References
- Balladur, Édouard. 1994a. Notre politique étrangère [Our foreign policy]. Le Figaro, 30 August.
- Balladur, Édouard. 1994b. Pour un nouveau traité d’Élysée [For a new Elysée Treaty]. Le Monde, 30 November.
- Barroso, José M.D. 2011. The State of the Union: Die Europa Rede. Berlin, 9 November. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_11_607.
- Beach, Derek. 2005. The Dynamics of European Integration. Why and When EU Institutions Matter. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Biesheuvel, Barend, et al. 1979. Report on European Institutions, Presented by the Committee of Three to the European Council. October. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/daa655e5-731a-4480-9878-b79e63634654.
- Brandt, Willy. 1975. Rede vor der Organisation Française du Mouvement Européen in Paris am 19. November 1974 [Speech to the Organisation Française du Mouvement Européen in Paris on November 19, 1974]. Europa-Archiv 30 (2): 33–8.
- Brunazzo, Marco. 2017. La differenziazione integrata [The integrated differentiation]. Milan: Mondadori.
- Brunazzo, Marco. 2019. The Evolution of EU Differentiated Integration between Crises and Dilemmas. EU IDEA Research Report No. 1. https://euidea.eu/2019/12/02/the-evolution-of-eu-differentiated-integration-between-crises-and-dilemmas/.
- Chevènement, Jean-Pierre. 1994. À l’Allemagne, parlons franc [To Germany, let’s talk frankly]. Le Monde, 12 October.
- Chirac, Jacques. 2000. Notre Europe, Discours prononcé devant le Bundestag Allemand [Our Europe. Speech delivered to the German Bundestag]. Berlin, 27 June. https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/geschichte/gastredner/chirac/chirac2-244736.
- Chirac, Jacques. 2003. Discours devant les députés allemands et français réunis à Versailles [Speech to German and French MPs meeting in Versailles]. Yvelines, 22 January. http://www.jacqueschirac-asso.fr/archives-elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais/interventions/discours_et_declarations/2003/janvier/fi001844.html.
- Chirac, Jacques, and Kohl, Helmut. 1995. Lettre conjointe adressée à M. Felipe Gonzalez Marquez concernant le Conseil européen des 15-16 décembre 1995 [Joint letter addressed to Mr Felipe Gonzalez Marquez concerning the European Council of 15-16 December 1995]. Paris/Bonn, 6 December. https://www.elysee.fr/jacques-chirac/1995/12/06/lettre-commune-de-mm-jacques-chirac-president-de-la-republique-et-helmut-kohl-chancelier-dallemagne-adressee-a-m-felipe-gonzalez-president-du-gouvernement-espagnol-sur-leurs-objectifs-prioritaires-pour-la-conference-intergouvernementale-sur-lun.
- Chirac, Jacques, and Kohl, Helmut. 1996. Nuremberg Franco-German Summit Joint Letter to John Bruton. 9 December. https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/letter_from_jacques_chirac_and_helmut_kohl_to_john_bruton_paris_bonn_9_december_1996-en-5e01b4a8-97ab-40a0-924b-21352671edfb.html.
- Dahrendorf, Ralf. 1979. A Third Europe? Third Jean Monnet Lecture. Florence, European University Institute, 26 November. http://aei.pitt.edu/11346/.
- Dooge, James. et al. 1985. Report from the ad hoc Committee on Institutional Affairs to the European Council, Brussels, 29 and 30 March 1985. Bulletin of the European Communities 18 (3): 102–10.
- European Commission. 2012. A Blueprint for a Deep and Genuine Economic and Monetary Union. COM/2012/777 final/2, 28 November. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/Lex-UriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0777:FIN:EN:PDF.
- European Commission. 2017. White Paper on the Future of Europe. COM(2017)2025, 1 March. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/white_paper_on_the_future_of_europe_en.pdf.
- European Council. 1990. Conclusions of the Presidency, European Council Meeting at Dublin, 25 and 26 June 1990. SN 60/1/90. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/20562/1990_june_-_dublin__eng_.pdf.
- European Council. 1992. Conclusions of the Presidency, European Council Meeting at Edinburgh, 11 and 12 December 1992. SN 456/1/92 REV 1. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/20492/1992_december_-_edinburgh__eng_.pdf.
- European Council. 1993. Conclusions of the Presidency, European Council Meeting at Brussels, 10 and 11 December 1993. SN 373/93. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21216/82736.pdf.
- European Council. 1994. Conclusions of the Presidency, European Council Meeting at Corfu, 24 and 25 June 1994. SN 150/94. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/cor1_en.htm.
- European Parliament. 1984. Draft Treaty Establishing the European Union, adopted on 14 February. Official Journal of the European Communities No. C 77, 19 March: 33–52.
- Fischer, Joschka. 2000. From Confederacy to Federation – Thoughts on the Finality of European Integration. Speech at the Humboldt University, Berlin, 12 May. https://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do?docId=192161&cardId=192161.
- Gilbert, Mark F. 2008. Narrating the Process: Questioning the Progressive Story of European Integration. Journal of Common Market Studies 46 (3): 641–62.
- Grevi, Giovanni. 2004. Flexible Means to Further Integration. In Franklin Dehousse, Wouter Coussens, and Giovanni Grevi, eds. Integrating Europe: Multiple Speeds – One Direction? EPC Working Paper No. 9, April. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/10837/doc_10868_290_en.pdf.
- Hanf, Dominik. 2001. Flexibility Clauses in the Founding Treaties, From Rome to Nice. In Bruno De Witte, Dominik Hanf and Ellen Vos, eds. The Many Faces of Differentiation in EU Law: 3–26. Antwerp: Intersentia.
- Holzinger, Katharina, and Tosun, Jale. 2019. Why Differentiated Integration Is Such a Common Practice in Europe: A Rational Explanation. Journal of Theoretical Politics 31 (4): 642–59.
- Hooghe, Liesbeth, and Marks, Gary. 2009. A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus. British Journal of Political Science 39 (1): 1–23.
- Jeanneney, Jean-Nöel, et al. 2001. Europe: pour aller plus loin [Europe: to go further]. Le Monde, 20 June.
- Juncker, Jean-Claude. 2014. A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Jobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change. Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission. Strasbourg, 15 July. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_14_546.
- Juncker, Jean-Claude, et al. 2015. Completing Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union, The Five Presidents’ Report. Brussels. https://wayback.archive-it.org/12090/20201010124339/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/five-presidents-report_en.
- Kelemen, Daniel R., et al. 2014. Wider and Deeper? Enlargement and Integration in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy 21 (5): 647–63.
- Kinkel, Klaus, and de Charrette, Hervé. 1996. Orientations prises à l’occasion du séminaire franco-allemand sur les propositions de la France et de l’Allemagne concernant la politique étrangère et de sécurité commune (PESC) dans le cadre de la conférence intergouvernementale. [Guidelines decided during the Franco-German seminar on the proposals of France and Germany concerning the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) within the framework of the intergovernmental conference]. Fribourg-en-Brisgau, 27 February. https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/133014-orientations-prises-loccasion-du-seminaire-franco-allemand-sur-les-pr.
- Koenig, Nicole. 2015. A Differentiated View of Differentiated Integration. Jacques Delors Institute Policy Paper 140. https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/a-differentiated-view-of-differentiated-integration/.
- Koller, Boglárka. 2012. The Takeoff after Lisbon: The Practical and Theoretical Implications of Differentiated Integration in the EU. World Political Science 8 (1): 1–19
- Kunstein, Tobias, and Wessels, Wolfgang. 2013. The New Governance of the Economic and Monetary Union: Adapted Institutions and Innovative Instruments. IAI Working Papers 13/02. https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/new-governance-economic-and-monetary-union.
- Lavenex, Sandra. 2015. The External Face of Differentiated Integration. Third Country Participation in EU Sectoral Bodies. Journal of European Public Policy 22 (6): 836–53.
- Lavenex, Sandra, and Križić, Ivo. 2019. Conceptualising Differentiated Integration: Governance, Effectiveness and Legitimacy. EU IDEA Research Paper No. 2. https://euidea.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/euidea_rp_2.pdf.
- Lavenex, Sandra, and Schimmelfennig, Frank, eds. 2009. European Union External Governance. Special Issue. Journal of European Public Policy 16 (6).
- Lavenex, Sandra, et al. 2009. Modes of Governance: A Cross-national and Cross-sectoral Comparison. Journal of European Public Policy 16 (6): 813–33.
- Leruth, Benjamin. 2015. Operationalizing National Preferences on Europe and Differentiated Integration. Journal of European Public Policy 22 (6): 816–35.
- Leruth, Benjamin, et al. 2017. Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in the European Union: State-of-the-art and Ways for Future Research. ISL Working Papers 2017: 1.
- Major, John. 1994. Speech at the William and Mary Lecture. Leiden, 7 September. https://johnmajorarchive.org.uk/1994/09/07/mr-majors-speech-in-leiden-7-september-1994-2/.
- Mitterrand, François. 1984. Speech before the European Parliament, Strasbourg. 24 May. Official Journal of the European Communities, Annex No. 1-314: 257–63.
- Olivi, Bino, and Santaniello, Roberto. 2005. Storia dell’integrazione europea. Dalla guerra fredda alla Costituzione dell’Unione. [History of European integration. From the Cold War to the Constitution of the Union]. Bologna: Il Mulino.
- Philippart, Erik, and Sie Dhian Ho, Monika. 2000. The Pros and Cons of ‘Closer Cooperation’ Within the EU: Argumentation and Recommendations. WRR Working Documents W104, March.
- Pine, Melissa. 2004. British Personal Diplomacy and Public Policy: The Soames Affair. Journal of European Integration History 10 (2): 59–76.
- Prodi, Romano. 2000. Speech to the Plenary Session of the European Parliament, 3 October. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_00_352.
- Radio Poland. 2012. Poland Wishes Denmark Success with EU Presidency. 12 December. http://archiwum.radiopolsha.pl/6/2/Artykul/81955.
- Reuters. 2011. Nicolas Sarkozy défend l’idée d’une Europe à deux vitesses [Nicolas Sarkozy defends the idea of a two-speed Europe]. 8 November. https://www.reuters.com/article/union-france-sarkozy-idFRL6E7M83K920111108.
- Ross, George. 2011. The European Union and Its Crises. Through the Eyes of the Brussels Elite. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Sarkozy, Nikola, and Merkel, Angela. 2011. Joint Letter to Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council. 7 December. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-france-letter-idUSTRE7B612Y20111207.
- Schäuble, Wolfgang, and Lamers, Karl. 1994. Reflections on European Policy. Bonn, CDU/ CSU, 1 September 1994. Reprinted in Karl Lamers, A German Agenda for the European Union: 11-24. London: Federal Trust for Education and Research/Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
- Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2019. The Choice for Differentiated Europe: An Intergovernmentalist Theoretical Framework. Comparative European Politics 17 (2): 176–91.
- Schimmelfennig, Frank, and Winzen, Thomas. 2020. Ever Looser Union? Differentiated European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Scott, John. 1990. A Matter of Record. Documentary Sources in Social Research. Oxford: Wiley.
- Shaw, Jo. 1998. The Treaty of Amsterdam: Challenges of Flexibility and Legitimacy. European Law Journal 4 (1): 63–86.
- Simon, Frédéric. 2011. EU Comes to Terms with ‘Two-Speed Europe’. EURACTIV, 14 November. https://www.euractiv.com/section/future-eu/news/eu-comes-to-terms-with-two-speed-europe/.
- Stubb, Alexander. 1996. A Categorization of Differentiated Integration. Journal of Common Market Studies 34 (2): 283–95.
- Stubb, Alexander. 2002. Negotiating Flexibility on the European Union. Amsterdam, Nice and Beyond. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
- Telle, Stefan, et al. 2021. Differentiated Integration in the EU – What Do the Member States ‘Think’ about It? EUI Working Papers RSC 2021/50. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/71002.
- Tindemans, Léo. 1976. European Union. Report by Mr. Léo Tindemans, Prime Minister of Belgium, to the European Council, sent on 29 December 1975. Bulletin of the European Communities, Supplement 1/76.
- Van Rompuy, Herman et al. 2012a. Toward a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union. EUCO 120/12, Brussels, 26 June. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21570/131201.pdf.
- Van Rompuy, Herman et al. 2012b. Toward a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union. Brussels, 5 December. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/134069.pdf.
- Villepin, Dominique de, and Fischer, Joschka. 2002. Propositions conjointes franco-allemandes pour la Convention européenne dans le domaine de la politique européenne de sécurité et de défense [Joint Franco-German proposals for the European Convention in the field of European security and defence policy]. CONV 422/02, 22 November. https://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do;jsessionid=GeW4xOThY_OkKZ_G_jMlRu65_l23BTnwxnoDweRdTpIcuDKZ4R4_!-344658818?docId=279197&cardId=279197.
- Weizsäcker, Richard von, et al. 1999. The Institutional Implications of Enlargement. Report to the European Commission. Brussels, 18 October. https://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do;jsessionid=vFykRHQdJGnz8QjB3DQYTTWtQpQLygd6QsJfShsD5HGKhq2zpFpk!-687982831?docId=252967&cardId=252967.