References
- Abdullah, H. (2011). An investigation into the current state of international conference tourism in Saudi Arabia and an assessment of its future development possibilities (D.Phil. Management Studies thesis). University of Exeter.
- Barber, A., & Hall, S. (2008). Birmingham: Whose urban renaissance?: Regeneration as a response to economic restructuring. Policy Studies, 29, 281–292.
- Beaverstock, J. V., & Budd, L. (2013). International business travel in a digital world economy. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 9, 1–4.
- Beaverstock, J. V., Derudder, B., Faulconbridge, J., & Witlox, F. (2010). International business travel and the global economy: Setting the context. In J. V. Beaverstock, B. Derudder, J. Faulconbridge, & F. Witlox (Eds.), International business travel in the global economy (pp. 1–7). Farnham: Ashgate.
- Biletska, I. (2011). Business tourism in the context of international tourism development. Journal of European Economy, 10, 182–191.
- Bradley, A., Hall, T., & Harrison, M. (2002). Selling cities: Promoting new images for meetings tourism. Cities, 19, 60–70.
- Braun, B. M., & Rungeling, B. (1992). The relative economic impact of convention and tourist visitors on a regional economy: A case study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 11, 65–71.
- Campiranon, K., & Arcodia, C. (2008). Market segmentation in time of crisis: A case study of the MICE sector in Thailand. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 23, 151–161.
- Carter, R. (2006). Meetings and conference market development. Paper presented at the UNWTO Regional Seminar on Destination management – Routes to Success, Addis Ababa, 28 March.
- Casanova, M. B., Kim, D-Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2006). The relationships of meeting planners' profiles with usage and attitudes toward the use of technology. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 7, 19–43.
- Celuch, K. (2014). The importance of meetings and incentive travel in times of economic growth for India and Poland. Global Management Journal, 6, 22–30.
- Celuch, K., & Davidson, R. (Eds.). (2009). Advances in Business Tourism Research: A Selection of Papers presented at ATLAS Business Tourism Special Interest Group Meetings. Arnhem: ATLAS.
- Chiang, C-C., King, B. E., & Nguyen, T-H. (2012a). Information searching and the travel behaviours of MICE travellers: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14, 103–115.
- Chiang, C-C., King, B. E., & Nguyen, T-H. (2012b). Taiwan's MICE visitors: Business, leisure and educational dimensions. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 6, 21–33.
- Chiu, L. K., & Ananzeh, O. A. (2012). The role of MICE destination attributes on forming Jordan touristic image. Academic Research International, 3, 267–277.
- Christie, I., Fernandes, E., Messerli, H., & Twining-Ward, L. (2013). Tourism in Africa: Harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Coles, C., & Mitchell, J. (2009). Pro poor analysis of the business and conference value chain in Accra: Final Report. London: Overseas Development Institute.
- Croes, R., & Semrad, K. J. (2014). Organizational infrastructure challenges in the tourism and MEEC industries that impeded urban renewal strategies: The case of Guayaquil, Ecuador. In R. Nunkoo, B. Seetanah, & R. V. Sannassee (Eds.), Conference proceedings – 4th Advances in hospitality & tourism marketing & management conference, 25–27 June 2014, Le Meridien Hotel (pp. 2–4). Port Louis: University of Mauritius.
- Crouch, G. I., & Louviere, J. J. (2003). Experimental analysis of the choice of convention site. Tourism Analysis, 8, 171–176.
- Crouch, G. I., & Louviere, J. J. (2004). Convention site selection: Determinants of choice in the Australian domestic conventions sector. Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre, Griffiths University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
- Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1998). Convention site selection research: A review, conceptual model and propositional framework. Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, 1, 49–69.
- Crush, J. (2005). Johannesburg – Breaking with isolation. In M. Balbo (Ed.), International migrants and the city. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
- Davidson, R. (1994). Business travel. London: Pitman.
- Davidson, R. (2011). Web 2.0 as a marketing tool for a conference centre. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2, 117–138.
- Davidson, R., & Rogers, T. (2006). Marketing destinations and venues for conferences, conventions and business events. New York, NY: Butterworth Heinemann.
- Donaldson, R. (2013). Conference tourism: What do we know about the business tourist in South Africa? African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 19, 24–38.
- Dorfler, C. (2002). M.I.C.E. – Success factors and opportunities. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 8, 169–176.
- Dwyer, L., & Forsyth, P. (1997). Impacts and benefits of MICE tourism: A framework for analysis. Tourism Economics, 3, 21–38.
- Dwyer, L., & Mistilis, N. (1997). Challenges to MICE tourism in the Asia-Pacific region. In M. Oppermann (Ed.), Pacific rim tourism (pp. 219–229). Wallingford: CAB International.
- Elston, K., & Draper, J. (2012). A review of meeting planner site selection criteria research. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 13, 203–220.
- Fainstein, S. S., & Judd, D. R. (1999). Global forces, local strategies and urban tourism. In D. R. Judd & S. S. Fainstein (Eds.), The tourist city. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Faulconbridge, J. R., & Beaverstock, J. V. (2008). Geographies of international business travel in the professional service economy. In D. Hislop (Ed.), Mobility and technology in the workplace (pp. 87–102). London: Routledge.
- Fawzy, A. (2010). Business travelers' accommodation selection: A comparative study of two international hotels in Cairo. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 11, 138–156.
- Fenich, G. G., Hermann, U. P., & Hashimoto, K. (2012). Toward a framework for development of qualifications in meetings, expositions, events, and conventions in South Africa. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 13, 39–47.
- Global Insight. (2012). Estimating tourist trips and bednights (Unpublished internal document). IHS Global Insight, Pretoria.
- Go, F. M., & Govers, R. (1999). The Asian perspective: Which international conference destinations in Asia are the most competitive? Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, 1, 37–50.
- Gracan, D., Sander, I., & Rudancic-Lugaric, A. (2010). Green strategy of business tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Management (Supplement), 337–349.
- Grant Thornton and Prodigy Business Services. (2006a). Business tourism sector study: Executive summary. Report prepared for FRIDGE, Trade and Industry Chamber.
- Grant Thornton and Prodigy Business Services. (2006b). Business tourism sector study: Primary Research Report. Report prepared for FRIDGE, Trade and Industry Chamber.
- Grant Thornton and Prodigy Business Services. (2006c). Business tourism sector study: International Benchmarking and Secondary Research Report. Report prepared for FRIDGE, Trade and Industry Chamber.
- Gustafson, P. (2012). Managing business travel: Determinants and dilemmas in corporate travel management. Tourism Management, 33, 276–284.
- Hackett, G., & Melia, D. (2013). An investigation of business tourism development: A case study of Wexford Town, Ireland. Conference Paper No. 45, School of Hospitality Management and Tourism, Dublin Institute of Technology.
- Hailan, Q., Lan, L., & Gilder, K. T. C. (2000). The comparative analysis of Hong Kong as an international conference destination in South East Asia. Tourism Management, 21, 643–648.
- Hall, C. M. (2013). Framing tourism geography: Notes from the underground. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 601–623.
- Hall, C. M., & Page, S. J. (2006). The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space. London: Routledge.
- Hall, C. M., & Page, S. J. (2009). Progress in tourism management: From the geography of tourism to geographies of tourism – A review. Tourism Management, 30, 3–16.
- Hankinson, G. (2005). Destination brand images: A business tourism perspective. Journal of Services Marketing, 19, 24–32.
- Hanly, P. A. (2012). Measuring the economic contribution of the international association conference market: An Irish case study. Tourism Management, 33, 1574–1582.
- Haven-Tang, C., Jones, E., & Webb, C. (2007). Critical success factors for business tourism destinations: Exploiting Cardiff's national capital city status and shaping its business tourism offer. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 22, 109–120.
- Hermelin, B. (2012). Global networks on the ground: The business hotel. In L. Smas (Ed.), Hotel spaces: Urban and economic geographical perspectives on hotels and hotel developments (pp. 61–72). Stockholm: Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University.
- Ho, G., & McKercher, B. (2014). A comparison of longhaul and short-haul business tourists of Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19, 342–355.
- Hoyer, K. G., & Naess, P. (2001). Conference tourism: A problem for the environment, as well as for research? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9, 451–470.
- Jamela, T. (2013). Experiences and coping strategies of women informal cross-border traders in unstable political and economic conditions: The case of Bulawayo (Zimbabwe) traders. Masters in Development Studies, University of Johannesburg.
- Kerr, G., Cliff, K., & Dolnicar, S. (2012). Harvesting the ‘business test trip’: Converting business travellers to holidaymakers. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 29, 405–415.
- Kim, S. S., & Chon, K. (2009). An economic impact analysis of the Korean exhibition industry. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11, 311–318.
- Kim, S. S., Chon, K., & Chung, K. Y. (2003). Convention industry in South Korea: An economic impact analysis. Tourism Management, 24, 533–541.
- Kim, S. S., Sun, H., & Ap, J. (2008). Is there competition in the exhibition market in Asia?: Analysis of the positioning of major Asian exhibition centres. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 13, 205–227.
- Kivuva, A. K., Kihima, B. O., & Nzioka, A. M. (2014). Selecting non-classified hotels in Kenya: What really matters for business guests? African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(2), 1–4.
- Kulendran, N., & Witt, S. F. (2002). Forecasting the demand for international business tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 41, 265–271.
- Ladkin, A. (2006). Conference tourism – MICE market and business tourism. In D. Buhalis & C. Costa (Eds.), Tourism business frontiers: Consumers, products and industry (pp. 56–66). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Lau, C. K. H. (2004). MICE and local economic development in New Zealand: Defining a role for the web (M. Business thesis). Auckland University of Technology.
- Lau, C. K. H., Milne, S., & Johnston, C. S. (2005). MICE, ICT and local economic development: The case of Te Kahurangi, New Zealand. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 7, 61–75.
- Law, C. M. (1987). Conference and exhibition tourism. Built Environment, 13, 85–95.
- Law, C. M. (1992). Urban tourism and its contribution to economic regeneration. Urban Studies, 29, 599–618.
- Law, C. M. (1993). Urban tourism: Attracting visitors to large cities. London: Mansell.
- Lee, C.-K., Lee, M.-J., & Yoon, S.-H. (2013). Estimating the economic impact of convention and exhibition businesses, using a regional input–output model: A case study of the Daejeon convention center in South Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18, 330–353.
- Lee, W., Barber, T., & Tyrell, T. (2013). Green attendees' evaluation of green attributes at the convention centre: Using importance–performance analysis. Anatolia – An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24, 221–240.
- Lee, W-I, & Josiam, B. M. (2004). A framework for assessing national convention tourism competitiveness: An exploratory study. Journal of International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 2, 105–112.
- Lew, A. A., & Chang, T. C. (1999). Where the world meets: Regionalism and globalization in Singapore's convention industry. Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, 1, 17–36.
- Lew, A. A., Hall, C. M., & Williams, A. M. (Eds.). (2014). The Wiley Blackwell companion to tourism. Chichester: John Wiley.
- Locke, M. (2012). Strategic planning and management in the MICE sector – A case study of the Auckland region (PhD thesis). University of Waikato, New Zealand.
- Lootvoet, B., & Freund, B. (2006). Local economic development – utopia and reality – The example of Durban, KwaZulu, Natal. In V. Padayachee (Ed.), The development decade: Economic and social change in South Africa, 1994–2004 (pp. 254–271). Cape Town: HSRC Press.
- Lyons, G. (2013). Business travel – The social practices concerning meetings. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 9, 50–67.
- Maharaj, B., & Ramballi, K. (1998). Local economic development strategies in an emerging democracy: The case of Durban in South Africa. Urban Studies, 35, 131–148.
- Mair, J., & Thompson, K. (2009). The UK association conference attendance decision-making process. Tourism Management, 30, 400–409.
- Masingo, R., & Haraldsson, M. (2010). Across Southern African borders with informal cross border traders. Cape Town: Economic Justice Network of the Fellowship of Christian Councils in Southern Africa.
- McCartney, G. (2008). The CAT (Casino tourism) and the MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibitions): Key development considerations for the convention and exhibition industry in Macao. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 9, 293–308.
- Minnaert, L. (2011). International business travel in the global economy. Transport Reviews, 31, 135–136.
- Mistilis, N., & Dwyer, L. (1999). Tourism gateways and regional economies: The distributional impacts of MICE. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1, 441–457.
- Monge, F., & Brandimarte, P. (2011). MICE tourism in Piedmont: Economic perspective and quantitative analysis of customer satisfaction. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 6, 213–220.
- Nepal, S. K. (2009). Tourism geographies: A review of trends, challenges and opportunities. In T. Jamal & M. Robinson (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of tourism studies (pp. 130–145). London: Sage.
- Njerekai, C. (2014). The tangible economic benefits of the 20th session of the United Nations World Tourism Organisation General Assembly to Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(1), 1–12.
- Odunga, P. O., Belsoy, S. J., Nthinga, R. W., & Maingi, S. W. (2007). Conference tourism in Kenya: Towards tourism product development, diversification and extension (Unpublished paper). Moi University, Kenya.
- Oppermann, M. (1996a). Convention cities – Images and changing fortunes. Journal of Tourism Studies, 7, 10–19.
- Oppermann, M. (1996b). Convention destination images: Analysis of meeting planners' perceptions. Tourism Management, 17, 175–182.
- Oppermann, M. (1997). The future of tourism in the Pacific Rim. In M. Oppermann (Ed.), Pacific Rim tourism (pp. 240–249). Wallingford: CABI.
- Oppermann, M. (1998). Perceptions of convention destinations: Large-half versus small-half association meeting planners. Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, 1, 35–48.
- Oppermann, M., & Chon, K.-S. (1997). Convention participation decision-making process. Annals of Tourism Research, 24, 178–191.
- Peberdy, S. (2000). Border crossings: Small entrepreneurs and informal sector cross-border trade between South Africa and Mozambique. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 91, 361–378.
- Peberdy, S., & Crush, J. (2001). Invisible trade, invisible travellers: The Maputo Corridor Spatial Development Initiative and informal cross-border trading. South African Geographical Journal, 83, 115–123.
- Peberdy, S., & Rogerson, C. M. (2000). Transnationalism and non-South African entrepreneurs in South Africa's small, medium and micro-enterprise (SMME) economy. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 34, 20–40.
- Peberdy, S., & Rogerson, C. M. (2003). South Africa: Creating new spaces? In R. Kloosterman & J. Rath (Eds.), Immigrant entrepreneurs: Venturing abroad in the age of globalization (pp. 79–99). Oxford: Berg.
- Qu, H., Li, L., & Chu, G. K. T. (2000). The comparative analysis of Hong Kong as an international conference destination in Southeast Asia. Tourism Management, 21, 643–648.
- Reynolds, J. (2007). The significance of the business tourism sector in South Africa: The role of exhibitions. (MA research report). University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
- Rogers, T. (2013). Conferences and conventions: A global industry. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Rogerson, C. M. (1996). Image enhancement and local economic development in Johannesburg. Urban Forum, 7, 139–156.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2002). Urban tourism in the developing world: The case of Johannesburg. Development Southern Africa, 19, 169–190.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2005). Conference and exhibition tourism in the developing world: The South African experience. Urban Forum, 16, 176–195.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2011). Urban tourism and regional tourists: Shopping in Johannesburg, South Africa. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 102, 316–330.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2012). The tourism-development nexus in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress and prospects. Africa Insight, 42, 28–45.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2013). Urban tourism, economic regeneration and inclusion: Evidence from South Africa. Local Economy, 28, 186–200.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2014a). Unpacking business tourism mobilities in sub-Saharan Africa. Current Issues in Tourism, 18, 44–56. doi:10.1080/13683500.2014.89619.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2014b). How pro-poor is business tourism in the global South? International Development Planning Review, 36, 391–400.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2014c). Informal sector business tourism and pro-poor tourism: Africa's migrant entrepreneurs. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5, 153–161.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2014d). The uneven geography of tourism in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(1), 1–15.
- Rogerson, C. M. (2015). Tourism and regional development: The case of South Africa's ‘distressed areas’. Development Southern Africa, 32, 277–291.
- Rogerson, C. M., & Letsie, T. (2013). Informal sector business tourism in the global South: Evidence from Maseru, Lesotho. Urban Forum, 24, 485–502.
- Rogerson, C. M., & Lisa, Z. (2005). ‘Sho't left’: Promoting domestic tourism in South Africa. Urban Forum, 16, 88–111.
- Rogerson, C. M., & Rogerson, J. M. (2011). Tourism research within the Southern African Development Community: Production and consumption in academic journals, 2000–2010. Tourism Review International, 15, 213–222.
- Rogerson, C. M., & Rogerson, J. M. (2014). Urban tourism destinations in South Africa: Divergent trajectories, 2001–2012. Urbani Izziv, 25, S189–S203.
- Rogerson, C. M., & Visser, G. (Eds.). (2004). Tourism and development issues in contemporary South Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa.
- Rogerson, C. M., & Visser, G. (Eds.). (2007). Urban tourism in the developing world: The South African experience. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.
- Rogerson, C. M., & Visser, G. (2011a). African tourism geographies: Existing paths and new directions. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 102, 251–259.
- Rogerson, C. M., & Visser, G. (2011b). Rethinking South African urban tourism research. Tourism Review International, 15, 77–90.
- Rogerson, J. M. (2011a). The changing all suite hotel in South Africa: from ‘extended stay’ to African condo hotel. Tourism Review International, 15, 107–121.
- Rogerson, J. M. (2011b). The limited services hotel in South Africa: The growth of City Lodge. Urban Forum, 22, 343–361.
- Rogerson, J. M. (2013a). The economic geography of South Africa's hotel industry 1990 to 2010. Urban Forum, 24, 425–446.
- Rogerson, J. M. (2013b). Market segmentation and the changing budget hotel industry in South Africa. Urbani Izziv, 24, 112–123.
- Rogerson, J. M. (2013c). Reconfiguring South Africa's hotel industry 1990-2010: Structure, segmentation and spatial transformation. Applied Geography, 36, 59–68.
- Rogerson, J. M. (2013d). Urban tourism and the changing structure of the hotel economy in South Africa. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 19, 39–54.
- Rogerson, J. M. (2014). Unpacking the growth of hotel chains in Africa: Enterprises and patterns. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5, 135–146.
- Saarinen, J. (2014). Tourism geographies: Connections with human geography and emerging responsible geographies. Geographica Polonica, 87, 343–352.
- Seebaluck, V., Naidoo, P., & Ramseook-Munhurrun, P. (2012). Meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions as a tourism development strategy in Mauritius (Unpublished paper). University of Technology, Mauritius.
- Solberg, H. A., Andersson, T. D., & Shibli, S. (2002). An exploration of the direct economic impacts from business travellers at world championships. Event Management, 7, 151–164.
- South African Tourism. (2007). Business tourism growth strategy 2008–2010. Johannesburg: South African Tourism.
- Stetic, S., & Simicevic, D. (2010). Business travellers – An important segment of tourism development in Serbia. In ATLAS (comp.) (Ed.), Mass tourism vs Niche tourism: Cyprus 2010 ATLAS conference 3–5 November Limassol – Extended Abstracts (pp. 98–105). Arnhem: ATLAS.
- Suh, Y. K., & McAvoy, L. (2005). Preferences and trip expenditures - A conjoint analysis of visitors in Seoul, Korea. Tourism Management, 26, 325–333.
- Swarbrooke, J., & Horner, S. (2001). Business travel and tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Timothy, D., & Teye, V. B. (2005). Informal sector business travelers in the developing world: A borderlands perspective. Journal of Tourism Studies, 16, 82–92.
- Tretyakevich, N., & Maggi, R. (2012). Not just for business: Some evidence on leisure motivations of conference attendees. Current Issues in Tourism, 15, 391–395.
- Var, T., Cesario, F., & Mauser, G. (1985). Convention tourism modelling. Tourism Management, 6, 194–204.
- Visser, G., & Hoogendoorn, G. (2011). Current paths in South African tourism research. Tourism Review International, 15, 5–20.
- Weber, K. (2001). Meeting planners' use and evaluation of convention and visitor bureaus. Tourism Management, 22, 599–606.
- Weber, K. (2005). Progress in convention tourism research. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 29, 194–222.
- Weber, K., & Chon, K. (Eds.). (2002). Convention tourism: International research and industry perspectives. Binghamton: Haworth Hospitality Press.
- Weber, K., & Ladkin, A. (2003). The convention industry in Australia and the United Kingdom: Key issues and competitive forces. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 125–132.
- Whitfield, J., & Dioko, L. (2011). Discretionary corporate responsibility: Introducing the GREENER VENUE. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2, 170–183.
- Whitfield, J., Dioko, L. A. N., & Webber, D. E. (2014). Scoring environmental credentials: A review of UK conference and meetings venues using the GREENER VENUE framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22, 299–318.
- Whitfield, J., Dioko, L. A. N., Webber, D. E., & Zhang, L. (2014). Attracting convention and exhibition attendance to complex MICE venues: Emerging data from Macao. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16, 169–179.
- Williams, S. (2009). Tourism geography: A new synthesis (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
- Wilson, J. (Ed.). (2012). The Routledge handbook of tourism geographies. London: Routledge.
- Wootton, G., & Stevens, T. (1995). Business tourism: A study of the market for hotel-based meetings and its contribution to Wales's tourism. Tourism Management, 16, 305–313.
- World Bank. (2012). Transformation through tourism: Development dynamics past, present and future. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Wu, A., & Weber, K. (2005). Convention center facilities, attributes and services: The delegates' perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10, 399–410.
- Wu, J. H. (2012). Pattern and policies of mainland China's MICE industry. Chinese Studies, 1, 5–8.
- Wu, R., & Zhang, M. (2013). Research on the tourism effect and marketing strategy of convention and exposition industry: A case study of Shenzhen city of China. Journal of Service Science and Management, 6, 151–159.
- Yoo, J. J-E. (2005). Progress in convention tourism research. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 29, 194–222.
- Zelinsky, W. (1994). Conventionland USA: The geography of a latterday phenomenon. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84, 68–86.
- Zhang, H. Q., Leung, V., & Qu, H. (2007). A refined model of factors affecting convention participation decision-making. Tourism Management, 28, 1123–1127.
- Zhou, Z. (2013). A perceived significance of hosting ATA's congress in Victoria Falls on Zimbabwe's tourism sector. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 3, 674–688.