Digital disinformation and emotions: exploring the social risks of affective polarization

References

• Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing channels? Partisan news in an age of choice. University Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arias Maldonado, M. (2016). La digitalización de la conversación pública: redes sociales, afectividad política y democracia. [The digitization of the public conversation: social networks, political affectivity and democracy]. Revista de Estudios Políticos, 173, 27–54. https://doi.org/10.18042/cepc/rep.173.01
   Google Scholar
• Aufderheide, P. (1993). Media literacy: A report of the National Leadership Conference on media literacy. The Aspen Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett, B. (2017). The truth matters: A citizen’s guide to separating facts from lies and stopping fake news in its tracks. Ten Speed Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, C., & Deuze, M. (2016). On the role of emotion in the future of journalism. Social Media+ Society, 2(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116662395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boler, M. (2019). Digital disinformation and the targeting of affect: New frontiers for critical media education. Research in the Teaching of English, 54(2), 187–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boler, M., & Davis, E. (2018). The affective politics of the “post-truth” era: Feeling rules and networked subjectivity. Emotion, Space and Society, 27, 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2018.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulger, M., & Davison, P. (2018). The promises, challenges, and futures of media literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 10(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2018-10-1-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chadwick, A. (2019). The new crisis of Public Communication. Challenges and opportunities for future research on digital media and politics. Online Civic Culture Center. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/online-civic-culture-centre/news-events/articles/o3c-2-crisis/.
   Google Scholar
• Clough, P. T., & Halley, J. (2007). The affective turn: Theorizing the social. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). The costs of connection: How data is colonizing human life and appropriating it for capitalism. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Damasio, A. R. (2004). Emotions and feelings: A neurobiological perspective. In A. S. R. Manstead, N. Frijda, & A. Fischer (Eds.), Studies in emotion and social interaction. Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam symposium (pp. 49–57). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Blasio, E., & Selva, D. (2019). Emotions in the public sphere: Networked solidarity, technology and social ties. In B. Fox (Ed.), Emotions and loneliness in a networked society (pp. 13–44). Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Döveling, K., Harju, A. A., & Sommer, D. (2018). From mediatized emotion to digital affect cultures: New technologies and global flows of emotion. Social Media + Society, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117743141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser, F., & Strömbäck, J. (2014). Mediatization of politics. Understanding the transformation of western democracies. Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. K., Pearce, K. E., Vitak, J., & Treem, J. W. (2017). Explicating affordances: A conceptual framework for understanding affordances in communication research. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forgas, J. P. (2019). Happy believers and sad skeptics? Affective influences on gullibility. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(3), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419834543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlitz, C., & Helmond, A. (2013). The like economy: Social buttons and the data-intensive web. New Media & Society, 15(8), 1348–1365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812472322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaxoglou, K., & Döveling, K. (2018). Mediatization of emotion on social media: Forms and norms in digital mourning practices. Social Media + Society, 4(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117744393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaxoglou, K., Döveling, K., & Pitsillides, S. (2017). Networked emotions: Interdisciplinary perspectives on sharing loss online. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2016.1273927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giglietto, F., Iannelli, L., Valeriani, A., & Rossi, L. (2019). ‘Fake news’ is the invention of a liar: How false information circulates within the hybrid news system. Current Sociology, 67(4), 625–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392119837536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In T. Gillespie, P. J. Boczkowski, & K. A. Foot (Eds.), Media technologies. Essays on communication, materiality, and society (pp. 167–193). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Given, J. (2006). Narrating the digital turn: Data deluge, technomethodology, and other likely tales. Qualitative Sociology Review, 2(1), 54–65.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, J. (2013). Moral tribes. Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. Atlantic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Grusin, R. (2010). Premediation: Affect and mediality after 9/11. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ha, L., Perez, L. A., & Ray, R. (2019). Mapping recent development in scholarship on fake news and misinformation, 2008 to 2017: Disciplinary contribution, topics, and impact. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 290–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219869402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasell, A., & Weeks, B. (2016). Partisan provocation: The role of partisan news use and emotional responses in political information sharing in social media. Human Communication Research, 42(4), 641–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmond, A. (2015). The platformization of the web: Making web data platform ready. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115603080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• High Level Expert Group on Fake News and Disinformation (HLEG). (2018). A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: Report of the independent high level group on fake news and online disinformation. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/final-report-high-level-expert-group-fake-news-and-online-disinformation.
   Google Scholar
• Hjarvard, S. (2017). Mediatization: Critical theory approaches to media effects. In P. Rössler, C. A. Hoffner, & L. Zoonen (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of media effects (pp. 1221–1241). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Humprecht, E., Esser, F., & Van Aelst, P. (2020). Resilience to online disinformation: A framework for cross-national comparative research. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 493–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219900126.
   Google Scholar
• Igartua, J.-J., Moral-Toranzo, F., & Fernández, I. (2011). Cognitive, attitudinal, and emotional effects of news frame and group cues, on processing news about immigration. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 23(4), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000050
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019). The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, C. (2017). Lexicon of lies: Terms for problematic information. Data & Society, 3, https://datasociety.net/library/lexicon-of-lies/.
   Google Scholar
• Karppi, T., Kähkönen, L., Mannevuo, M., Pajala, M., & Sihvonen, T. (2016). Affective capitalism: Investments and investigations. Ephemera, 16(4), 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Khaldarova, I., & Pantti, M. (2016). Fake news. Journalism Practice, 10(7), 891–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1163237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. J., & Cameron, G. T. (2011). Emotions matter in crisis: The role of anger and sadness in the publics’ response to crisis news framing and corporate crisis response. Communication Research, 38(6), 826–855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210385813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klurfeld, J., & Schneider, H. (2014). News literacy: Teaching the internet generation to make reliable information choices. The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/research/news-literacy-teaching-the-internet-generationto-make-reliable-information-choices
   Google Scholar
• Kormelink, T. G., & Meijer, I. C. (2017). What clicks actually mean: Exploring digital news user practices. Journalism, 19(5), 668–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiss, D., Lawrence, R. G., & McGregor, S. C. (2018). In their own words: Political practitioner accounts of candidates, audiences, affordances, genres, and timing in strategic social media use. Political Communication, 35(1), 8–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S. A., Sunstein, C. R., Thorson, E. A., Watts, D. J., & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecheler, S., Bos, L., & Vliegenthart, R. (2015). The mediating role of emotions: News framing effects on opinions about immigration. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 92(4), 812–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015596338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecheler, S., Schuck, A. R., & de Vreese, C. H. (2013). Dealing with feelings: Positive and negative discrete emotions as mediators of news framing effects. The European Journal of Communication Research, 38(2), 2189–2209. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2013-0011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levendusky, M. S. (2013). Partisan media exposure and attitudes toward the opposition. Political Communication, 30(4), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.737435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S. (2004). Media literacy and the challenge of new information and communication technologies. The Communication Review, 7(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420490280152
   Google Scholar
• Madianou, M. (2009). Audience reception and news in everyday life. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen, & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 325–337). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Martel, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. Cognitive Research, 5(47), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez Otero, J. M. (2020). Desafíos para el mantenimiento de una esfera pública democrática en la sociedad digital. [challenges for the maintenance of a democratic public sphere in the digital society]. Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política, 11(1), 215–249. https://doi.org/10.7770/rchdcp-V11N1-art2170
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, E. D. (1994). The social construction of emotions: New directions from culture theory. In W. M. Wentworth, & J. Ryan (Eds.), Social perspectives on emotion (Vol. 2, pp. 267–279). Emerald.
   Google Scholar
• McDougall, J. (2019). Media literacy versus fake news: Critical thinking, resilience and civic engagement. Media Studies, 10(19), 29–45.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J. M. (2007). Examining the mediators of agenda setting: A new experimental paradigm reveals the role of emotions. Political Psychology, 28(6), 689–717. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00600.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M. L., & Vaccari, C. (2020). Digital threats to democracy: Comparative lessons and possible remedies. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(3), 333–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220922323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina, M. D., Sundar, S. S., Le, T., & Lee, D. (2021). “Fake news” is not simply false information: A concept explication and taxonomy of online content. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 180–212 https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger, K. (2019). All the news that’s fit to click: The economics of clickbait media. Political Communication, 37(3), 376–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1687626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. (2003). Exploring the framing effects of emotion: Do discrete emotions differentially influence information accessibility, information seeking, and policy preference? Communication Research, 30(2), 224–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650202250881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, B. (2013). The digital turn. Media History, 19(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2012.752963
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, R. K., & Ganter, S. A. (2018). Dealing with digital intermediaries: A case study of the relations between publishers and platforms. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1600–1617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817701318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, R. K., & Graves, L. (2017). “News you don’t believe”: Audience perspectives on fake news. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/news-you-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news.
   Google Scholar
• Otieno, C., Spada, H., & Renkl, A. (2013). Effects of news frames on perceived risk, emotions, and learning. PLoS One, 8(11), e79696. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantti, M. (2010). The value of emotion: An examination of television journalists’ notions on emotionality. European Journal of Communication, 25(2), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323110363653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez Tornero, J. M., Samy Tayie, S., Tejedor, S., & Pulido, C. (2018). How to confront fake news through news literacy? State of the art. Doxa Comunicación, 26, 211–235. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n26a10
   Google Scholar
• Peters, C. (2011). Emotion aside or emotional side? Crafting an ‘experience of involvement’ in the news. Journalism, 12(3), 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884910388224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, W. J. (2013). Media literacy (6th ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Puglisi, R., & Snyder, J. M. (2011). Newspaper coverage of political scandals. Journal of Politics, 73(3), 931–950. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381611000569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Virgili, J., Serrano-Puche, J., & Fernández, C. B. (2021). Digital disinformation and preventive actions: Perceptions of users from Argentina, Chile and Spain. Media and Communication, 9(1), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosas, O. V. (2018). Strategic avoidance and strategic use: A look into spanish online journalists’ attitudes toward emotions in reporting. International Journal of Communication, 12, 2114–2132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosas, O. V., & Serrano-Puche, J. (2018). News media and the emotional public sphere – introduction. International Journal of Communication, 12, 2031–2039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D., & Krause, N. (2019). Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(16), 7662–7669. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805871115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano-Puche, J. (2020). Affect and the expression of emotions on the internet: An overview of current research. In J. Hunsinger, L. Klastrup, & M. Allen (Eds.), Second international handbook of internet research (pp. 529–547). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Serrano-Puche, J., Fernández, C. B., & Rodríguez-Virgili, J. (2020). Disinformation and news consumption in a polarized society: An analysis of the case of Venezuela. In D. Ramírez Plascencia, B. Carvalho Gurgel, & A. Plaw (Eds.), The politics of technology in latin America volume 2 digital media, daily life and public engagement (pp. 161–1780). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Serrano-Puche, J., & Solís-Rojas, L. (2019). “Mediatised emotions: A framework for understanding the display of affect in the network society”. In B. Fox (Ed.), Emotions and loneliness in a networked society (pp. 45–68). Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Shin, J., & Thorson, K. (2017). Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking messages on social media. Journal of Communication, 67(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivek, S. (2018). Both facts and feelings: Emotion and news literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 10(2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2018-10-2-7
   Google Scholar
• Slaby, J., & von Scheve, C. (2019). Affective societies. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tandoc, E. C., Jr., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fake news”: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, D. F. (1980). Moral responsibility of public officials: The problem of many hands. The American Political Science Review, 74(4), 905–916. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. A., Guess, A., Barberá, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., & Nyhan, B. (2018). Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature. William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & de Waal, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, M. C., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2021). Angry, frustrated, and overwhelmed: The emotional experience of consuming news about president trump. Journalism, 22(7), 1577–1593. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919878545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2019). Emotions, media and politics. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2020). An emotional turn in journalism studies? Digital Journalism, 8(2), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1697626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S. (2020). ¿Es válido atribuir la polarización política a la comunicación digital? Sobre burbujas, plataformas y polarización afectiva. [Is it valid to attribute political polarization to digital communication? On bubbles, platforms and affective polarization]. Revista SAAP, 14(2), 249–279. https://doi.org/10.46468/rsaap.14.2.A1
   Google Scholar
• Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, S. W., & Abramowitz, A. (2017). The ideological foundations of affective polarization in the U.S. Electorate. American Politics Research, 45(4), 621–647. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X17703132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westen, D. (2007). The political brain. The role of emotions in deciding the fate of the nation. Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Wetherell, M. (2012). Affect and emotion. A new social science understanding. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wise, K., Kim, H. J., & Kim, J. (2009). The effect of searching versus surfing on cognitive and emotional responses to online news. Journal of Media Psychology, 21(2), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105.21.2.49
   Google Scholar
• Wu, T. (2016). The attention merchants. Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar