypoxia in a predator and prey species: an ecological advantage of being small? J. Fish. Biol. 62: 1067–1081.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, T. R. 1975. Geographical distribution of African freshwater fishes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 57: 249–319.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberger, A.E. & L.J. Chapman. 2000. Respiratory characters of three species of haplochromine cichlids: Implications for use of wetland refugia. J. Fish. Biol, 57: 483–501.
   Google Scholar
• Rutjes, H.A. 2006. Phenotypic responses to lifelong hypoxia in cichlids, Ph.D. dissertation, Leiden University.
   Google Scholar
• Sala, O.E., F.S. Chapin, J.J. Armesto, E., Berlow, J. Bloomheld. R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, L.F. Huenneke, R.B. Jackson. A. Kinzig, R. Leeman, D. M. Lodge. H.A. Mooney. M. Oesterheld, N.L. Popp, M.T. Sykes, B.H. Walker, M. Walker & D.H. Wall. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2010. Sciencc 287: 1770–1774.
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson, S. L., M.C. Siebar, K. L. Ackermann. S.H. Jones, I.E. Batjakas & L. Kaufman. 1996. Mucus entrapment of particles by a suspension-feeding lilapia (Pisces: Cichlidae). J. Exp. Biol. 199: 1743–1756.
   Google Scholar
• Schofield. P.J. & L.J. Chapman. 1999. Interactions between Nile perch, Lates niloticus, and other fishes in Lake Nabugabo. Uganda. Environ. Biol. Fish. 55: 343–358.
   Google Scholar
• Schofield. P.J. & L.J. Chapman. 2000. Hypoxia tolerance of introduced Nile perch: implications for survival of indigenous fishes in the Lake Victoria basin. Afr. Zool. 35: 35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J.D.M., M.J. Pallin. R. H. Michener, D. Mbabazi & L. Kaufman. 2006. Effect of Nile perch. Lates niloticus, on functional and specific fish diversity in Uganda's Lake Kyoga system. Afr. J. Ecol. 44: 145–156.
   Google Scholar
• Seehausen, O. 1996. Lake Victoria rock cichlids: Taxonomy, ecology, and distribution. Verduyn Cichlids, Zevenhuizen, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Seehausen. O. 1997. Distribution of and reproductive isolation among color morphs of a rock-dwelling Lake Victoria cichlid (Haplochromis nyererei). Ecol. Freshw. Fish 6: 59–66.
   Google Scholar
• Seehausen, O., J.J.M. Van Alphen & F. Witte. 1997a. Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection. Science 277: 1808–1811.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seehausen, O., F. Witte. E.F. Katunzi. J. Smits & N. Bouton. 1997b. Patterns of the remnant cichlid fauna in southern Lake Victoria. Conserv. Biol. II: 890–904.
   Google Scholar
• Seehausen, O. & N. Bolton. 1997. Microdistribution and fluctuations in niche overlap in a rocky shore cichlid community in Lake Victoria. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 6: 161–173.
   Google Scholar
• Seehausen, O., P.J. Mavhew & J.J.M. Van Alphen. 1999. Evolution of colour patterns in East African cichlid fish. J. Evol. Biol. 12: 514–534.
   Google Scholar
• Seehausen, O., J.J.M. Van Alphen & F. Witte. 2003a. Implications of eutrophication for fish vision, behavioral ecology, and species coexistence: A theoretical framework, p. 268–287. In T. L. Crisman, L. J. Chapman. C. A. Chapman & L. S. Kaufman [eds.], Conservation, ecology, and management of African freshwaters. Univ. Press of Florida, Gainesville.
   Google Scholar
• Seehausen, O., E. Koetsier. M.V. Schneider, L.J. Chapman. C.A. Chapman, M.E. Knight. G.F. Turner. J.J.M. Van Alphen & R. Bills. 2003b. Nuclear markers reveal unexpected genetic variation and a Congolese-Nilotic origin of the Lake Victoria cichlid species flock. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 270: 129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloman, K.A., C.M. Wood. G.R. Scott. S. Wood. M. Kajiumura, O.E. Johannsson. V.M.F. Almlida-Val & D. Val. 2006. Tribute to R. G. Boutilier: The effect of size on the physiological and behavoural responses of oscar, Astronotus ocellatus, to hypoxia. J. Exp. Biol. 209: 1197–1205.
   Google Scholar
• Stiassny, M. L. J. 2002a. Conservation of freshwater fish biodiversity: the knowledge impediment. Verh. Gesamt. Ichthyol. 3: 7–18.
   Google Scholar
• Stiassny, M.L.J. 2002b. Water blindness. SGI Quarterly 2002: 14–15.
   Google Scholar
• Talling, J. F. 1966. The annual cycle of stratifixation and phytoplankton growth in Lake Victoria (East Africa). Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 51: 545–621.
   Google Scholar
• Thieme, M.L., R. Abell. M.L.J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, B. Lehner, G.G. Teugels, E. Dinerstein, A.K. Toham, N. Burgess & D. Olson. 2005. Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A conservation assessment. Island Press. Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, K. 1976. Swamp development in the headwaters of the White Nile, p. 177–196. In Rzoska, J. [ed]. The Nile, biology of an ancient river. Junk, The Hague.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, K., P. R. Shewry & H. W. Woolhouse. 1979. Papyrus swamp development in the Upemba Basin, Zaire: studies of population structure in Cyperns papyrus stands. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 78: 299–316.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, K. & A.C. Hamilton. 1983. Peatlands and swamps of the African continent, p. 331–373. In A.J.P. Gore [ed.], Ecosystems of the World. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Thorne, R.S.J., W. P. Williams & C. Gordon. 2000. The macroinvertebrates of a polluted stream in Ghana. J. Freshw. Ecol. 15: 209–217.
   Google Scholar
• Twongo, T. 1996. Growing impact of water hyacinth on near-shore environments of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa), p. 633–642. In T.C. Johnson, & E.O. Odada [eds.], The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African Great Lakes. Gordon and Breach Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Twonco, T., F.W.B. Bugen Yi & F. Wanda. 1995. The potential for further proliferation of water hyacinth in Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, and Kwania and some urgent aspects of research. Afr. J. Trop. Hydrobiol. Fish. 6: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• [UNENCIA] Universities of England Consortium for International Activities. 2001. The Lake Victoria fisheries research project. Phase II, 1997–2001: Final Report of UNECIA Ltd. European Commission, Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Population Division. 2006. World population prospects: population database, http://esa.un.org/unpp/. Accessed August 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Van Oijen. M.J. P. 1995. Key to Lake Victoria fishes other than haplochromine cichids, p. 209–300. In F. Witte & W.L.T. van Densen [eds.]. Fish stocks and fisheries of Lake Victoria: A handbook for field observations. Samara Publishing Limited, Dyfed. Great Britain.
   Google Scholar
• Van Oijen. M. J. P. & F. Witte. 1996. Taxonomical and ecological description of a species complex of zooplanktivorous and insectivorous cichlids from Lake Victoria. Zool. Verh. Leiden 302: 1–56.
   Google Scholar
• Verhlyen, R., W. Salzburger. J. Snoeks & A. Meyer. 2003. Origin of the superflock of cichlid fishes from Lake Victoria. East Africa. Science 300: 325–329.
   Google Scholar
• Verschuren, D., T.C. Johnson, H.J. Kling, D.N. Edgington, P.R. Llavitt, E.T. Brown, M. R. Talbot & R.E, Hccky. 2002. History and timing of human impact on Lake Victoria, East Africa. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 269: 289–294.
   Google Scholar
• Wanink, J. H. 1998. The pelagic cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea as a crucial link in the disrupted ecosystem of Lake Victoria. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Leiden.
   Google Scholar
• Wanink, J. H. 1999. Prospects for the fishery on the small pelagic Rastrineobola argentea in Lake Victoria. Hydrobiologia 407: 183–189.
   Google Scholar
• Wanink, J.H. & F. Witte. 2000a. The use of perturbation as a natural experiment: effects of predator introduction on the community structure of zooplanktivorous fish in Lake Victoria. Adv. Ecol. Res. 31: 553–570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanivk, J.H. & F. Witte. 2000b. Rapid morphological changes following niche shift in the zooplanktivorous cyprinid Rajtrineobola argentea from Lake Victoria. Neth. J. Zool. 50. 365–372.
   Google Scholar
• Wanink, J.H., J.J. Kashindyk, K.P.C. Goldswaard & F. Witte. 2001. Dwelling at the oxycline: does increased stratification provide a predation refugium for the Lake Victoria sardine Rastrineobola argentea? Freshw, Biol. 46: 75–85.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme, R. L. 1967. Observations on the biology of the introduced species of tilapia in Lake Victoria. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 76: 249–279.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme. R.I. 1981. Register of international transfers of inland fish species. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme, R.L. 1988. International introductions of inland fish species. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme. R. L. 1995. Relationships between fisheries and the integrity of river systems: Regul. River Res. Manage. 11: 121–136.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme, R.L. 1999. A review of a model for qualitative evaluation of exploitation levels in multi-species fisheries. Fish. Manage. Ecol. 6: 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme, R.L. 2003, River fisheries in Africa: Their past, present, and future, p. 145 175. In T.L. Crisman, L.J. Chapman, C.A. Chapman, and L. Kaufman [eds], Conservation, ecology, and management of African fresh waters. Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme., R.L. & A. Halls. 2004. Dependence of tropical river fisheries on flow. p. 267–284. In R.L. Welcomme & T. Petr [eds], Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Management of Large River Fisheries. Mekong River Commission, Phnom Penh.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme, R.L. 2005. Impacts of fish on inland fish populations in Africa, p. 81–84. In M. L. Thieme. R. Abell, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, B. Lehner, G.G. Teugels, E. Dinerstein, A.K, Toham, N. Burgess & D. Olson [eds.], Freshwater ecoregions of African and Madagascar: A conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, A.E, R.E. Hecky & H. C. Duthif. 2007. Water hyacinth decline across Lake Victoria: Was it caused by climatic perturbation or biological control? A reply. Aquat. Bot. 87: 94–96.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J.E., J.E. Johnson, D. A. Hendrickson, S. Contreras-Balderas, J.D. Williams, M. Navarro-Mendoza, D. E. Mcallister & J. E. Deacon. 1989. Fishes of North America: endangered, threatened, or of species concern. Fisheries 14: 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, F., T. Goldschmidt. P.C. Goudswaard. W. Ligtvoft, M.J.P. Van Oijen & J.H. Wanink. 1992a. Species extinction and the concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria. Neth. J. Zool. 42: 214–232.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, F., T. Goldschmidt, J. Wanink, M.J.P. Van Oijen, K.P.C. Goldswaard. E.L.M. Witte-Maas & N. Bouton. 1992b. The destruction of an endemic species flock: Quantitative data on the decline of the haplochromine cichlids of Lake Victoria. Environ. Biol. Fish. 34: 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, F., B.S. Msuku, J.H. Wanink, O. Seehausen, E.F.B. Katunzi. K.P.C. Goudswaard & T. Goldschmidt. 2000. Recovery of cichlid species in Lake Victoria: an examination of factors leading to differential extinction. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 10: 233–241.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, F., J.H. Wanink & M.K. Machumu. 2007. Species distinction and the biodiversity crisis in Lake Victoria. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 136: 1146–1159.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, F., J.H. Wanink, H.A. Rutjes, H.J. Van Der Meer & G.E.E.J.M. Van Den Thillart. 2005. Eutrophication and its influences on the fish fauna of Lake Victoria, p. 301–338. In M. Vikram Reddy [ed.], Restoration and management of tropical eutrophic lakes, Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield (NH), USA.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, F., M. Welten. M. Heemskerk, I. Van Der Stap, L. Ham, C. Rutjes & J. Wanink. 2008. Major morphological changes in a Lake Victoria cichlid fish within two decadcs. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. In press.
   Google Scholar
• [Wri] World Resources Institute 1994. World Resources 1994–1995. Oxford University Press. New York.
   Google Scholar