An assessment of the potential for transformational market growth amongst the critical metalsFootnote

† A preliminary version of this paper was presented as an invited keynote to the Metal Pages China Metals Week (Sykes, Wright and Trench Citation2014) and published as a short article in Resourcestocks magazine (Sykes and Wright Citation2014). This is the first full publication of the presentation and article as a written paper. This paper and the companion paper (Sykes, Wright and Trench Citation2016) include a number of substantial updates and additions.

References

• Achzet, B. and Helbig, C. 2013. How to evaluate raw material supply risks – an overview. Resources Policy, 38, 435–447. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfantazi, A. M. and Moskalyk, R. R. 2003. Processing of indium: a review. Minerals Engineering, 16, 687–694. doi: 10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00168-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso, E., Sherman, A. M., Wallington, T. J., Everson, M. P., Field, F. R., Roth, R. and Kirchain, R. E. 2012. Evaluating rare earth element availability: a case with revolutionary demand from clean technologies. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, (6), 3406–3414. doi: 10.1021/es203518d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Physical Society (APS) Panel on Public Affairs and Materials Research Society (MRS). 2011. Energy critical elements: securing materials for emerging technologies; Washington, DC, American Physical Society (APS). [online] Available at: http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/elementsreport.pdf. [Accessed 17 January 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Assmang. 2015. Manganese Ore. [online] Available at: http://www.assmang.co.za/content.asp?pg=9. [Accessed 19 August 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Bedder, J. C. M. 2015. Classifying critical materials: a review of European approaches, Applied Earth Science (Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section B) , 124, (4), 207–212.
   Google Scholar
• Bleischwitz, R., Dittrich, M. and Pierdicca, C. 2012. Coltan from Central Africa, international trade and implications for any certification. Resources Policy, 37, 19–29. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradsher, K. 2009. Earth-friendly elements, mined destructively, 26 December; Guyun Village, China, The New York Times. [online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/26/business/global/26rare.html?pagewanted=all. [Accessed 20 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Bradsher, K. 2013. China tries to clean up toxic legacy of its rare earth Riches, 22 October; Tianjin, China, The New York Times. [online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/business/international/china-tries-to-clean-up-toxic-legacy-of-its-rare-earth-riches.html?_r=0. [Accessed 20 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• British Geological Survey (BGS). 2012. Risk list: an update to the supply risk index for elements or element groups that are of economic value; Nottingham, United Kingdom. [online] Available at: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/riskList.html. [Accessed 17 January 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Buchert, M., Schuler, D. and Bleher, D. 2009. Sustainable innovation and technology transfer industrial sector studies: critical metals for future sustainable technologies and their recycling Potential; Freiberg, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Oko-Institut e.V (Institute of Applied Energy). [online] Available at: http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1202xPA-Critical%20Metals%20and%20their%20Recycling%20Potential.pdf. [Accessed 17 January 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, G. A. 2014. Rare earth metals: a strategic concern. Mineral Economics, 27, (1), 21–31. doi: 10.1007/s13563-014-0043-y
   Google Scholar
• Cobalt Development Institute (CDI). 2011. Cobalt facts: supply chain – Conflict minerals; Guildford, United Kingdom. [online] Available at: http://www.thecdi.com/cobaltfacts.php. [Accessed 10 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Conflict Minerals Consortium (CMC). 2012. Conflict minerals regulations, 21 September. [online] Available at: http://www.conflictmineralsconsortium.com/node/22. [Accessed 10 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Erbensperger, A., Maxwell, P. and Moscoso, C. 2005. The lithium industry: its recent evolution and future prospects. Resources Policy, 30, 218–231. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2005.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdmann, L. and Graedel, T. E. 2011. Criticality of non-fuel minerals: a review of major approaches and analyses. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 7620–7630. doi: 10.1021/es200563g
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC). 2010. Critical raw materials for the EU: report of the Ad-hoc working group on defining critical raw materials, Version of 30 July 2010; Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC). 2014. Report on critical raw materials for the EU: report of the Ad hoc working group on defining critical raw materials, May 2014; Brussels. [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/files/docs/crm-report-on-critical-raw-materials_en.pdf. [Accessed 17 January 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Fink, D. A. and Culver-Hopper, J. 1991. Germanium requirements for national defense: prepared for office of the assistant secretary of defense (Production and Logistics), IDA Paper P-2606, July; Alexandria, VA, Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA). [online] Available at: http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA240992. [Accessed 16 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Fox-Davies Capital. 2013. The Lithium Market, September; London.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman, J. 2011. Tackling the tin wars in DR Congo. Mineral Economics, 24, 45–53. doi: 10.1007/s13563-011-0001-x
   Google Scholar
• Gao, F., Nie, Z., Wang, Z., Gong, X. and Zuo, T. 2009. Life cycle assessment of primary magnesium production using the Pidgeon process in China. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 14, 480–489. doi: 10.1007/s11367-009-0101-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner, N. J., Sykes, J. P., Trench, A. and Robb, L. 2015. Tin mining in Myanmar: production and potential. Resources Policy , 46, 219–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawande, A. 2010. The checklist Manifesto: how to get things right, Kindle edn.; London, Profile Books.
   Google Scholar
• Geenan, S. 2012. A dangerous bet: the challenges of formalizing artisanal mining in the democratic Republic of Congo. Resources Policy, 37, 322–330. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies, A. 2013. Metallica minerals: Weipa Zircon-Rutile project and SCONI scandium project, mining 2013 resources convention, Brisbane, 25 October 2013; Australia, Vertical Events.
   Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt, V. M. 1937. The principles of distribution of chemical elements in minerals and rocks. The seventh Hugo Müller Lecture, delivered before the Chemical Society on March 17th, 1937. Journal of the Chemical Society, 655–673. doi: 10.1039/JR9370000655
   Google Scholar
• Golev, A., Scott, M., Erskine, P. D., Ali, S. H. and Ballantyne, G. R. 2014. Rare earths supply chains: current status, constraints and opportunities. Resources Policy, 41, 52–59. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goonan, T. G. 2011. Rare earth elements – End use and recyclability, scientific investigations report 2011–5094; Reston, VA, United States Geological Survey (USGS). [online] Available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5094/pdf/sir2011-5094.pdf. [Accessed 4 February 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, R. L. 1985. 2.4 The production of mineral commodities, in Economics of the mineral industries, (eds. W. A. Vogely, C. S. Stone, R. T. Newcomb, W. C. Hardy and J. E. Wirsching), 4th edn., 99–160; New York, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Graedel, T. E., Barr, R., Chandler, C., Chase, T., Choi, J., Christoffersen, L., Friedlander, E., Henly, C., Jun, C., Nassar, N. T., Schechner, D., Warren, S., Yang, M. and Zhu, C. 2012. Methodology of metal criticality determination. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 1063–1070. doi: 10.1021/es203534z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graedel, T. E., Harper, E. M., Nassar, N. T., Nuss, P. and Reck, B. K. 2015. Criticality of metals and metalloids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, (14), 4257–4262. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1500415112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosjean, C., Miranda, P. H., Perrin, M. and Poggi, P. 2012. Assessment of world lithium resources and consequences of their geographic distribution on the expected development of the electric vehicle industry. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 1735–1744. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, C. K. and Krishnamurthy, N. 2005. Extractive metallurgy of rare earths; Boca Raton, CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hammond, C. R. 2015. The elements, in Handbook of chemistry and physics, (eds. W. M. Haynes, T. J. Bruno and D. R. Lide), 95th edn. [online] Available at: http://www.hbcpnetbase.com. [Accessed 3 September 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Harper, E. M., Diao, Z., Panousi, S., Nuss, P., Eckelman, M. J. and Graedel, T. E. 2015. The criticality of four nuclear energy metals. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 95, 193–201. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.12.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G. 2002. The environmental impact of small-scale gold mining in Ghana: identifying problems and possible solutions. The Geographical Journal, 168, (1), 57–72. doi: 10.1111/1475-4959.00038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodal, K. 2012. Death metal: tin mining in Indonesia, 24 November; London, The Guardian. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/23/tin-mining-indonesia-bangka. [Accessed 20 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Hylander, L. D. and Meili, M. 2005. The rise and fall of mercury: converting a resource to refuse after 500 years of mining and pollution. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 1–36. doi: 10.1080/10643380490492485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Chromium Development Association (ICDA). 2015. Uses of chrome – A wealth of application; Paris. [online] Available at: http://www.icdacr.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=167&lang=en. [Accessed 6 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• International Copper Study Group (ICSG). 2014. The World Copper Factbook 2014; Lisbon. [online] Available at: http://www.icsg.org/. [Accessed 10 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• International Lead Association (ILA). 2015. Lead Uses - Statistics; London. [online] Available at: http://www.ila-lead.org/lead-facts/lead-uses--statistics. [Accessed 20 December 2015].
   Google Scholar
• International Nickel Study Group (INSG). 2012. Insight: Nickel Ore Shipments to China, Secretariat Briefing Paper April 2012 – No. 16; Lisbon. [online] Available at: http://www.insg.org/newsletters.aspx#insight. [Accessed 10 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• International Tungsten Industry Association (ITIA). 2015. Primary uses of tungsten; London. [online] Available at: http://www.itia.info/tungsten-primary-uses.html. [Accessed 6 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• International Zinc Association (IZA). 2015. Zinc Basics; Brussels. [online] Available at: http://www.zinc.org/basics/#. [Accessed 6 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. 2011. Thinking, fast and slow, Kindle edn.; London, Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. and Klein, G. 2009. Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64, (6), 515–526. doi: 10.1037/a0016755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, T. D. and Matos, G. R. 2013. Historical statistics for mineral and material commodities in the United States, Data Series 140, 2013 version; Reston, VA, United States Geological Survey (USGS). [online] Available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historical-statistics. [Accessed 23 February 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Kettle, P., Sykes, J. P., Staffurth, N. and Davies, R. S. 2014a. New Tin supply: a global survey of potential mine projects; Frogmore and Harrogate, United Kingdom, International Tin Research Institute (ITRI) and Greenfields Research.
   Google Scholar
• Kettle, P., Pearce, J., Lin, C. and Sykes, J. P. 2014b. Tin industry review 2014: managing the next tin crisis; Frogmore, International Tin Research Institute (ITRI).
   Google Scholar
• Kim, D.-S. and Choi, K. 2012. Global trends in mercury management. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 45, 364–373. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King, M. G. 2005. Nickel laterite technology – finally a new dawn? Journal of Mining, July, 35–39.
   Google Scholar
• Kreuzer, O. P., Etheridge, M. A., Guj, P., McMahon, M. E. and Holden, D. J. 2009. Linking mineral deposit models to quantitative risk analysis and decision-making in exploration. Economic Geology, 103, 829–850. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.103.4.829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle, J. 2010. Nickel laterite processing technologies – where to next? ALTA Nickel/Cobalt/Copper Conference, Perth, 24/27 May 2010; Australia, ALTA Metallurgical Services (ALTA).
   Google Scholar
• Lord, D., Etheridge, M. A., Willson, M., Hall, G. and Uttley, P. J. 2001. Measuring exploration success: an alternative to the discovery-cost-per-ounce method of quantifying exploration success. Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter, 45, (1), 10–16.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, M. 2002. Mining in world history, UK digital edn.; London, Reaktion Books.
   Google Scholar
• Massari, S. and Ruberti, M. 2013. Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: focus on international markets and future strategies. Resources Policy, 38, 36–43. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, P. and Guj, P. 2013. Chapter 11: mineral policy – an introduction, in Mineral economics, (eds. P. Maxwell and P. Guj), 2nd edn., 179–190; Carlton, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.
   Google Scholar
• Mining Weekly. 2012. Samancor stops producing silica manganese at Metalloys, 3 February; Johannesburg. [online] Available at: http://www.miningweekly.com/article/samancor-stops-silica-manganese-production-at-metalloys-2012-02-03. [Accessed 19 August 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Minor Metals Trade Association. 2015. Minor metals in the periodic table; London. [online] Available at: http://www.mmta.co.uk/metals. [Accessed 17 February 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Mudd, G. M. 2010. Global trends and environmental issues in nickel mining: sulfides versus laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, 38, 9–26. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudd, G. M. and Jowitt, S. M. 2014. A detailed assessment of global nickel resource trends and endowments. Economic Geology, 109, 1813–1841. doi: 10.2113/econgeo.109.7.1813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudd, G. M., Weng, Z. and Jowitt, S. M. 2013a. A detailed assessment of global cu resource trends and endowments. Economic Geology, 108, 1163–1183. doi: 10.2113/econgeo.108.5.1163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudd, G. M., Weng, Z., Jowitt, S. M., Turnbull, I. D. and Graedel, T. E. 2013b. Quantifying the recoverable resources of by-product metals: the case of cobalt. Ore Geology Reviews, 55, 87–98. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi, C. 2013. The global aluminium industry: 40 years from 1972; London, International Aluminium Institute. [online] Available at: http://www.world-aluminium.org/publications. [Accessed 6 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC). 2008. Minerals, critical minerals, and the U.S. Economy; Washington, DC, The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Naumov, A. V. and Grinberg, E. E. 2009. Several peculiarities in the analysis of the markets of rare and scattered metals after 2004. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals, 50, (1), 61–68. doi: 10.3103/S1067821209010131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packey, D. J. 2012. Multiproduct mine output and the case of mining waste utilization. Resources Policy, 37, 104–108. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packey, D. J. 2013. Interesting developments in the rare earth market. Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 32, (4), 454–461. doi: 10.1111/1759-3441.12047
   Google Scholar
• Postle, M., Nwaogu, T., Upson, S., Clark, C. and Heinevetter, A. 2015. Manganese: the global picture – A socio economic assessment report for the international manganese institute; Loddon, Norfolk, United Kingdom, Risk and Policy Analysts.
   Google Scholar
• Rudnick, R. L. and Gao, S. 2003. Composition of the continental crust, in Vol. 3 of Treatise on geochemistry, (eds. H. D. Holland and K. K. Turekian), 1–64; Oxford, Elsevier-Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Samuelson, P. A. and Nordhaus, W. D. 2010. Economics, 19th (international) edn.; Singapore, McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, K. and Bradley, D. 2013. Critical mineral resources for the 21st century; Reston, VA, United States Geological Survey (USGS). [online] Available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/east/critical/activities.html. [Accessed 17 January 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Schwela, U. 2012. TIC statistics update. Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center (TIC) Bulletin, 149, 2–12.
   Google Scholar
• Shaikh, S. 2014. Campaign against tin mining in Bangka islands targets Microsoft, 31 May; London, The Guardian. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/may/30/tin-mining-bangka-island-microsoft-indonesia. [Accessed 20 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, B. J. 1976. A second iron age ahead? The distribution of chemical elements in the earth's crust sets natural limits to man's supply of metals that are much more important to the future of society than limits on energy. American Scientist, 64, (3), 258–269.
   Google Scholar
• Speirs, J., Houari, Y. and Gross, R. 2013. Materials availability: comparison of material criticality studies – methodologies and results, Working Paper III, UKERC/WP/TPA/2013/002, February; London, UK Energy Research Centre, Imperial College Centre for Energy Policy and Technology (ICEPT). [online] Available at: http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/publications/materials-availability-comparison-of-material-criticality-studies-methodologies-and-results-working-paper-iii.html. [Accessed 19 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel, S. J. and Veiga, M. M. 2010. International guidelines on mercury management in small-scale gold mining. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, 375–385. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street, A. and Alexander, W. 1998. Metals in the service of man, 11th edn.; London, Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, J. P. and Kettle, P. 2014. The implications of uncertainty in tin and tantalum mining for the future of the electronics industry, China Metals Week, Beijing, 17 September 2014; China, Metal Pages.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, J. P. and Wright, J. P. 2014. Mining the future: a 21st century metal. Resourcestocks, September/October, 10–13.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, J. P., Wright, J. P. and Trench, A. 2014. An economic history of the esoteric metals markets: batteries, electronics, light alloys, antimony, China, cheap energy, industrialization, globalization and high technology, China Metals Week, Beijing, 16 September 2014; China, Metal Pages.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, J. P., Wright, J. P. and Trench, A. 2016. Discovery, supply and demand: from metals of antiquity to critical metals. Applied Earth Science (Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section B), 125, (1), 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• The Barytes Association. 2015. What is barytes? – Uses of barytes. [online] Available at: http://www.barytes.org/uses.html. [Accessed 6 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• The Economist. 2014. Manganese poisoning: Subtle effects, 26 April; London, The Economist. [online] Available at: http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21601233-exploring-link-between-manganese-and-parkinsons-disease-subtle-effects. [Accessed 19 August 2015].
   Google Scholar
• The Silver Institute and CPM Group. 2014. Silver investment demand: a comprehensive study of the global silver investment market for the Silver Institute, October; New York. [online] Available at: https://www.silverinstitute.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/CPMGroupSilverInvestmentDemand2014.pdf. [Accessed: 4 February 2015].
   Google Scholar
• The Silver Institute and Thomson Reuters GFMS. 2014. World silver survey 2014: a summary, April; Washington, DC. [online]. Available at: https://www.silverinstitute.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/WSS2014Summary.pdf. [Accessed: 4 February 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, C. R. and Kelley, T. R. 2010. A brief review of silicosis in the United States. Environmental Health Insights, 4, 21–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tshitereke, C. 2003. On the origins of war in Africa. African Security Review, 12, (2), 81–90. doi: 10.1080/10246029.2003.9627223
   Google Scholar
• Tyrer, M. and Sykes, J. P. 2013. The statistics of the rare earths industry. Significance, 10, 12–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-9713.2013.00645.x
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Energy (USDOE). 2011. Critical materials strategy: summary, December. [online] Available at: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/DOE_CMS_2011_Summary.pdf. [Accessed 17 January 2015].
   Google Scholar
• United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2014. Mineral commodity summaries 2014; Reston, VA.
   Google Scholar
• United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2015. Minerals Yearbook 2012. Reston, VA. [online] Available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/myb.html. [Accessed 18 January 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Veiga, M. M., Maxson, P. A. and Hylander, L. D. 2006. Origin and consumption of mercury in small-scale gold mining. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14, 436–447. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.08.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedepohl, K. H. 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, (7), 1217–1232. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng, Z. H., Jowitt, S. M., Mudd, G. M., and Haque, N. 2014. Assessing rare earth element mineral deposit types and links to environmental impacts. Applied Earth Science (Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section B), 122, (2), 83–96. doi: 10.1179/1743275813Y.0000000036
   Google Scholar
• Werner, T. T., Mudd, G. M. and Jowitt, S. M. 2015. Indium: key issues in assessing mineral resources and long-term supply from recycling. Applied Earth Science (Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section B), 124, (4), 213–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, W. M. 2013. Composition of the continental crust, in Geochemistry, (ed. W. M. White), 268–320; Oxford, John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, C. 2004. Tackling conflict diamonds: the Kimberley process certification scheme. International Peacekeeping, 11, (4), 697–708. doi: 10.1080/1353331042000248731
   Google Scholar
• Wubbeke, J. 2013. Rare earth elements in China: policies and narratives of reinventing an industry. Resources Policy, 38, 384–394. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaksic, A. and Tilton, J. E. 2009. Using the cumulative availability curve to assess the threat of mineral depletion: the case of lithium. Resources Policy, 34, 185–194. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2009.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar