Habitat use patterns and food habits of the Kashmir red deer or Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) in Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India

References

• Ahmad K. 2006. Aspects of ecology of Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) in Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India. Doctoral Dissertation, Forest Research Institute, India.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad K. 2007. Kashmir Stag-The Final Journey? Hornbill, Magazine of Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, pp. 28–31.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad K., Sathyakumar S. & Qureshi Q. 2009. Conservation status of the last surviving wild population of Hangul or Kashmir deer (Cervus elaphus hanglu) in Kashmir, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 106: 245–255.
   Google Scholar
• Altmann M. 1951. Social behavior of elk, Cervus canadensis nelsoni, in the Jackson Hole area of Wyoming. Behaviour 4: 116–142. doi:10.1163/156853951X00089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer D.E. & Haufler J.B. 1994. Diurnal versus 24-hour sampling of habitat use. The Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 178–180. doi:10.2307/3809566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Shahar R. & Skinner J.D. 1988. Habitat preferences of African ungulates derived by uni- and multivariate analyses. Ecology 69: 1479–1485. doi:10.2307/1941645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat G.A. 1985. Biological studies of grassland of Dachigam National Park, Kashmir. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kashmir, Srinagar.
   Google Scholar
• Blair R.M. & Brunett L.E. 1980. Seasonal browse selection by deer in a southern pine hardwood habitat. The Journal of Wildlife Management 44: 79–88. doi:10.2307/3808353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocci A., Angelini I., Brambilla P., Monaco A. & Lovari S. 2012. Shifter and resident red deer: intrapopulation and intersexual behavioural diversities in a predator-free area. C.S.I.R.O. Wildlife Research 39: 573–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan M., Moller H. & Parkes J.P. 1993. Indices of density of feral goats in a grassland /forest habitat, Marborough, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 17: 103–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckland S.T., Anderson D.A., Burnham K.P. & Laake J.L. 1993. Distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations. London: Chapman & Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Cairns A.L. & Telfer E.S. 1980. Habitat use by 4 sympatric ungulates in Boreal mixedwood forest. The Journal of Wildlife Management 44: 849–857. doi:10.2307/3808313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver R.H. 2005. Doing data analysis with SPSS version 12.0. Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chundawat R. 1992. Ecological studies of Snow Leopard and Associated Prey Species in Hemis High Altitude National Park, Ladakh (J & K). Doctoral Thesis, Rajasthan University, Jaipur.
   Google Scholar
• Clutton-Brock T.H. & Albon S.D. 1989. Red deer in the highlands. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Clutton-Brock T.H., Guinness F.E. & Albon S.D. 1982. Red deer: behavior and ecology of two sexes. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clutton-Brock T.H., Iason G.R. & Guinness F.E. 1987. Sexual segregation and density-related changes in habitat use in male and female Red deer (Cerrus elaphus). Journal of Zoology 211: 275–289. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb01534.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danell K., Bergström R. & Edenius L. 1994. Effects of large mammalian browsers on architecture, biomass, and nutrients of woody plants. Journal of Mammalogy 75: 833–844. doi:10.2307/1382465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doenier P.B., Delguidice G.D. & Riggs M.R. 1997. Effects of winter supplemental food on browse composition by White-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25: 235–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas M.J.W. 1971. Behaviour response of Red deer and Chamois to cessation of hunting. New Zealand Journal of Science 14: 507–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edenius L., Danell K. & Bergström R. 1993. Impact of herbivory and competition on compensatory growth in woody plants: winter browsing by Moose on Scots Pine. Oikos 66: 286–292. doi:10.2307/3544816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee E.P. 1965. Report on the status of the Kashmir Stag. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 62: 379–393.
   Google Scholar
• Gill R.M.A. 1992. A review of damage by mammals in North temperate forests: 3. impact on trees and forests. Forestry 65: 363–388. doi:10.1093/forestry/65.4.363-a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godvik I.R., Loe L.E., Vik J.O., Veiberg V., Langvatn R. & Mysterud A. 2009. Temporal scales, trade-offs, and functional responses in red deer habitat selection. Ecology 90: 699–710. doi:10.1890/08-0576.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargis C.D. & McCullough D.R. 1984. Winter diet and habitat selection of Marten in Yosemite National Park. The Journal of Wildlife Management 48: :140–146. doi:10.2307/3808461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández L. & Laundré J.W. 2005. Foraging in the ‘landscape of fear’ and its implications for habitat use and diet quality of elk Cervus elaphus and bison Bison bison. Wildlife Biology 11: 215–220. doi:10.2981/0909-6396(2005)11[215:FITLOF]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann R.R. 1973. The ruminant stomach: structure and feeding habits of East African game ruminants. East African Monographs in Biology. Vol. 2. East African Literature Bureau. Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann R.R. 1989. Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and diversification of ruminants: a comparative view of their digestive system. Oecologia 78: 443–457.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway C.W. 1970. The Hangul in Dachigam: a census. Oryx 10: 373–382. doi:10.1017/S0030605300009121.
   Google Scholar
• Homolka M. & Heroldová M. 2003. Impact of large herbivores on mountain forest stands in the Beskydy Mountains. Forest Ecology and Management 181: 119–129. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00121-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IUCN 2012. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis A., Reuter H.I., Nelson A. & Guevara E. 2006. Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 3, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m database. (Available at: http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org).
   Google Scholar
• Khan J.A., Rodgers W.A., Johnsingh A.J.T. & Mathur P.K. 1994. Tree and shrub mortality and debarking by sambar Cervus unicolor (Kerr) in Gir after a drought in Gujarat, India. Biological Conservation 68 (2): 149–154. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90346-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein D.R. 1985. Population ecology: the interaction between deer and their food supply, pp. 13–22. In: Fennessy P.F. & Drews K.R., Eds. Biology of deer production, Vol. 22. Royal Society of New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Kurt F. 1978. Threatened Deer, Proceedings of IUCN threatened deer programme. Kashmir deer (Cervus elaphus hanglu) in Dachigam. IUCN Specialist Group publications, pp. 87–109.
   Google Scholar
• Licoppe A.M. & Crombrugghe S.A. 2003. Assessment of spring habitat selection of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) based on census data. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 49: 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Lovari S., Cuccus P., Murgia A., Murgia C., Soi F. & Plantamura G. 2007. Space use, habitat selection and browsing effects of red deer in Sardinia. Italian Journal of Zoology 74 (2): 179–189. doi:10.1080/11250000701249777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcum C.L. & Loftsgaarden D.O. 1980. A nonmapping technique for studying habitat preferences. The Journal of Wildlife Management 44: 963–968. doi:10.2307/3808336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcshea W.J., Leimgruber P., Aung M., Monfort S.L. & Wemmer C. 1999. Range collapse of a tropical cervid (Cervus eldi) and the extent of remaining habitat in central Myanmar. Animal Conservation 2: 173–183. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00063.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell B., Staines B.W. & Welch D. 1977. Ecology of Red deer. A research review relevant to their management in Scotland. Banchory: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, 74 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Morgantini L.E. & Hudson R.J. 1979. Human disturbances and habitat selection in Elk, pp. 132–139. In: Boyce M.S. & Haydenwing L.D., Eds. North American Elk: ecology, behaviour and management. Laramine: University of Wyoming.
   Google Scholar
• Mysterud A., Langvatn R., Yoccoz N.G. & Stenseth N.C. 2002. Large-scale habitat variability, delayed density effects and red deer populations in Norway. Journal of Animal Ecology 71: 569–580. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00622.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff D.F. 1968. The pellet group count technique for biggame trend census and distribution. Journal of Wildlife Management 32: 597–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak R.M. 1999. Walkers’ mammals of the world. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer S.C.F. & Truscott A.-M. 2003. Seasonal habitat use and browsing by deer in Caledonian Pinewoods. Forest Ecology & Management 174: 149–166. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00032-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasha M.K.S., Arindrian G., Sankar K. & Qureshi Q. 2002. Debarking of teak (Tectona grandis) Linn. F. by Gaur (Bos gaurus H. Smith) during summer in a tropical dry deciduous habitat of Central India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 99 (2): 238–244.
   Google Scholar
• Prater S.H. 1993. The book of Indian animals. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Qureshi Q., Shah N.I.T.A., Wadoo A.R., Naqqash R.Y., Bacha M.S., Kitchloo N.A., Shah J.N., Suhail I., Iqbal S., Ahmad K., Lone I.A., Mansoor M., Zargar R.A., Hussain S., Baba M.M., Parsa M.A., Latoo A.R. & Dewan I. 2009. Status and distribution of Hangul Cervus elaphus hanglu Wagner in Kashmir, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 106 (1): 63–71.
   Google Scholar
• Rikhari H.C., Chandra R. & Singh S.P. 1989. Pattern of species distribution and community characters along a moisture gradient within an oak zone of Kumaun Himalaya. Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy 5: 431–438.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers W.A. & Panwar H.S. 1988. Planning a wildlife protected area network in India. Dehra Dun: Wildlife Institute of India Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sayre M.W. & Rundle W.D. 1984. Comparison of habitat use by migrant Soras Virginia Rails. The Journal of Wildlife Management 48: 599–605. doi:10.2307/3801198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller G.B. 1969. Observation on Hangul or Kashmir stag (Cervus elephus hanglu). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 66: 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt K. & Hoi H. 2002. Supplemental feeding reduces natural selection in juvenile red deer. Ecography 25: 265–272. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250302.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segelquist C.A., Short. H.L., Ward F.D. & Leonard R.G. 1972. Quality of some winter deer forages in the Arkansas Ozarks. The Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 174–177. doi:10.2307/3799207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shameem S.A. & Kangroo I.N. 2012. Comparative assessment of edaphic features and phyto-diversity in lower Dachigam National Park, Kashmir Himalayas, India. African Journal of Environmental Sciences Tech 5: 972–984.
   Google Scholar
• Short H.L. 1975. Nutrition of southern deer in different seasons. The Journal of Wildlife Management 39: 321–329. doi:10.2307/3799909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh G. & Kachroo P. 1978. Plant community characteristics in Dachigam Sancturary, Kashmir. Dehradun: Natraj Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Smith B.L. 2001. Winter feeding of Elk in Western North America. The Journal of Wildlife Management 65 (2): 173–190. doi:10.2307/3802896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staines B.W. & Crisp J.M. 1978. Observations on food quality in Scottish Red deer as determined by chemical analysis of rumen contents. Journal of Zoology 185: 253–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside R.W. & Guthery F.S. 1983. Ring-necked pheasant movements, home ranges, and habitat use in West Texas. The Journal of Wildlife Management 47: 1097–1104. doi:10.2307/3808169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson D.E., Cole F.R., Nichols J.D., Rudran R. & Foster M.S. 1996. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for mammals. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zar J.H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar