Landslide Classification and Prediction of Debris Flow Using Machine Learning Models

References

• Q. Zhu, L. Chen, H. Hu, S. Pirasteh, H. Li, and X. Xie, “Unsupervised feature learning to improve transferability of landslide susceptibility representations,” IEEE J. Selected Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sensing, Vol. 13, pp. 3917–29, July 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. C. Pal, and I. Chowdhuri, “GIS-based spatial prediction of landslide susceptibility using frequency ratio model of Lachung River basin, North Sikkim, India,” Springer Nature Appl. Sci., Vol. 1, no. 416, Apr. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• L. Zhu, G. Wang, F. Huang, Y. Li, W. Chen, and H. Hong, “Landslide susceptibility prediction using sparse feature extraction and machine learning models based on GIS and remote sensing,” IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., Vol. 19, no. 3001505, Feb. 2021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• I. Chowdhuri, et al., “Ensemble approach to develop landslide susceptibility map in landslide dominated Sikkim Himalayan region, India,” Environ. Earth Sci., Vol. 79, no. 476, Oct. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• S. Saha, A. Arabameri, A. Saha, T. Blaschkec, P. T. Thi Ngo, and Bandet, “Prediction of landslide susceptibility in Rudraprayag, India using novel ensemble of conditional probability and boosted regression tree-based on cross-validation method,” Sci. Total Environ., Vol. 764, no. 142928, Apr. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• A. Saha, and S. Saha, “Landslide susceptibility assessment and management using advanced hybrid machine learning algorithms in Darjeeling Himalaya, India,” Appl. Geomorphol. Contemporary Issues Geography Phys. Environ., 667–81, Sept 2022.
   Google Scholar
• R. M. Yuvaraj, and B. Dolui, “Statistical and machine intelligence-based model for landslide susceptibility mapping of Nilgiri district in India”,” Environ. Challenges, Vol. 5, no. 100211, Dec.2021.
   Google Scholar
• P. Prasad, V. J. Loveson, S. Das, and P. Chandra, “Artificial intelligence approaches for spatial prediction of landslides in mountainous regions of western India,” Environ. Earth Sci., Vol. 80, no. 720, Oct.2021.
   Google Scholar
• K. M. R. Hunt, and A. Menon, “The 2018 Kerala floods: a climate change perspective,” Clim. Dyn., Vol. 54, pp. 2433–46, Jan 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. L. Achu, S. Joseph, C. D. Aju, and J. Mathai, “Preliminary analysis of a catastrophic landslide eventon 6 August 2020 at Pettimudi, Kerala State, India”,” Landslides, Vol. 18, no. 7, Jan 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Vivek Narayan, “Kerala rains: Heavy showers cause landslides at Kundala, tempo traveller overturned”, Nov 12, 2022, Times Now.
   Google Scholar
• C. Henriques, J. L. Zêzere, and F. Marques, “The role of the lithological setting on the landslide pattern and distribution,” Eng. Geol., Vol. 189, pp. 17–31, Apr. 2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. J. Jennifer, and S. Saravanan, “Artificial neural network and sensitivity analysis in the landslide susceptibility mapping of Idukki district, India,” Geocarto. Int., Vol. 37, no. 19, pp. 5693–715, Apr. 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Jones, A. K. Kasthurba, A. Bhagyanathan, and B. V. Binoy, “Landslide susceptibility investigation for idukki district of Kerala using regression analysis and machine learning,” Arabian J. Geosci., Vol. 14, no. 838, May 2021.
   Google Scholar
• A. V. Thomas, S. S. J. Homian Danumah, and S. Raveendran, “Landslide susceptibility zonation of idukki district using GIS in the aftermath of 2018 Kerala floods and landslides: a comparison of AHP and frequency ratio methods,” J. Geovisual. Spatial Analysis, Vol. 5, no. 21, Oct. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• P. Vijaykumar, et al., “Kerala floods in consecutive years - Its association with mesoscale cloudburst and structural changes in monsoon clouds over the west coast of India,” Weather Climate Extremes, Vol. 33, no. 100339, Sep. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• K. A. ShaJi. “Deadly landslides are becoming Kerala’s new reality every monsoon”, Flood and Draught, Conservation and Environment News Mongabay Series, 11 Aug. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• M. T. Abraham, D. Pothuraju, and N. Satyam, “Rainfall thresholds for prediction of landslides in Idukki, India: An empirical approach,” Water (Mdpi, Vol. 11, no. 2113, Oct. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• S. F. Sherpa, M. Shirzaei, C. Ojha, S. Werth, and R. Hostache, “Probabilistic mapping of August 2018 flood of Kerala, India, using space-borne synthetic aperture radar”,” IEEE J. Selected Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sensing, Vol. 13, pp. 896–913, Feb. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. R. Kieran, Hunt, and A. Menon, “The 2018 Kerala foods: a climate change perspective”,” Springer J. Climate Dynam., Vol. 54, pp. 2433–46, Jan. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. S. Sajinkumar, and S. Anbazhagan, “Geomorphic appraisal of landslides on the windward slope of Western Ghats, southern India,” Natural Hazards, Springer, Vol. 73, no. 1, Jan. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• C. Veness, "Calculate distance, bearing and more between latitude/longitude points," Available online: www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong.html.
   Google Scholar
• H. He, and E. A. Garcia, “Learning from imbalanced data,” IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., Vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1263–84, June 2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. K. Sufi, and M. Alsulam, “Knowledge discovery of global landslides using automated machine learning algorithms,” IEEE. Access., Vol. 9, pp. 131400–419, Sept. 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Bhattacharyya, S. Majumder, P. Debnath, M. Chanda, and M. Saha, “Arrhythmic heartbeat classification using ensemble of random forest and support vector machine algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Artificial Intell., Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 260–8, May 2021.
   Google Scholar
• J. Song, Y. Wang, Z. Fang, L. Peng, and H. Hong, “Potential of ensemble learning to improve tree-based classifiers for landslide susceptibility mapping,” IEEE J. Selected Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens., Vol. 13, pp. 4642–62, Aug. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Wen, B. He, D. Xu, and Q. Feng, “A method for landslide susceptibility assessment integrating rough set and decision tree: A case study in Beichuan, China,” in 2016 IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium (IGARSS), July 2016. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7730292
   Google Scholar
• S. T. Palliyaguru, L. C. Liyanage, O. S. Weerakoon, and G. D. S. P. Wimalaratne, “Random forest as a novel machine learning approach to predict landslide susceptibility in Kalutara District, Sri Lanka,” in IEEE 20th international conference on advances in ICT for emerging regions (ICTer), Nov. 2020. DOI: 10.1109/ICTer51097.2020.9325460
   Google Scholar
• A. Onan, “An ensemble scheme based on language function analysis and feature engineering for text genre classification,” J. Inf. Sci., Vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 28–47, Dec. 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Georganos, T. Grippa, S. Vanhuysse, M. Lennert, and M. Shimoni, “Very high-resolution object-based land Use–land cover urban classification using extreme gradient boosting,” IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., Vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 607–11, Feb. 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Van Calster, V. Van Belle, G. Condous, T. Bourne, and D. Timmerman, “ “multi-class AUC metrics and weighted alternatives”,” IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence Jun 2008. DOI: 10.1109/IJCNN.2008.4633979.
   Google Scholar
• U. Ozturk, M. Pittore, R. Behling, S. Roessner, and L. Andreani, “How robust are landslide susceptibility estimates?,” Landslides, Vol. 18, pp. 681–95, Aug. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Kavzoglu, “Object-oriented random forest for high resolution land cover mapping using quickbrd-2 imagery,” in Chapter 33, handbook of neural computation, Dec. 2017, pp. 607–19.
   Google Scholar
• S. Ansar A, S. Sudha, and S. Francis, “Identification and classification of landslide susceptible zone using geospatial techniques and machine learning models,” Geocarto. Int., Vol. 37, no. 27, pp. 18328–55, Nov. 2022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. L. Sulal, and K. Archana. “Note on Post Disaster Studies for Landslides Occurred in June 2018 at Idukki District, Kerala”, https://sdma.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Landslide-Study.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Event report on extreme rainfall over Kerala, October 2021, https://sdma.kerala.gov.in/wpcontent/uploads/2022/05/Event.
   Google Scholar