References
- Blaimer BB, Lloyd MW, Guillory WX, Brady S. 2016. Sequence capture and phylogenetic utility of genomic ultraconserved elements obtained from pinned insect specimens. PloS One. 11:e0161531.
- Eardley CD. 1983. A taxonomic revision of the genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) in southern Africa. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agriculture, Republic of South Africa. 58(i–iii):1–67.
- Eardley CD. 1987. Catalogue of Apoidea (Hymenoptera) in Africa south of the Sahara, Part I, The genus Xylocopa Latreille (Anthophoridae). Entomology Memoir, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Republic of South Africa. 70(i-iii):1–20.
- Farris JS. 1989. Hennig86: a PC-DOS program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics. 5:163.
- Goloboff PA, Catalano SA. 2016. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics. 32(3):221–238.
- Hermann HR, Mullen MA. 1974. The hymenopterous poison apparatus. XI. Xylocopa virginica (Hymenoptera: Xylocopidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society. 9:246–252.
- Hurd PD. 1978. An annotated catalog of the carpenter bees (genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 106 p.
- Hurd PD, Moure JS. 1963. A classification of the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). University of California Publications in Entomology. 29(i–vi):1–365.
- Janzen D. 1966. Notes on the behavior of the carpenter bee Xylocopa fimbriata in Mexico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 39:633–641.
- Keasar T. 2010. Large carpenter bees as agricultural pollinators. Psyche. 2010:1–7.
- Lipscomb DL. 1994. Cladistic analysis using Hennig86. [Internet]. [Cited 5 July 2018]. Available from: https://biology.columbian.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs1961/f/downloads/hennig86.pdf
- Lipscomb DL. 1998. Basics of cladistic analysis. [Internet]. [Cited 5 July 2018]. Available from: https://www2.gwu.edu/∼clade/faculty/lipscomb/Cladistics.pdf (accessed July 5, 2018).
- Mawdsley JR. 2015. An annotated checklist of the large carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae), from the Philippine Islands. Oriental Insects. 49(1–2):47-67.
- Mawdsley JR. 2017a. Taxonomy of the African large carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa Latreille, 1802, subgenus Xenoxylocopa Hurd & Moure, 1963 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Zookeys. 655:131–139.
- Mawdsley JR. 2017b. Large carpenter bees: A guide to the species of Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) from North and Central America. University Park, MD: Pineway Press. 64 p.
- Mawdsley JR. 2017c. Giant carpenter bees: Taxonomy and identification of the species of the Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) group. University Park, MD: Pineway Press. 68 p.
- Mawdsley JR, Harrison J, Sithole H. 2016. Natural history of a South African insect pollinator assemblage (Insecta: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera): diagnostic notes, food web analysis and conservation recommendations. Journal of Natural History. 50:2849–2879.
- Michener CD. 2007. The bees of the world, second edition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. XVI +953 p.
- Minckley RL. 1998. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Scientific Papers, The Natural History Museum, University of Kansas. 9:1–47.
- Nixon KC. 2002. WinClada ver. 1.0000. Ithaca, NY: Published by the author.
- Piek T. 1986. Venoms of the Hymenoptera: Biochemical, pharmacological, and behavioral aspects. London: Academic Press. Chapter 8, Venoms of bumble-bees and carpenter-bees; p. 417–424.
- Skaife SH. 1952. The yellow-banded carpenter bee, Mesotrichia caffra Linn, and its symbiotic mite, Dinogasmus braunsi Vitzthun. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa. 15:63–76.
- Vachal J. 1898. Materiaux pour une revision des especes africaines du genre Xylocopa Latr. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 67:92–99.
- Vachal J. 1899. Essai d’une revision synoptique des especes Europeennes et Africanes du Xylocopa Latr. (Hym.). Miscellanea Entomologica. 7:89–112.
- Watmough RH. 1974. Biology and behaviour of carpenter bees in southern Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa. 37:261–281.