Catch me if you can: antipredatory behaviour of chamois to the wolf

References

• Alados CL. 1985. An analysis of vigilance in the Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Z Tierpsychol. 68:58–64.
   Google Scholar
• Altmann J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour. 49:227–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednekoff PA, Lima SL. 1998. Re–examining safety in numbers: interactions between risk dilution and collective detection depend upon predator targeting behaviour. Proc R Soc Lond B. 265:2021–2026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger J. 1979. “Predator harassment” as a defensive strategy in ungulates. Am Midl Nat. 102:197–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolino S. 2003. Herd defensive behaviour of chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra, in response to predation on the young by a golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos. Z Jagdwiss. 49:233–236.
   Google Scholar
• Bertram BC. 1980. Vigilance and group size in ostriches. Anim Behav. 28:278–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas R, Ofria C, Bryson DM, Wagner AP. 2014. Causes vs benefits in the evolution of prey grouping. Proc Int Conf Simul Synth Living Syst (ALIFE). 14:641–648.
   Google Scholar
• Bleich VC. 1999. Mountain sheep and coyotes: patterns of predator evasion in a mountain ungulate. J Mammal. 80:283–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bon R, Joachim J, Maublanc ML. 1995. Do lambs affect feeding habitat use by lactating female mouflons in spring in areas free of predators? J Zool. 235:43–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnacci F, Lovari S, Meriggi A. 2003. Carrion dependence and food habits of the red fox in an Alpine area. Ital J Zool. 70:31–38.
   Google Scholar
• Carbyn LN, Trottier T. 1988. Descriptions of wolf attacks on bison calves in Wood Buffalo National Park. Arctic. 41:297–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro TM. 1986. The functions of stotting: a review of the hypotheses. Anim Behav. 34:649–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro TM. 1994. Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: group living in an asocial species. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caro TM, Graham CM, Stoner CJ, Vargas JK. 2004. Adaptive significance of anti-predator behaviour in artiodactyls. Anim Behav. 67:205–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciucci P, Boitani L. 2003. Canis lupus. In: Boitani L, editor. Fauna d’Italia: Mammalia III, Carnivora-Artiodactyla. Bologna: Calderini - Il Sole 24 Ore; p. 20–47.
   Google Scholar
• Ciucci P, Boitani L, Francisci F, Andreoli G. 1997. Home range, activity and movements of a wolf pack in central Italy. J Zool. 243:803–819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciucci P, Tosoni E, Di Domenico G, Quattrociocchi F, Boitani L. 2014. Seasonal and annual variation in the food habits of Apennine brown bears, central Italy. J Mammal. 95:572–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciuti S, Pipia A, Grignolio S, Ghiandai F, Apollonio M. 2009. Space use, habitat selection and activity patterns of female Sardinian mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) during the lambing season. Eur J Wildl Res. 55:589–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote SD, Peracino A, Simard G. 1997. Wolf, Canis lupus, predation and maternal defensive behavior in mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus. Can Field Nat. 111:389–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couturier MAJ. 1938. Le chamois Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758). Grenoble: Artahud.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg JF, McKay GM. 1974. Comparison of ungulate adaptations in the New World and Old World tropical forests with special reference to Ceylon and the rainforests of Central America. In: Geist V, Walther F, editors. The behavior of ungulates and its relation to management. Morges: International Union for Conservation of Nature; p. 585–602.
   Google Scholar
• Ferretti F, Corazza M, Campana I, Pietrocini V, Brunetti C, Scornavacca D, Lovari S. 2015. Competition between wild herbivores: reintroduced red deer and Apennine chamois. Behav Ecol. 26:550–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferretti F, Costa A, Corazza M, Pietrocini V, Cesaretti G, Lovari S. 2014. Males are faster foragers than females: intersexual differences of foraging behaviour in the Apennine chamois. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 68:1335–1344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fico R, Locati M, Lovari S. 1984. A case of brown bear predation on Abruzzo chamois. Säugetierkdl Mitt. 31:185–187.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgibbon CD. 1990. Why do hunting cheetahs prefer male gazelles? Anim Behav. 40:837–845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgibbon CD, Lazarus J. 1995. Antipredator behavior of Serengeti ungulates: individual differences and population consequences. In: Sinclair ARE, Arcese P, editors. Serengeti II: Dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press. p. 274–296.
   Google Scholar
• Fox JL, Sinha SP, Chundawat RS. 1992. Activity patterns and habitat use of ibex in the Himalaya Mountains of India. J Mammal. 73:527–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzola A, Avanzinelli E, Bertelli I, Tolosano A, Bertotto P, Musso R, Apollonio M. 2007. The role of the wolf in shaping a multi-species ungulate community in the Italian Western Alps. Ital J Zool. 74:297–307.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton WD. 1971. Geometry for the selfish herd. J Theor Biol. 31:295–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helfman GS. 1989. Threat-sensitive predator avoidance in damselfish-trumpetfish interactions. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 24:47–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarman P. 1974. The social organisation of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour. 48:215–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones KA, Jackson AL, Ruxton GD. 2011. Prey jitters; protean behaviour in grouped prey. Behav Ecol. 22:831–836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlmann SG, Muller DM, Alkon PU. 1996. Antipredator constraints on lactating Nubian ibexes. J Mammal. 77:1122–1131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakauer DC. 1995. Groups confuse predators by exploiting perceptual bottlenecks: a connectionist model of the confusion effect. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 36:421–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krämer A. 1969. Soziale organisation und sozialverhalten einer gemspopulation (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) der Alpen. [Social structure and social behaviour of an Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) population]. Z Tierpsychol. 26:889–964. German.
   Google Scholar
• Kruuk H. 1972. The spotted hyena: a study of predation and social behavior. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lehtonen J, Jaatinen K. 2016. Safety in numbers: the dilution effect and other drivers of group life in the face of danger. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 70:449–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima SL, Dill LM. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can J Zool. 68:619–640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingle S. 2001. Antipredator strategies and grouping patterns in white-tailed deer and mule deer. Ethology. 107:295–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingle S, Pellis S. 2002. Fight or flight? Antipredator behavior and the escalation of coyote encounters with deer. Oecologia. 131:154–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipetz VE, Bekoff M. 1982. Group size and vigilance in pronghorns. Z Tierpsychol. 58:203–216.
   Google Scholar
• Locati M. 1990. Female chamois defends kids from eagle attacks. Mammalia. 54:155–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovari S. 1977. The Abruzzo chamois. Oryx. 14:47–50.
   Google Scholar
• Lovari S. 1984. Il popolo delle rocce [People of the cliffs]. Milano: Rizzoli. Italian.
   Google Scholar
• Lovari S. 1985. Behavioural repertoire of the Abruzzo chamois, Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata Neumann, 1899 (Artiodactyla: Bovidae). Säugetierkundl Mitt. 32:113–116.
   Google Scholar
• Lovari S. 1987. Evolutionary aspects of the biology of chamois, Rupicapra spp. (Bovidae, Caprinae). In: Soma H, editor. The biology and management of Capricornis and related mountain antelopes. London: Croom-Helm; p. 51–61.
   Google Scholar
• Lovari S, Cosentino R. 1986. Seasonal habitat selection and group size of the Abruzzo chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata). Ital J Zool. 53:73–78.
   Google Scholar
• Lovari S, Ferretti F, Corazza M, Minder I, Troiani N, Ferrari C, Saddi A. 2014. Unexpected consequences of reintroductions: competition between reintroduced red deer and Apennine chamois. Anim Conserv. 17:359–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovari S, Locati M. 1991. Temporal relationships, transitions and structure of the behavioural repertoire in male Apennine chamois during the rut. Behaviour. 119:77–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovari S, Rosto G. 1985. Feeding rate and social stress of female chamois foraging in groups. In: Lovari S, editor. The biology and management of mountain ungulates. London: Croom Helm; p. 102–105.
   Google Scholar
• Lull RS. 1904. Adaptations to aquatic, arboreal, fossorial and cursorial habits in mammals. IV. Cursorial adaptations. Am Nat. 38:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Molvar EM, Bowyer RT. 1994. Costs and benefits of group living in a recently social ungulate: the Alaskan moose. J Mammal. 75:621–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murie A. 1944. The wolves of Mount McKinley (National Park Service, Fauna Series No. 5). Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Namgail T, Fox JL, Bhatnagar YV. 2004. Habitat segregation between sympatric Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. J Zool. 262:57–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson RS, Hintze A, Dyer FC, Knoester DB, Adami C. 2013. Predator confusion is sufficient to evolve swarming behaviour. J R Soc Interface. 10:20130305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patalano M, Lovari S. 1993. Food habits and trophic niche overlap of the wolf Canis lupus (L. 1758) and the red fox Vulpes vulpes (L. 1758) in a Mediterranean mountain area. Rev Ecol-Terre Vie. 48:279–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulliam HR. 1973. On the advantages of flocking. J Theor Biol. 38:419–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller GB. 1972. The Serengeti lion. A study of predator-prey relations. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schaller GB. 1977. Mountain monarchs. Wild sheep and goats of the Himalaya. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scornavacca D, Brunetti C. 2015. Cooperative defence of female chamois successfully deters an eagle attack. Mammalia. 80:453–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyfarth RM, Cheney DL, Marler P. 1980. Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence for semantic communication and predator classification. Science. 210:801–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankowich T, Blumstein DT. 2005. Fear in animals: a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment. Proc R Soc Lond B. 272:2627–2634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankowich T, Caro T. 2009. Evolution of weaponry in female bovids. Proc R Soc Lond B. 276:4329–4334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumpter D, Buhl J, Biro D, Couzin I. 2008. Information transfer in moving animal groups. Theor Biosci. 127:177–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirsing AJ, Cameron KE, Heithaus MR. 2010. Spatial responses to predators vary with prey escape mode. Anim Behav. 79:531–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ydenberg RC, Dill LM. 1986. The economics of fleeing from predators. Adv Study Behav. 16:229–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar