The land use impact of renewable energy sprawl in South Africa

References

• Aksoy, E., & San, B. T. (2019). Geographical information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) integration for sustainable landfill site selection considering dynamic data source. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78(2), 779–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1135-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Garni, H. Z., Awasthi, A., & Wright, D. (2019). Optimal orientation angles for maximizing energy yield for solar PV in Saudi Arabia. Renewable Energy, 133, 538–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, W. J., & Midgley, G. F. (2012). Carbon dioxide and the uneasy interactions of trees and savannah grasses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1588), 601–612. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buitenwerf, R., Bond, W. J., Stevens, N., & Trollope, W. S. W. (2012). Increased tree densities in South African savannas: >50 years of data suggests CO 2 as a driver. Global Change Biology, 18(2), 675–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calitz, J. R., & Wright, J. G. (2019). Statistics of utility-scale solar PV, wind and CSP in South Africa in 2018. ResearchSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10204/10636
   Google Scholar
• Cape-Ducluzeau, L., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2015). Strategic environmental assessment for renewable energy in South Africa—Renewable energy development zones (REDZs). IAIA15 Conference Proceedings, 5. https://conferences.iaia.org/2015/Final-Papers/Cape-Ducluzeau,%20Lydia%20-%20Strategic%20Environmental%20Assessment%20for%20Renewable%20Energy%20in%20South%20Africa.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Charabi, Y., & Gastli, A. (2011). PV site suitability analysis using GIS-based spatial fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation. Renewable Energy, 36(9), 2554–2561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, V. K. M., & Hammond, G. P. (2017). Life-cycle energy densities and land-take requirements of various power generators: A UK perspective. Journal of the Energy Institute, 90(2), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2016.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demissie, F., Yeshitila, K., Kindu, M., & Schneider, T. (2017). Land use/land cover changes and their causes in Libokemkem District of South Gonder, Ethiopia. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 8, 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2017.10.001
   Google Scholar
• Department of Energy. (2018). Draft integrated resource plan 2018. http://www.energy.gov.za/IRP/irp-update-draft-report2018/IRP-Update-2018-Draft-for-Comments.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department of Environmental Affairs. (2018). Notice of identification in terms of section 24(5)(a) and (b) of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998, of the procedure to be followed in applying for environmental authorisation for large scale wind and solar photovoltaic energy development activities identified in terms of section 24(2)(a) of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998, when occurring in geographical areas of strategic important ( Government Notice No. 114; Government Gazette No. 41445).
   Google Scholar
• Department of Environment Forestry and Fisheries. (2019). Phase 2 strategic environmental assessment for wind and solar PV energy in South Africa (CSIR/SPLA/SECO/ER/2019/0085). CSIR. https://sfiler.environment.gov.za:8443/ssf/s/readFile/folderEntry/29196/8afbc1c77274394401737605f2541f0f/1595409908732/last/Phase_2_SEA_Wind_and_Solar_PV_Development_SA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries. (2021). Identification of geographical areas of stretegic importance for the development of large scale wind and solar photovoltaic energy facilities ( Government Notice No. 144; Government Gazette No. 44191, p. 3).
   Google Scholar
• Department of Mineral Resources and Energy. (2011). Integrated resource plan for electricity 2010-2030. http://www.energy.gov.za/IRP/irp%20files/IRP2010_2030_Final_Report_20110325.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department of Mineral Resources and Energy. (2019). Integrated Resource Plan 2019. http://www.energy.gov.za/IRP/2019/IRP-2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department of Mineral Resources and Energy, 2020 IPP projects: Project database 3 September 2020 https://www.ipp-projects.co.za/ProjectDatabase
   Google Scholar
• Department of Science and Innovation. (2021) . Hydrogen society roadmap for South Africa 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Deshmukh, R., Wu, G. C., Callaway, D. S., & Phadke, A. (2019). Geospatial and techno-economic analysis of wind and solar resources in India. Renewable Energy, 134, 947–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.11.073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskom. (2019). Integrated report 31 March 2019 (p. 184). https://www.eskom.co.za/IR2019/Pages/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Eskom. (2021). Integrated report 2021. https://www.eskom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/2021IntegratedReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fritsche, U. R., Berndes, G., Cowie, A. M., Dale, V. H., Kline, K. L., Johnson, F. X., Langeveld, H., Sharma, N., Watson, H., & Woods, J. (2017). Energy and land use (Global Land Outlook Working Paper). UNCCD and IRENA.
   Google Scholar
• Fthenakis, V., & Kim, H. C. (2009). Land use and electricity generation: A life-cycle analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6–7), 1465–1474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon, L., Be, C., & Uchiyama, Y. (2002). Life-cycle assessment of electricity generation options: The status of research in year 2001. Energy Policy, 30(14), 1267–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00088-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann, S., Miketa, A., & Fichaux, N. (2014). Estimating the renewable energy potential in Africa: A GIS-based approach (IRENA-KTH working paper). International Renewable Energy Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Ignizio, D. (2010). Suitability modeling and the location of utility-scale solar power plants in the southwestern United States [ Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of New Mexico. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/geog_etds/6
   Google Scholar
• Jones, N. F., & Pejchar, L. (2013). Comparing the ecological impacts of wind and oil & gas development: A landscape scale assessment. PLOS ONE, 8(11), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiesecker, J., Baruch-Mordo, S., Heiner, M., Negandhi, D., Oakleaf, J., Kennedy, C., & Chauhan, P. (2020). Renewable energy and land use in India: A vision to facilitate sustainable development. Sustainability, 12(1), 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, L. P., & Wilcove, D. S. (2008). Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity? Conservation Letters, 1(2), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00011.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malarvizhi, K., Kumar, S. V., & Porchelvan, P. (2016). Use of high resolution Google Earth satellite imagery in landuse map preparation for urban related applications. International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology (ICETEST - 2015), 24, 1835–1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.231
   Google Scholar
• Marais, E. A., Silvern, R. F., Vodonos, A., Dupin, E., Bockarie, A. S., Mickley, L. J., & Schwartz, J. (2019). Air quality and health impact of future fossil fuel use for electricity generation and transport in Africa. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(22), 13524–13534. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, R. I., Fargione, J., Kiesecker, J., Miller, W. M., & Powell, J. (2009). Energy sprawl or energy efficiency: Climate policy impacts on natural habitat for the United States of America. PLOS ONE, 4(8), e6802. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDuffie, E. E., Martin, R. V., Spadaro, J. V., Burnett, R., Smith, S. J., O’Rourke, P., Hammer, M. S., van Donkelaar, A., Bindle, L., Shah, V., Jaeglé, L., Luo, G., Yu, F., Adeniran, J. A., Lin, J., & Brauer, M. (2021). Source sector and fuel contributions to ambient PM2.5 and attributable mortality across multiple spatial scales. Nature Communications, 12(1), 3594. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23853-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrouni, A. A., & Mezrhab, A. (2016). PV sites suitability analysis in the eastern region of Morocco. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 18, 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2016.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgley, G. F., Hannah, L., Millar, D., Thuiller, W., & Booth, A. (2003). Developing regional and species-level assessments of climate change impacts on biodiversity in the cape floristic region. Biological Conservation, 112(1–2), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00414-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mierzwiak, M., & Calka, B. (2018). Multi-Criteria Analysis for solar farm location suitability. Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics, 104(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/rgg-2017-0012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan, A. (2017). Whose land is it anyway? Energy futures & land use in India. Energy Policy, 110, 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.08.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, D. W., & Blekkenhorst, N. (2017). Wind energy versus sustainable agriculture: An ontario perspective. Journal of Rural & Community Development, 12(1), 23–33. https://journals.brandonu.ca/jrcd/article/download/1337/307/4126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostafaeipour, A. (2010). Feasibility study of offshore wind turbine installation in Iran compared with the world. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(7), 1722–1743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucina, L., & Rutherford, M. C. (Eds.). (2006). The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Muwafiq, S. Z. (2019). Suitability analysis for solar photovoltaic development in East Belitung regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 248, 012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/248/1/012020
   Google Scholar
• Noorollahi, E., Fadai, D., Akbarpour Shirazi, M., & Ghodsipour, S. H. (2016). Land suitability analysis for solar farms exploitation using GIS and Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) – A case study of Iran. Energies, 9(8), 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzimande, B. (2022). Minister Blade Nzimande: Launch of Hydrogen Society Roadmap | South African Government. https://www.gov.za/node/811734
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, H., Jack, S. L., Hoffman, M. T., & Todd, S. W. (2020). Patterns of plant species richness and growth form diversity in critical habitats of the Nama-Karoo Biome, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 135, 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafiq, S, & Salim RA. (2012). Why do some emerging economies proactively accelerate the adoption of renewable energy? Energy Economics, 34(4), 1051–1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.08.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, S., Baptista Coelho, M., & Cabral, P. (2017). Suitability analysis of solar photovoltaic farms: A Portuguese case study. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 7(1), 243–254 http://hdl.handle.net/10362/27457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saaty, T. L. (1988). What is the analytic hierarchy process?. In Mathematical models for decision support (pp. 109–121). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Saaty, T. L., & Tran, L. T. (2007). On the invalidity of fuzzifying numerical judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46(7–8), 962–975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satkin, M., Noorollahi, Y., Abbaspour, M., & Yousefi, H. (2014). Multi criteria site selection model for wind-compressed air energy storage power plants in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32, 579–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowno, A. L., Jewitt, D., & Slingsby, J. A. (2021). Rates and patterns of habitat loss across South Africa’s vegetation biomes. South African Journal of Science, 117(1/2), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/8182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trainor, A. M., McDonald, R. I., & Fargione, J. (2016). Energy sprawl is the largest driver of land use change in United States. PLOS ONE, 11(9), e0162269 doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyner, W. E. (2008). The US ethanol and biofuels boom: Its origins, current status, and future prospects. BioScience, 58(7), 646–653. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, D., Hoffman, M. T., & Collocott, S. J. (2014). A century of woody plant encroachment in the dry Kimberley savanna of South Africa. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 31(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2014.914974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousefi, H., Hafeznia, H., & Yousefi-Sahzabi, A. (2018). Spatial site selection for solar power plants using a GIS-based Boolean-fuzzy logic model: A case study of Markazi Province, Iran. Energies, 11(7), 1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar